Adolf Andersen gwarzon duniya ne wanda ba na hukuma ba daga Wroclaw.

Adolf Andersen ya kasance fitaccen ɗan wasan dara na Jamus kuma ɗan caca matsala. A shekara ta 1851, ya lashe gasar farko ta kasa da kasa a birnin Landan, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa 1958 an san shi a matsayin dan wasan dara mafi karfi a duniya a duniyar dara. Ya sauka a cikin tarihi a matsayin wakilin mai ban mamaki na makarantar haɗuwa, yanayin soyayya a cikin dara. Babban wasanninsa - "Mai mutuwa" tare da Kizeritsky (1851) da "Evergreen" tare da Dufresne (1852) an bambanta su ta hanyar iyawarsu ta kai hari, dabarun hangen nesa da kuma daidaitaccen aiwatar da haɗuwa.

Dan wasan dara na Jamus Adolf Anderssen ne adam wata yana da alaƙa da Wrocław a tsawon rayuwarsa (1). A can aka haife shi (Yuli 6, 1818), yayi karatu kuma ya rasu (13 ga Maris, 1879). Andersen yayi karatun lissafi da falsafa a Jami'ar Wroclaw. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya fara aiki a dakin motsa jiki, da farko a matsayin malami sannan kuma Farfesa a fannin lissafi da Jamusanci.

Ya koyi ka’idojin dara a wurin mahaifinsa yana dan shekara tara, kuma da farko bai kware a harkar ba. Ya fara sha'awar duniyar dara a cikin 1842 lokacin da ya fara tattarawa da buga matsalolin dara. A cikin 1846 an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mawallafin sabuwar mujallar Schachzeitung, wanda aka fi sani da Deutsche Schachzeitung (Jaridar Chess ta Jamus).

A cikin 1848, Andersen ba zato ba tsammani ya zana tare da Daniel Harrwitz, sa'an nan sanannen zakaran wasan sauri. Wannan nasarar da Andersen ya yi a matsayin ɗan jaridan dara sun ba da gudummawar naɗin da ya yi don wakiltar Jamus a babban gasar dara ta farko ta duniya a 1851 a London. Daga nan sai Anderssen ya bai wa ’yan wasan chess mamaki ta hanyar doke abokan hamayyarsa sosai.

jam'iyyar dawwama

A lokacin wannan gasa, ya buga wasan cin nasara da Lionel Kieseritzky, inda ya sadaukar da farko bishop, sa'an nan rooks biyu, kuma a karshe sarauniya. Wannan wasan, ko da yake an buga shi a matsayin wasan sada zumunci a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a wani gidan cin abinci na London, yana daya daga cikin shahararrun wasanni a tarihin dara kuma ana kiransa dawwama.

2. Lionel Kizeritsky - Abokin hamayyar Andersen a wasan da ba zai mutu ba

Abokin hamayyar Andersen Lionel Kieseritsky (2) ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa a Faransa. Ya kasance baƙo na yau da kullun zuwa sanannen Café de la Régence a birnin Paris, inda ya ba da darussan dara kuma sau da yawa yakan buga dandali (ya ba abokan adawar fa'ida, irin su pawn ko yanki a farkon wasan).

An buga wannan wasa ne a Landan a lokacin hutu a gasar. Mujallar dara ta Faransa A Régence ta buga shi a shekara ta 1851, kuma dan Austriya Ernst Falkber (babban editan Wiener Schachzeitung) ya kira wasan "mara mutuwa" a 1855.

Jam'iyyar da ba ta mutu ba ita ce cikakkiyar misali na salon wasan da ya mamaye karni na sha tara, lokacin da aka yi imani da cewa nasara ta samo asali ne ta hanyar saurin ci gaba da kai hari. A wancan lokacin, nau'ikan gambit da counter-gambit iri-iri sun shahara, kuma an ba da fa'idar kayan aiki kaɗan. A cikin wannan wasan, White ya sadaukar da sarauniya, rooks guda biyu, bishop da pawn don sanya kyakkyawar abokiyar aure tare da fararen guda a cikin motsi 23.

Adolf Andersen - Lionel Kieseritzky, London, 21.06.1851/XNUMX/XNUMX

1.e4 e5 2.f4 The King's Gambit, wanda ya shahara sosai a ƙarni na XNUMX, ba shi da farin jini a yanzu saboda fa'idar matsayin White ba ta cika cikar sadaukarwar da aka yi masa ba.

2…e:f4 3.Bc4 Qh4+ Farar hasarar simintin gyare-gyare, amma Sarauniyar Baƙi kuma ana iya kaiwa hari cikin sauƙi. 4.Kf1 b5 5.B:b5 Nf6 6.Nf3 Qh6 7.d3 Nq5 8.Sh4 Qg5 9.Nf5 c6 Zai fi kyau a yi wasa 9…g6 don korar farin tsalle mai haɗari. 10.g4 Nf6 11.G1 c:b5?

Baƙar fata yana samun fa'idar kayan aiki, amma ya rasa fa'idar matsayinsa. Gara ya kasance 11…h5 12.h4 Hg6 13.h5 Hg5 14.Qf3 Ng8 15.G:f4 Qf6 16.Sc3 Bc5 17.Sd5 H:b2 (tsari 3) 18.Bd6? Andersen ya ba da gudummawar hasumiya biyu! Fari yana da babbar fa'idar matsayi, wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, misali, ta hanyar kunna 18.E1, 18.Ge3, 18.d4, 18.Ed1. 18 g: g1?

3. Adolf Andersen - Lionel Kieseritzky, matsayi bayan 17… R: b2

Shawara mara kyau, yakamata a buga 18… Q: a1 + 19. Ke2 Qb2 20. Kd2 G: g1. 19.e5 ku!

Keɓewar hasumiya ta biyu. E5-pawn ya yanke sarauniya baƙar fata daga tsaron sarki kuma yanzu yana barazanar 20S: g7 + Kd8 21.Bc7 #. 19… R: a1 + 20.Ke2 Sa6? (zane na 4) Baƙar fata ya kare 21 Sc7+, yana kai hari ga sarki da rook, da kuma a kan motsi na bishop zuwa c7.

4. Adolf Andersen - Lionel Kieseritzky, matsayi na 20 ... Sa6

Koyaya, White yana da wani takamaiman hari guda ɗaya. Ya kamata a buga 20… Ga6. 21.S: g7+ Kd8 22.Hf6+.

Fari kuma yana sadaukar da sarauniya. 22… B: f6 23. Be7 # 1-0.

5. Adolf Andersen - Paul Morphy, Paris, 1858, tushen:

Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana daukar Anderssen a matsayin dan wasan chess mafi karfi a duniya. A cikin Disamba 1858, dan wasan dara na Jamus ya tafi Paris don saduwa da waɗanda suka zo Turai. Paul Morphy (5). ƙwararren ɗan wasan dara na Amurka ya doke Andersen lafiya lau (+7 -2 = 2).

Anderssen ya yi karo sau uku tare da 1.a3 wanda ba a saba gani ba a cikin rabin na biyu na wasan, wanda daga baya aka kira budewar Andersen. Wannan buɗewa bai kawo nasara ga 'yan wasa farar fata ba (1,5-1,5) kuma ba a yi amfani da shi sosai daga baya a cikin wasanni masu mahimmanci ba, saboda baya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka yanki da sarrafa cibiyar. Mafi yawan martanin baki sun haɗa da 1...d5, wanda ke kai hari kai tsaye a cibiyar, da 1...g6, wanda shine shiri don fianchetto, wanda ya ƙunshi amfani da farar fata ta riga ta raunana.

Ga Morphy, wannan shine wasa mafi mahimmanci, wanda mutane da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin wasan zakarun duniya wanda ba na hukuma ba. Bayan wannan shan kashi, Anderssen ya kasance a cikin inuwar ƙwararren ɗan wasan chess na Amurka tsawon shekaru uku. Ya koma taka leda a shekara ta 1861, inda ya lashe gasar dara ta farko ta duniya zagaye-robin a Landan. Daga nan ya ci wasanni goma sha biyu cikin goma sha uku, kuma a filin wasa ya yi nasara, da dai sauransu, wanda ya zama zakaran duniya Wilhelm Steinitz.

A shekara ta 1865, Andersen ya sami matsayi mafi girma na ilimi - lakabin likita na girmamawa na Jami'ar Wroclaw, wanda aka ba shi a matsayin malamin falsafar mahaifarsa. Hakan ya faru ne a yayin bikin cika shekaru 100 na Gymnasium. Frederick a Wroclaw, inda Andersen ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin Jamusanci, lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi tun 1847.

6. Adolf Andersen a chessboard, Wroclaw, 1863,

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Andersen ya sami babban nasara ga gasa a babban, ga manyan 'yan wasan dara, shekaru (6 shekaru). Ya ƙare jerin wasanni masu nasara sosai a cikin 1870s tare da nasara a gasar tare da yawan mahalarta a Baden-Baden a cikin XNUMX, inda shi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya ci nasara a gasar zakarun duniya Steinitz.

A shekara ta 1877, bayan wata gasa a Leipzig, inda ya gama na biyu, Andersen a zahiri ya janye daga gasar saboda dalilai na lafiya. Ya mutu a Wrocław bayan shekaru biyu sakamakon ciwon zuciya mai tsanani, a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1879. An binne shi a makabartar Ikklesiya ta Reformed Community (Alter Fridhof der Reformierten Gemeinde). Dutsen kabari ya tsira daga yakin kuma a farkon shekarun 60, godiya ga kokarin da Lower Silesian Chess Society, an dauke shi daga makabartar da aka yi nufin ruwa zuwa Alley of Merited a makabartar Osobowice a Wrocław (7). A cikin 2003, an sanya plaque a kan babban dutse, wanda ke tunawa da cancantar Andersen.

7. Kabarin Andersen akan Alley of the Meritors a makabartar Osobowice a Wroclaw, tushen:

Tun 1992, an gudanar da gasar dara a Wroclaw don tunawa da wannan fitaccen dan wasan dara na Jamus. An shirya bikin Chess na kasa da kasa na wannan shekara Adolf Anderssen don 31.07-8.08.2021, XNUMX - ana samun bayanai game da bikin akan gidan yanar gizon.

Anderssen Gambit

Adolf Andersen shima ya buga 2…b5?! a farkon bishop. Wannan gambit a halin yanzu ba ya shahara a wasannin gasa na chess na gargajiya, saboda Black ba ya samun isasshiyar daidaitawa ga ɗan wasan da aka sadaukar. Koyaya, wani lokacin yana faruwa a cikin blitz inda Black zai iya mamakin abokin hamayyar da bai shirya ba.

8. Filatilic takardar da aka fitar a kan bikin cika shekaru 200 da haifuwar Adolf Andersen.

Ga misalin wasan dara na soyayya wanda shahararren Adolf Andersen ya buga.

August Mongredien na Adolf Andersen, London, 1851

1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 b5 3.G: b5 c6 4.Ga4 Bc5 5.Bb3 Nf6 6.Sc3 d5 7.e: d5 OO 8.h3 c: d5 9.d3 Sc6 10.Sge2 d4 11.Se4 S : e4 12.d: e4 Kh8 13.Sg3 f5 14.e: f5 G: f5 15.S: f5 W: f5 16.Hg4 Bb4 + (tsari na 9) 17.Kf1? Ya zama dole a gaggauta tsare sarki ta hanyar wasa 17.c3 d:c3 18.OO c:b2 19.G:b2 tare da madaidaicin matsayi. 17… Qf6 18.f3 e4 19.Ke2? Wannan yana haifar da hasara mai sauri, Fari zai iya kare tsawon lokaci bayan 19.H: e4 Re5 20.Qg4. 19…e:f3+20g:f3 Re8+21.Kf2 N5 da White sun yi murabus.

9. August Mongredien - Adolf Andersen, London 1851, matsayi bayan 16… G:b4 +

Hourglass

A cikin 1852, zakaran chess na Ingila Howard Staunton ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da gilashin sa'a don auna lokaci yayin wasa. An fara amfani da gilashin hourglass don wasannin chess na lokaci a hukumance a cikin 1861 a wasa tsakanin Adolf Anderssen ne adam wata a Ignatius Kolishsky (10).

Kowane dan wasa yana da awa 2 don yin motsi 24. Na'urar ta ƙunshi gilashin sa'o'i biyu masu juyawa. Lokacin da daya daga cikin 'yan wasan ya yi motsi, sai ya saita gilashin sa'a zuwa matsayi a kwance, kuma abokin hamayyar zuwa matsayi a tsaye. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an ƙara yin amfani da gilashin hourglass a wasannin chess. A cikin 1866, yayin wasa tsakanin Adolf Andersen da Wilhelm Steinitz, an yi amfani da agogo na yau da kullun guda biyu, wanda aka fara da tsayawa bayan an yi motsi. A wata gasa da aka yi a Baden-Baden a shekara ta 1870, abokan hamayyar sun yi wasa da sauri na motsi 20 a cikin sa'a tare da zabin gilashin sa'a da agogon dara.

10. Saitin gilashin sa'o'i biyu masu jujjuya lokaci don auna lokaci a wasannin chess.

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Dukansu gilashin hourglass da hanyar agogo guda biyu daban-daban ana amfani dasu sosai har zuwa 1883 lokacin da agogon dara ya maye gurbinsu.

Harafin Chess

A 1852 Andersen ya buga shahararren wasan da Jean Dufresne a Berlin. Duk da cewa wasan sada zumunci ne kawai, zakaran chess na farko a duniya Wilhelm Steinitz ya kira shi "evergreen in Andersen's laurel wreath" kuma sunan ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.

Wasan Evergreen

Abokin hamayyar Andersen a wannan wasa shi ne Jean Dufresne, daya daga cikin ’yan wasan Ches na Berlin mafi karfi, marubucin littafin dara, lauya a sana’a, kuma dan jarida a sana’a. Dufresne ya biya Anderssen saboda rashin nasarar wasan da ya yi da shi a shekara ta 1868. A cikin 1881, Dufresne ya buga littafin jagora: Kleines Lehrbuch des Schachspiels (Mini Chess Handbook), wanda, bayan ƙari na gaba, an buga shi ƙarƙashin taken Lehrbuch des Schachspiels (13). Littafin ya kasance kuma yana ci gaba da zama sananne sosai.

13. Jean Dufresne da shahararren littafin dara darasi Lehrbuch des Schachspiels.

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Ga daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasanni a tarihin dara.

Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 (zane na 14) Andersen ya zaɓi Evans Gambit a cikin wasan Italiyanci, sanannen buɗewa a karni na 1826. Sunan gambit ya fito ne daga sunan dan wasan chess na Wales William Evans, wanda shi ne ya fara gabatar da nazarce-nazarcen nasa. A cikin '4 Evans ya yi amfani da wannan gambit a wasan cin nasara da babban ɗan wasan chess na Burtaniya, Alexander McDonnell. Fari yana sadaukar da b-pawn don samun fa'ida a cikin haɓaka guda da gina cibiya mai ƙarfi. 4… G: b5 3.c5 Ga6 4.d4 e: d7 3.OO d8 3.Qb6 Qf9 5.e15 (tsari na 9) 6… Qg5 Baki ba zai iya daukar mashin akan e9 ba, domin bayan 5… N: e10 1 Re6 d11 4.Qa10+ Fari ya sami baƙar fata bishop. 1.Re7 Sge11 3.Ga16 (hoto 11) Farin bishops da ke fuskantar baƙar fata shine maƙasudin dabara na yau da kullun a cikin Evans Gambit 5…bXNUMX? Black ba dole ba yana ba da yanki, yana shirin kunna hasumiya.

14. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, matsayi bayan 4.b4

15. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, matsayi bayan 9.e5

16. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, matsayi bayan 11. Ga3

Ya zama dole a yi wasa 11.OO don kare sarki daga harin abokan hamayya 12.H: b5 Rb8 13.Qa4 Bb6 14.Sbd2 Bb7 15.Se4 Qf5? Kuskuren baki shine har yanzu yana bata lokaci maimakon kare sarki. 16.G: d3 Hh5 17.Sf6+? Maimakon sadaukar da jarumi, yakamata mutum ya buga 17.Ng3 Qh6 18 Wad1 tare da fa'ida mai yawa da kuma barazana masu yawa, kamar Gc1 17… g:f6 18.e:f6 Rg8 19.Wad1 (hoto 17) 19… Q: f3 ? Wannan yana haifar da shan kashi na baki. Zai fi kyau a yi wasa 19…Qh3, 19…Wg4 ko 19…Bd4. 20.B: e7+! Farkon ɗayan shahararrun haɗuwa a cikin tarihin dara. 20… R: e7 (tsari na 18) 21.Q: d7+! K: d7 22.Bf5 ++ Dubawa sau biyu tilasta wa sarki motsi. 22… Ke8 (Idan 22… Kc6 yayi daidai da 23.Bd7#) 23.Bd7+Kf8 24.G: e7# 1-0.

17. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, matsayi bayan 19. Wad1

18. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, matsayi bayan 20 ... N: e7