Man dizal

Siffofin halayen man dizal

A cikin tsarin rarrabawa, man dizal yana bambanta da halaye masu zuwa:

• lambar cetane, wanda ake la'akari da ma'auni na sauƙi na ƙonewa;
• tsananin evaporation;
• yawa;
• danko;
• thickening zafin jiki;
• abun ciki na halayen ƙazanta, da farko sulfur.

Adadin cetane na maki na zamani da nau'ikan man dizal ya bambanta daga 40 zuwa 60. Matakan man fetur da mafi girman lambar cetane an tsara su don injunan motoci da manyan motoci. Irin wannan man fetur shine mafi mahimmanci, yana ƙayyade ƙãra santsi na ƙonewa da babban kwanciyar hankali a lokacin konewa. Motoci masu saurin gudu (wanda aka ɗora) suna amfani da man fetur tare da adadin cetane na ƙasa da 40. Wannan man fetur yana da mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci, ya bar mafi yawan carbon, kuma yana da mafi girman abun ciki na sulfur.

Sulfur shine gurɓataccen abu mai mahimmanci a cikin kowane nau'in man dizal, don haka yawansa ana sarrafa shi sosai. Don haka, bisa ga ka'idojin Tarayyar Turai, adadin sulfur a cikin dukkan masu samar da man dizal bai wuce matakin kashi 10 a kowace miliyan ba. Ƙananan abun ciki na sulfur yana rage fitar da mahaɗan sulfur masu alaƙa da ruwan sama na acid. Tunda raguwar adadin sulfur a cikin man dizal shima yana haifar da raguwar adadin cetane, ana amfani da nau'ikan ƙari iri-iri a cikin samfuran zamani waɗanda ke haɓaka yanayin fara injin.

Matsakaicin adadin man fetur ya dogara sosai akan sabo. Babban tushen gurbataccen man dizal shine tururin ruwa, wanda, a wasu sharudda, yana iya dannewa a cikin tankuna. Adana man dizal na dogon lokaci yana haifar da naman gwari, sakamakon abin da tace mai da nozzles sun gurɓata.

An yi imani da cewa na zamani brands na man dizal ne mafi aminci fiye da man fetur (yana da wuya a ƙone), da kuma zarce shi a cikin sharuddan yadda ya dace, tun da suka ba da damar ƙara makamashi yadda ya dace a kowace naúrar girma na man fetur.

Tushen samarwa

Ana iya aiwatar da mafi yawan nau'ikan man dizal bisa ga nau'in kayan abinci don samar da shi. A al'adance, man fetur mai nauyi ya kasance matattarar samar da man dizal, bayan an riga an fitar da abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen samar da man fetur ko roka na jiragen sama daga cikinsu. Tushen na biyu shine nau'in roba, wanda samar da shi yana buƙatar kwal, da distillate gas. Irin wannan man dizal ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin daraja.

Nasarar fasaha ta gaskiya a cikin fasahar man dizal shine aikin samar da shi daga kayan aikin gona: abin da ake kira biodiesel. Yana da sha'awar cewa injin dizal na farko a duniya yana amfani da man gyada, kuma bayan gwajin masana'antu Henry Ford ya yanke shawarar cewa amfani da man kayan lambu a matsayin babban tushen samar da mai ya dace. Yanzu babban adadin injunan diesel na iya aiki akan cakuda mai aiki, wanda ya haɗa da 25 ... 30% na biodiesel, kuma wannan iyaka yana ci gaba da tashi. Ƙarin girma a cikin amfani da biodiesel yana buƙatar sake tsara tsarin allurar mai na lantarki. Dalilin wannan reprogramming shine cewa biodiesel ya bambanta a wasu halaye na aikinsa, kodayake babu wani babban bambanci tsakanin injin dizal da injin biodiesel.

Don haka, bisa ga tushen samarwa, man dizal zai iya zama:

• Daga albarkatun kayan lambu.
• Daga kayan albarkatun roba.
• Daga albarkatun kasa na hydrocarbon.

Daidaitawar man dizal

Bambance-bambancen tushe da fasahohin samar da man dizal na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da yawan ƙa'idodin cikin gida da ke tafiyar da samarwa da amfani da shi. Bari mu yi la'akari da su.

GOST 305-2013 ya bayyana ma'auni na man dizal da aka samu daga albarkatun mai da gas. Alamomin da wannan ma'auni ke sarrafawa sun haɗa da:

1. Lambar Cetane - 45.
2. Kinematic danko, mm²/s - 1,5....6,0.
3. Yawan yawa, kg / m³ 833,5-863,4.
4. filashi, ^ºC - 30 ... 62 (dangane da nau'in injin).
5. zubo batu, ^ºC, bai fi -5 ba.

Babban halayyar man dizal bisa ga GOST 305-2013 shine zafin jiki na aikace-aikacen, bisa ga abin da aka raba man fetur zuwa lokacin rani L (aiki a yanayin zafi daga 5).^ºC da sama), kashe-kakar E (aiki a yanayin zafi na waje ba ƙasa da -15 ba^ºC), hunturu Z (aiki a yanayin zafi na waje ba ƙasa da -25 ... -35^ºC) da arctic A (aiki a yanayin zafi na waje daga -45^ºC da kasa).

GOST 1667-68 ya kafa buƙatu don iskar gas don matsakaita- da ƙarancin shigarwar dizal na ruwa. Tushen albarkatun albarkatun don irin wannan man fetur shine mai tare da yawan adadin sulfur. An raba man fetur zuwa nau'i biyu na man dizal da DM (ana amfani da na ƙarshe kawai a cikin injunan diesel masu sauri).

Babban halaye na aiki na man dizal:

1. Dankowar jiki, cSt - 20 ... 36.
2. Yawan yawa, kg / m³ - 930.
3. filashi, ^ºC-65 70.
4. zubo batu, ^ºC, ba ƙasa da -5 ba.
5. Abun cikin ruwa, %, bai wuce 0,5 ba.

Babban halayen aiki na DM man fetur:

1. Danko, cSt - 130.
2. Yawan yawa, kg / m³ - 970.
3. filashi, ^ºC-85.
4. zubo batu, ^ºC, ba ƙasa da -10 ba.
5. Abun cikin ruwa, %, bai wuce 0,5 ba.

Don nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu, ana daidaita alamomin abun da ke cikin ɓangarorin, kazalika da adadin manyan ƙazanta (sulfur da mahadi, acid da alkalis).

GOST 32511-2013 ya bayyana buƙatun don ingantaccen man dizal wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin Turai EN 590: 2009 + A1: 2010. Tushen ci gaba shine GOST R 52368-2005. Ma'auni yana bayyana yanayin fasaha don samar da man fetur mai dacewa da muhalli tare da iyakanceccen abun ciki na abubuwan da ke dauke da sulfur. An saita alamomin al'ada don samar da man dizal kamar haka:

1. Lambar Cetane - 51.
2. Danko, mm²/c- 2….4,5.
3. Yawan yawa, kg / m³ 820-845.
4. filashi, ^ºC-55.
5. zubo batu, ^ºC, ba kasa da -5 (dangane da irin man fetur).
6. Abun cikin ruwa, %, bai wuce 0,7 ba.

Bugu da ƙari, an ƙayyade ƙimar mai, aikin lalata, da adadin kasancewar methyl esters na hadadden acid Organic acid.

GOST R 53605-2009 ya kafa buƙatun fasaha don manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na kayan abinci da ake amfani da su don samar da man biodiesel. Yana bayyana ra'ayi na biodiesel, ya lissafa abubuwan da ake buƙata don canzawar injunan dizal, ya kafa ƙuntatawa akan amfani da methyl esters na fatty acids, wanda dole ne ya kasance a cikin man fetur. GOST ya dace da daidaitattun Turai EN590: 2004.

Abubuwan buƙatun fasaha na asali don man fetur bisa ga GOST 32511-2013:

1. Lambar Cetane - 55 ... 80.
2. Yawan yawa, kg / m³ 860-900.
3. Danko, mm²/c- 2….6.
4. filashi, ^ºC-80.
5. zubo batu, ^ºDa -5…-10.
6. Abun cikin ruwa, %, bai wuce 8 ba.

GOST R 55475-2013 yana ƙayyade yanayin samar da man dizal na hunturu da arctic, wanda aka samar daga distillate na man fetur da gas. Matsayin man dizal, wanda aka samar da shi ta wannan ma'auni, ana nuna shi da sigogi masu zuwa:

1. Lambar Cetane - 47 ... 48.
2. Yawan yawa, kg / m³ 890-850.
3. Danko, mm²/c- 1,5….4,5.
4. filashi, ^ºC-30 40.
5. zubo batu, ^ºC, bai fi -42 ba.
6. Abun cikin ruwa, %, bai wuce 0,2 ba.

Duba man dizal a gidajen mai WOG/OKKO/Ukr.Avto. Diesel a cikin sanyi -20.

Takaitaccen bayanin nau'ikan man dizal

An bambanta darajar man dizal da alamomi masu zuwa:

Dangane da abun ciki na sulfur, wanda ke tabbatar da amincin muhalli na mai:

• aji I (har zuwa 350 mg / kg sulfur);
• aji II (har zuwa 50 mg / kg sulfur);
• aji III (har zuwa 10 MG / kg na sulfur).

A kan ƙananan iyaka na tacewa. An shigar da maki 6 na man fetur:

• A - ƙananan iyaka na tacewa 5ºС;
• B - ƙananan iyaka na tacewa 0^ºDAGA;
• C - ƙananan iyaka na tacewa -5^ºDAGA;
• D - ƙananan iyaka na tacewa -10^ºDAGA;
• E - ƙananan iyaka na tacewa -15^ºDAGA;
• F - ƙananan iyaka na tacewa -20^ºC.

Ƙari ga wuraren da ke da sanyi:

• Darasi na 0 (-20^ºDAGA);
• Darasi na 1 (-26^ºDAGA);
• Darasi na 2 (-32^ºDAGA);
• Darasi na 3 (-38^ºDAGA);
• Darasi na 4 (-44^ºC).

Don tsire-tsire na dizal da ake amfani da su a cikin yankuna masu sanyi, ana kuma gabatar da harafin K a cikin alamar, wanda ke ƙayyade fasahar samar da man - catalytic dewaxing. An shigar da alamun masu zuwa:

• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) don amfani a yanayin zafi da bai gaza -32 ba^ºDAGA;
• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) don amfani a yanayin zafi da bai gaza -38 ba^ºDAGA;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) don amfani a yanayin zafi da bai gaza -44 ba^ºDAGA;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) don amfani a yanayin zafi da bai gaza -48 ba^ºDAGA;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) don amfani a yanayin zafi da bai gaza -52 ba^ºC.

An ba da cikakken jerin alamomi a cikin takaddun shaida don tarin man dizal.