Syrenka, Polonaise, Fiat 126r, Warsaw. Waɗannan manyan motoci ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland.

A halin yanzu, yana ƙara wahala don saduwa da sanannen Kid akan hanyoyi. Ko da wuya, za mu iya ganin yadda Warsaw ya cika cunkushe 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Misalai biyu ne kawai na motoci waɗanda a da suka ɗauki tunanin masu ababen hawa.

Za ka iya rubuta cikakken monograph game da wurin hutawa motoci na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland. Mun zaɓi samfura guda biyar waɗanda ke da alaƙa a fili tare da wannan lokacin.

Farashin 126r

A lokacin Fiat 126p na ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun motoci a Poland. Sun ce - kuma wannan ba ƙari ba ne - cewa wannan samfurin, wanda aka samar daga 1972 zuwa 2000, ya motsa kasarmu. A Poland, an ƙirƙira shi daga Yuni 6, 1973 zuwa Satumba 22, 2000.

A cikin 1973-2000, masana'antu a Bielsko-Biala da Tychy sun samar da 3 Fiat 318. Tychy.

Fiat 126p mota ce ta baya tare da injin 2cc 594-cylinder da matsakaicin fitarwa na 23 hp. Wanda ya gabace shi shine Fiat 500, magajin Fiat Cinquecento.

A cikin 70s, ci gaban masana'antar kera motoci a Poland ya sami ci gaba. A da, mota wani abu ne na alfarma da ba za a iya shiga ba. A daya bangaren kuma, wannan lamari ya samo asali ne saboda karancin damar tattalin arzikin da ‘yan kasa ke da shi, a daya bangaren kuma, saboda yadda gwamnati ta yi ganganci. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin wannan lokacin, sufuri na jama'a ya inganta sosai - alal misali, a cikin shekarun 70s da 80s, farashin tafiya na mota ga iyali na uku ya fi tsadar siyan jiragen kasa uku. . tikiti na tafiya iri ɗaya.

Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, a shekarar 1978, an sami karin babura da mopeds a kan hanyoyin kasar Poland fiye da motoci. Lamarin ya fara canjawa bayan Poland ta sami lasisin kera Fiat 126. Farashinta mai matsakaicin tsada ya sa motar ta shahara sosai cikin kankanin lokaci.

Nawa ne kudin "Maluch"? A farkon samarwa, an kimanta Fiat 126p daidai da albashin cikin gida 30, wanda ke nufin adadin PLN 69. zloty. Bugu da ƙari, Polska Kasa Oszczędności ya fara tattara prepayments na wannan samfurin.

Tabbas, ana samun motar a cikin abin da ake kira "kasuwar hannu ta biyu", don haka yana yiwuwa a mallaki motar ba tare da jira a layi ba (wanda zai iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa, kuma masu mugunta sun ce wasu daga cikin waɗanda ke jira ba su taɓa samun nasu ba. mota). ). Koyaya, yakamata ku yi la'akari da mafi girman farashin. Masu siyar da farko sun bukaci kusan 110K don "motar da ke cikin hannun jari nan da nan". zloty. Babu karancin masu nema, kuma godiya garesu ne cewa har yanzu magoya bayan wannan motar suna da yalwar zabi a ciki.

FSO Polonaise

Motoci miliyan guda da aka samar, soyayya ta Poland-Italiyanci da kuma dogon begen cewa motar da aka gina gaba ɗaya a Poland za ta mamaye duniya. Polonaise - saboda muna magana game da shi - ya bar masana'antar Geran a ranar Mayu 3, 1978.

The kasada na farko (kusan) gaba daya Yaren mutanen Poland mota fara a Italiya. A can ne wakilan masana'antar kera motoci suka je neman mota mai daraja miliyoyi da za ta yi daidai da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland. A cikin kaka na 1974, wata kwangila da aka sanya hannu a Turin tare da Fiat don ƙirƙirar mota, wanda, kamar yadda na farko, da za a samar daga farko zuwa gama a Poland - kuma kawai a Poland. Masu zanen Poland sun zana wahayi daga motocin tagwayen jiki waɗanda suka ci Turai a cikin 70s. A cikin m tsare-tsare, polonaise na gaba zai ci nasara har ma da kasuwannin Amurka; zama kamar VW Golf ko Renault 5.

Tabbas, farfagandar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Yaren mutanen Poland har yanzu tana "kaho" nasarar Fiat 125p ("babban Fiat"), amma a gaskiya - duk da nasarar tallace-tallace - motar da ta birgima daga layin taro a 1967 ya riga ya kasance. kadan daga baya. Don haka sai an sake daukar wani mataki daya.

"Warszawska Fabryka Samochodow Osobowych, wanda ya sami karuwar shaharar godiya ga Fiat 125p da aka samar, nan da nan za a fadada shi don cika umarni da ke fitowa daga ko'ina cikin duniya," Stolitsa ya rubuta a cikin 1975. A wannan lokacin, samar da Fiat 125p ya kai matsayinsa. kololuwa (a cikin 1975 da kuma bayan shekara guda, kamar yadda 115 11 motoci da aka samar), amma daga shekara ta gaba, samar da hankali rage gudu. An riga an juya kallon injiniyoyin zuwa wata hanya. Lokacin da "babban Fiat" ya kai ga mafi girman tallace-tallace, masana'antar ta sayi hekta XNUMX na sabuwar ƙasa daga ma'aikatan layin dogo. Don dalilai na polonaise, an gina sabuwar masana'antar buga jaridu (fiye da fadar Al'adu da Kimiyya) da kuma ɗaya daga cikin shagunan walda na zamani a Turai, tare da kayan aikin da aka shigo da su daga Yamma don kudaden waje. An fadada kusan dukkan zaurukan.

Polonaise ya riga ya sami tatsuniyoyi da yawa. Daya daga cikinsu ya shafi sunan. A bayyane yake, an zabe ta a cikin "Rice of Warsaw" na kasa baki daya. Gaskiya game da ikon haddasa mutane ya ɗan bambanta. Ma'aikatan Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha sun gano cewa gasar karya ce. An yi tunanin sunan shekaru biyu da suka gabata kuma an dasa shi a asirce a ofishin edita. A can, ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen hanya, an ƙirƙiri ruɗin gasa ta gaskiya.

Farashin 125r

Injiniyoyi na Poland sun yi aiki tuƙuru a kan sabbin ƙarni na Sirena 110 da Warsaw 210, amma babu wanda ya yi tunanin cewa a cikin haƙiƙanin tattalin arziƙin gurguzu za mu iya ƙirƙirar samfurin zamani wanda zai iya yin gogayya da shugabannin duniya. An yanke shawarar ƙarshe a cikin 1965 ta hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Fiat don kera motar da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Shekaru biyu, tare da taimakon Italiyanci, an shirya shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da samarwa. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a yi, domin ko da yake an kafa FSO shuka a matsayin juggernaut mai iya samar da sassa da yawa a wurin, da dama sassa dole ne a samar da sub-spliers. Wannan ci gaba ne mai kyau wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka masana'antu, tun da samar da Fiat 125p ya buƙaci fasahar da ba a san mu ba har yanzu.

A shekara ta 1966, an ƙara ƙarin bayani a cikin kwangilar, wanda ya nuna daidai abin da Fiat 125p ya kamata ya kasance. Takwaransa na Italiya dole ne ya karɓi chassis da makamantansu kodayake ba jiki ɗaya bane, injuna da watsawa daga Fiat 1300/1500 mai fita, da nasa samfuran samfuran kawai kamar bel na gaba tare da fitilolin mota ko kuma ciki tare da zamewa. gudun mita da kayan kwalliyar fata. A cikin wannan tsari, a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1968, Fiat 125p na farko na Poland ya birgima daga layin taro na FSO.

Duk yadda farfagandar lokacin ta yaba da nasara, ba tare da matsala ba. A cikin cikakken shekarar farko na samarwa, an samar da ayyukan yi dubu 7,1 kawai. guda, da kuma kai cikakken iya aiki, ba da damar samar da sama da dubu 100, ya dauki shekaru shida, watau. shekaru biyu bayan ƙarshen samar da samfurin Italiyanci.

Da farko, Babban Fiat abu ne na alatu. Farashin Kowalski bai iya samuwa ba kuma yana nufin farashin ceton rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya. Lokacin da FSO ya mallaki tsarin samarwa, aikin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙirar "babban" Fiat da kuma hana shi da yawancin zaɓuɓɓukan kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa, kuma an maye gurbin chrome da filastik. Wadannan matakai guda biyu suna nufin cewa a cikin 80s ana iya siyan mota don albashin shekara 3, daidai da matsakaicin ƙasa. Amma ya riga ya zama inuwar magabata. An koka game da ingancin, wanda shine daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa aka soke haƙƙin amfani da alamar Fiat a 1983.

FSO Sirena

Asalin Syrena ya koma 1953. A watan Yuni, an kafa wata ƙungiya don haɓaka shawarwari don mota "ga mutane". Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun masu zane-zane, ciki har da: Carola Pionier - chassis, Frederic Blumke - injiniya Stanislav Panchakiewicz - mai gina jiki tare da kwarewa kafin yakin a PZInż. da Jerzy Werner, marubucin marubucin ayyukan Yaren mutanen Poland kafin yakin dangane da Fiat mai lasisi, wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara. Tun da mu metallurgical masana'antu kasance a cikin jariri da jiki zanen gado sun kasance kamar magani, da aka zaci cewa jikin nan gaba Sirena zai yi katako tsarin, kamar mafi pre-yaki motoci: wani ribbed frame rufe da ji da kuma rufe dermatoid - wani masana'anta da ke ciki tare da acetate cellulose, kwaikwayi na farko na fata na wucin gadi. Sai kawai a yi kaho da fenders daga karfen takarda. Don tuƙi, Blumke ya ba da shawarar injin bugun bugun jini guda biyu wanda WSM Bielsko ya kera. Samar da sirens na shekara-shekara bai wuce guda 3000 ba.

Injiniya Stanislav Lukashevich, shugaban Ofishin Jiki na Babban Sashen Zane na FSO, tun da farko ya girgiza kansa ga waɗannan "fasaha na saƙa" - kamar yadda aka kira ra'ayin jikin katako. Na yanke shawarar cewa itacen relic ne, tare da wannan fasaha 3 dubu. Ana iya yin shari'o'i a cikin shekara guda, amma wannan yana buƙatar babban ginin kafinta da busasshen itace mai yawa. Lukashevich ya tilasta wani shingen karfe bisa ga sassan jikin Warsaw. An yanke shawarar gina jikin duka kuma kawai yanke shawarar wanda ya fi kyau.

Duba kuma: lasisin tuƙi. Zan iya kallon rikodin jarrabawa?

Panchakiewicz ya zana jiki mai lankwasa wanda ya dace da fasahar katako, daga Warsaw ya daidaita, da sauran abubuwa. tagogi da haske. Lukashevich ya canja wurin shinge na gaba da baya, kofofin da yawancin rufin daga Warsaw M20 zuwa jikinsa.

Chassis, iri ɗaya ne ga duka samfuran da aka riga aka tsara, babban mai tsara FSO na lokacin Karol Pionier ne ya kera shi, wanda kuma ya yi amfani da suspension na Warsaw da ƙafafu, da injin bugu biyu na Silinda guda biyu wanda ya kasance tsawo na injin. famfo, aikin Ferdinand Blumke ne. An aro akwatin gear ɗin daga GDR Ifa F9.

Zdzisław Mroz, shugaban Laboratory Research Group na Ofishin Babban Mai Zane na FSO ne ya ba da shawarar sunan "Siren".

Duk samfuran biyu sun shirya a watan Disamba 1953.

Hukumar sashen ta ki amincewa da ra'ayin Lukashevich, amma ya yanke shawarar cewa yana da gaskiya cewa motar ta kasance da tsarin karfe, kuma don ajiye karfe, rufin ya kamata a yi shi da itace. A cikin kaka na 1954, an yanke shawarar gina wasu samfurori na Sirena bisa ga sabon ra'ayi, watau. tare da kwandon karfe da rufin katako mai rufi da dermatoid. An kammala shi a cikin Maris 1955. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, don gano abin da mutane ke tunani game da Siren, an nuna shi a watan Yuni na wannan shekara a Poznań International Fair. Jama'a sun hadu da Mermaid cike da sha'awa.

Don gwada wannan tsari a aikace, an shirya wani gangami mai tsawon kilomita 54 "Siren" a watan Agusta. Mataki na farko daga Warsaw, ta hanyar Opole, Krakow zuwa Rzeszow, tsawon kilomita 6000 da gwajin dacewa akan hanyoyin Rzeszow, ya kasance mai sauƙi ga Mermaid. Sai aka yi tsalle zuwa Bielsko, inda aka gwada injinan. Sirens sun yi fiye da wasu motoci makamantan su guda huɗu don kwatanta: Renault 700CV, Panhard Dyna 4, DKW Sonderklasse 55 da Goliath 3E.

An sarrafa siren, musamman, ta hanyar Marian Repeta, direban motar tsere da mahaliccin motar: Stanislav Panchakiewicz, Karol Pionnier da Ferdinand Blumke. Samfuran sun yi aiki mara aibi a duk hanyar. Amma a ɗaya daga cikin kusurwowin, Pionyer ya yi tuƙi da sauri ya birgima. Tsarin katako na rufin yana da ƙarfi, kuma dermatoid ya tsage har ya yanke. Wannan ya gamsar da Piognier cewa Siren yakamata ya zama duk karfe.

An fara kera motar ne a cikin Maris 1957 ta hanyoyin masana'anta, akan wani yanki na kyauta kusa da mai jigilar Warsaw. An buga zanen gado da hannu akan kwalta-ciminti “galles”, galibi ana welded da fitilar oxy-acetylene, ana goge kafe-kafe da fale-falen da fayiloli kuma an goge su da kwano, sannan tare da epidate, wani abu da masana chemist na Poland suka ƙirƙira.

A cikin duka, a cikin shekarar farko na samarwa - daga Maris zuwa Disamba 1957 - FSO ya bar motoci 201. A cikin Maris - 5, Afrilu da Mayu 0, Yuni 18, Yuli 16, Agusta 3, Satumba 22, Oktoba 26, Nuwamba 45 da Disamba 66. Wannan bayanan hukuma ne. An ɗauke su daga ka'idodin samar da kayan tarihi da aka buga a cikin 1972 ta Facts na mako-mako na Zheransky.

Serial samarwa, a kan wani tsohon tef tare da manual cushe kuloli, amma tare da jikin welded a cikin abin da ake kira. walda na conductors fara a cikin kaka na 1958. Da farko, ma'aikatan shagon taro na Sirena sun ƙunshi ... 4 mutane. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1958, an riga an samar da motoci 660, kuma bayan shekara guda an kai matakin samar da kayayyaki - 3010 Model 100 Sirens ya bar Zheran.

A shekara ta 1958, an yanke shawarar cewa idan kuna son ci gaba da kera wannan motar, kuna buƙatar sabunta ta. Babu kuɗi don rikitattun canje-canje, don haka an gabatar da su a hankali a hankali. Don haka, kusan 5 manyan haɓakawa ga Siren a cikin shekaru 15 kawai. Model 101 tare da ingantattun kayan aikin gudu sun shiga layi a cikin bazara na 1960. Syrena 102, wanda aka fara halarta a shekara ta 1962, ya inganta fasahar aikin jiki tare da manne zanen gado a kan matsi, wanda ya haifar da haɗuwa da sauri, kuma an sake fasalin ƙirar sill. A cikin '62, 5185 motoci birgima kashe taron line, kuma a cikin' 63 - 5956 a cikin misali version 141 Syren 102 S tare da lita Wartburg engine da 2223 motoci na gaba model 103.

Model 103 ya dubi ainihin zamani. An canza gasasshen radiyo, an rage murfin gangar jikin, kuma an sabunta hasken waje. Shekara guda bayan haka, an saita rikodin: 9124 Sirena 103 da 391 Sirena 103 S tare da abin hawa na Wartburg da aka ambata.

A lokaci guda kuma, an gina Model 104 a cikin ofisoshin DGK. Rukayya 6 na farko sun tafi yawon shakatawa a karshen 1964. 104 ya sami sauye-sauye da yawa don inganta aminci da kwanciyar hankali yayin tafiya. A ƙarshe, dakatarwar ta baya tana da na'urori biyu na telescopic shock absorbers, maimakon lever guda ɗaya, tankin mai an motsa shi daga ƙarƙashin murfin zuwa baya, wanda ya ba da damar shigar da ingantaccen injin dumama tare da babban caja. Har ila yau, akwai sababbin abubuwa da yawa a ciki, wasu kayan kwalliya, masu kallon rana mai laushi, masu rataye tufafi. Amma abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne sabuwar naúrar wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi injin S 31 mai ƙarfi uku mai ƙarfin 40 hp. kuma 4 gudun gearbox. A shekarar 1965, an harhada motoci 20 domin yin gwaje-gwajen hanya da juriya, kuma a watan Yulin 1966, an harba wani tef.

Duk waɗannan canje-canje sun ba da izinin haɓaka samarwa sosai. A cikin watanni shida, motoci 6722 sun bar masana'antar. Taron ya girma cikin sauri, kuma a cikin 1971 ya kai ga apogee - raka'a 25. Amma duk wannan bai isa ba. Duk da haka, ba zai yiwu ba don haɓaka wannan samarwa a cikin Zheran saboda rashin sarari, wanda ya buƙaci sababbin tarurruka na PF 117r. 

A shekara ta 1968, Poland ta ɓullo da tsare-tsaren sirri don gina sabuwar shuka don samar da babbar mota mai girma da za ta maye gurbin Sirena. An yanke shawarar cewa, kamar Italiya, Jamus, ko Faransa bayan yaƙin, Poland matalauta za ta iya tuƙi a cikin ƙananan motoci masu arha ne kawai domin ikon sayan jama'a ya yi ƙasa. A farkon shekara ta 1969, wata tawagar gwamnatin Poland ta yi tattaki zuwa GDR don ganawa da ministocin masana'antun rugujewa da shugabannin kwamitocin tsare-tsare na CMEA don tattaunawa kan "motar gurguzu mai rahusa gabaɗaya". Bangaran Yaren mutanen Poland ya ba da shawarar danna duk zanen gado na gama gari tare da mu, saboda muna da injinan jarida na zamani a FSO. Czechs suna son injinsu ya kasance haka, Jamusawa sun ce wannan ita ce sana'arsu kuma injin ɗin ya zama Jamusanci, saboda Otto da Diesel Jamusawa ne. Akwai mataccen ƙarshe. Batun sabon shuka a Poland zai kasance gazawa idan ba don Edward Gierek, sakataren farko na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar United Workers' Party tun 1970, wanda ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a gina tashar mota ta biyu a Silesia. Wannan yana nuna cewa yankin Bielsko shine wuri mafi kyau don irin wannan zuba jari. A cikin Bielsko-Biala akwai Kamfanin Kayayyakin Injini, wanda ya kera, da dai sauransu, injuna na Siren da Injin Kayan Aikin Noma, akwai na jabu a Ustron, wani katafaren gini a Skocov, Kamfanin Kayayyakin Motoci a Sosnowiec, da dai sauransu. Ya rage kawai don zaɓar motar da za a samar a sabuwar shuka.

Wannan yana ba ƙaramin Mermaid rayuwa ta biyu. Kafin Poland ta zaɓi mai ba da lasisi, dole ne Silesia ta koyi yadda ake kera motoci. An yanke shawarar cewa zai yi karatu a Sirena, wanda za a tura samar da shi zuwa Bielsko-Biala.

FSO a cikin 1971 FSO cikin gaggawa ta haɓaka sabon gyare-gyaren wannan motar a cikin Geran. An ba da wata ƙungiya wadda aka naɗa ni, muna zana takardu don motar, wanda ya ƙunshi sanya ginshiƙan ƙofa a kan ginshiƙi na gaba, da makullai da riguna a bayan ƙofar da masu bugun kulle a kan ginshiƙi na tsakiya. Hannun PF 125r an daidaita su zuwa "kofar da aka juya". A cikin watan Yuni 1972, an ƙirƙiri jerin bayanai, kuma a cikin Yuli, ana fara samarwa a Warsaw da Bielsko lokaci guda. A karshen shekara, an gina 3571 Syren 105 a Geran. Daga 1973, FSM ce ta kera su na musamman. Sai dai in ban da sedan, an samar da motar daukar kaya na R-20, wadda aka yi wa manoma. An ƙirƙiri ƙirar sa a cikin FSO bisa tsarin ƙirar 104, injin injiniya ya haɓaka firam ɗin. Stanislav Lukashevich.

Bielsko ya yi alkawarin cewa Sirena zai shiga cikin tarihi da zarar an kaddamar da samar da samfurin PF 126p, amma ba su cika alkawarinsu ba. Canje-canje a cikin dokokin sun haifar da wani haɓakawa. A cikin 1975, "105" yana samun tsarin birki mai kewayawa biyu kuma nau'in Lux 105 ya bayyana: tare da lever gear a cikin ƙasa da lever na hannu tsakanin kujeru. Armkujerun sun sami daidaitawar kusurwar baya. Dashboard ɗin yana da sarari don rediyo.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan shekarar, an ƙaddamar da samar da jigilar fasinja-Bosto Syrena. Ita ma Géran ce ta gina wannan keken kuma an yi niyya ne don hidima da fasaha mai kyau. Bosto na iya daukar mutane hudu da kaya kilogiram 200.

FSO Warsaw

An ɗauka cewa bayan yakin duniya na biyu, masana'antar kera motoci ta Poland za su iya samun damar Fiat. A farkon 1946, Babban Ofishin Tsare-tsare ya shirya wani shiri don dawo da masana'antar kera motoci ta Poland bayan yakin. A cikin 1947, tattaunawar ta fara tare da Fiat don fara samar da 1100. A ranar 27 ga Disamba na wannan shekara, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar har ma da mu biya Italiya tare da kwal da abinci don samar da lasisi. Abin takaici, Shirin Marshall ya fara aiki, kuma arha mai daga Amurka, wasu suna jayayya, sun ba da gudummawa ga fiasco na yarjejeniyar Poland da Italiya. Big Brother ya riga ya kasance a ƙofar.

Haske, tunanin fasaha na Soviet da "mahaifin dukan al'ummai" Stalin yana da tayin ga Poland wanda ba za a iya ƙi ba - lasisin motar GAZ-M20 Pobeda.

Mun biya takardun fasaha duka biyu don hatsi - a wancan lokacin PLN 130 miliyan, da kuma tambura da kayan aiki - PLN 250 miliyan. Ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1950, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar lasisi don motar GAZ-M20 Pobeda. Mutanen Soviet sun taimaka wa 'yan uwansu 'yan Poland su gina masana'anta da kafa masana'anta na Warsaw M20. Kuma Pobeda, wanda aka samar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet tun 1946, ba kome ba ne fiye da ci gaban da ake kira. emki, i.e. pre-war Gaz-M1. Wannan mota, bi da bi, lasisi ne Ford Model B, wanda aka samar a waje a 1935-1941.

Warsaw, kamar GAZ-M20, an sanye shi da wani jiki mai goyan baya tare da subframe na injin. Motar ta kasance tana tuka motar da wani nau'in bawul na kasa mai tsayi 4 cm³ R2120, wanda ya samar da 50 hp.

Warsaw na ƙarshe ya birkice layin taron a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1973. Wannan shi ne saboda bayyanar a cikin 1967 na magaji: Fiat 125p na Poland.

Karanta kuma: Skoda Kodiaq bayan canje-canje na kwaskwarima don 2021