Supernova

supernova SN1994 D a cikin galaxy NGC4526

A cikin dukkanin tarihin binciken sararin samaniya, fashewar supernova guda 6 ne kawai aka gani da ido tsirara. A cikin 1054, bayan fashewar supernova, ya bayyana a cikin "sama" namu? Crab Nebula. An ga fashewar 1604 na tsawon makonni uku har ma da rana. Babban girgijen Magellanic ya fashe a cikin 1987. Amma wannan supernova ya kasance nesa da duniya shekaru 169000 haske, don haka yana da wuya a gani.

A karshen watan Agustan 2011, masana ilmin taurari sun gano wani supernova 'yan sa'o'i kadan bayan fashewar ta. Wannan shi ne abu mafi kusa da irin wannan nau'in da aka gano a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata. Yawancin supernovae suna da aƙalla shekaru haske biliyan ɗaya daga Duniya. A wannan karon, farin dwarf ya fashe da nisan shekaru miliyan 21 kawai. A sakamakon haka, ana iya ganin tauraro da ya fashe da binoculars ko kuma karamin na'urar hangen nesa a cikin Pinwheel Galaxy (M101), wanda yake daga ra'ayinmu ba da nisa da Ursa Major ba.

Taurari kadan ne ke mutuwa sakamakon irin wannan gaggarumin fashewa. Yawancin suna barin shiru. Tauraron da zai iya tafiya supernova dole ne ya kai girman rana sau goma zuwa ashirin. Suna da girma sosai. Irin waɗannan taurari suna da babban tanadi na taro kuma suna iya kaiwa babban yanayin zafi don haka? Ƙirƙiri? abubuwa masu nauyi.

A farkon shekarun 30, masanin ilmin taurari Fritz Zwicky ya yi nazarin fitattun walƙiyoyin haske da ake gani lokaci zuwa lokaci a sararin samaniya. Ya kai ga cewa lokacin da tauraro ya fado ya kai wani nau'i mai kwatankwacin girman kwayar atomic, sai a samu wani dunkule mai yawa wanda a cikinsa ne electrons daga "raga"? atom za su je tsakiya su samar da neutrons. Ta haka ne tauraruwar neutron zai samu. Cokali ɗaya na ainihin tauraron neutron yana nauyin kilo biliyan 90. Sakamakon wannan rushewar, za a samar da makamashi mai yawa, wanda aka saki da sauri. Zwicky ya kira su supernovae.

Sakin makamashi a lokacin fashewa yana da girma sosai cewa kwanaki da yawa bayan fashewar ya wuce darajarsa ga dukan galaxy. Bayan fashewar, harsashi na waje da sauri ya ragu, yana rikidewa zuwa duniyar nebula da pulsar, tauraron baryon (neutron) ko rami mai duhu. Nebula da aka samu ta wannan hanyar ta lalace gaba daya bayan dubban dubban shekaru.

Amma idan, bayan fashewar supernova, babban adadin shine sau 1,4-3 na yawan Rana, har yanzu yana rushewa kuma ya kasance a matsayin tauraron neutron. Taurarin Neutron suna jujjuyawa (yawanci) sau da yawa a cikin dakika guda, suna fitar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin nau'ikan raƙuman radiyo, X-ray, da haskoki gamma. Idan yawan abin da ke cikin ya isa ya isa, tushen zai rushe har abada. Sakamakon shine rami mai baki. Lokacin da aka fitar da shi zuwa sararin samaniya, abin da ke cikin core da harsashi na wani supernova yana faɗaɗa cikin riga, wanda ake kira ragowar supernova. Yin karo da gajimaren iskar gas da ke kewaye, yana haifar da girgizar gaba da sakin kuzari. Waɗannan gizagizai suna haskakawa a cikin abubuwan da ake iya gani na raƙuman ruwa kuma suna da kyau saboda abubuwa masu launi ga masu nazarin taurari.

Ba a samu tabbacin samuwar taurarin neutron ba sai a shekarar 1968.