Wuraren zama da masu ɗaurin gindi

Mafi na kowa tsarin tsarin tsarin tsaro na mota shine bel ɗin kujera. Amfani da shi yana rage yuwuwa da tsananin raunin da ya faru saboda tasiri akan sassa na jiki, gilashi, da sauran fasinjoji (wanda ake kira tasirin sakandare). Ɗaure bel ɗin kujera yana tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na jakunkunan iska.

Dangane da adadin abubuwan da aka makala, ana rarrabe nau'ikan bel ɗin kujeru masu zuwa: biyu-, uku-, huɗu-, biyar- da maki shida.

A halin yanzu ana amfani da bel ɗin kujera mai maki biyu (fig. 1) azaman bel ɗin wurin zama na baya na wasu tsofaffin motoci, da kuma kujerun fasinja a cikin jirgin sama. Belin kujera mai juyawa shine bel ɗin cinya wanda ke naɗe da kugu kuma yana manne da bangarorin biyu na wurin zama.

Belt ɗin kujera mai maki uku (fig. 2) sune babban nau'in bel ɗin kujeru kuma ana sanya su akan duk motocin zamani. Belin kugu na diagonal mai maki 3 yana da tsari mai siffar V wanda ke rarraba kuzarin jiki mai motsi zuwa ƙirji, ƙashin ƙugu da kafadu. Volvo ya gabatar da bel ɗin kujera mai maki uku na farko da aka samar a cikin 1959. Yi la'akari da na'urar bel ɗin kujera mai maki uku a matsayin mafi na kowa.

Belin wurin zama mai maki uku ya ƙunshi ɗigon yanar gizo, maɗauri da abin ɗaurewa.

An yi bel ɗin wurin zama daga abu mai ɗorewa kuma an haɗa shi da jiki tare da na'urori na musamman a maki uku: a kan ginshiƙi, a kan bakin kofa kuma a kan sanda na musamman tare da kulle. Don daidaita bel zuwa tsayin mutum na musamman, ƙira da yawa suna ba da damar daidaita tsayin abin da aka makala na sama.

Kulle yana kiyaye bel ɗin wurin zama kuma an sanya shi kusa da kujerar mota. An yi harshen ƙarfe mai motsi don haɗawa da maɗaurin madauri. A matsayin tunatarwa game da buƙatar sa bel ɗin zama, ƙirar kullewa ta haɗa da maɓalli da aka haɗa a cikin kewayar tsarin ƙararrawa na AV. Gargaɗi yana faruwa tare da hasken faɗakarwa akan dashboard da sigina mai ji. Algorithm na wannan tsarin ya bambanta ga masu kera motoci daban-daban.

Retractor yana ba da juyewar tilastawa da jujjuya bel ɗin kujera ta atomatik. An makala a jikin motar. Reel yana sanye da tsarin kulle inertial wanda ke dakatar da motsi na bel akan reel a yayin wani hatsari. Ana amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu na toshewa: sakamakon motsi (inertia) na mota da kuma sakamakon motsi na bel ɗin kanta. Za'a iya cire tef ɗin daga drum ɗin a hankali, ba tare da hanzari ba.

Motoci na zamani suna sanye da bel ɗin kujera na pretensioner.

Ana amfani da bel ɗin kujera mai maki biyar (fig. 4) a cikin motocin motsa jiki da kuma adana yara a kujerun motar yara. Ya ƙunshi madaurin kugu guda biyu, madaurin kafaɗa biyu da madaurin kafa ɗaya.

Shinkafa 4. Makama mai maki biyar

Kayan tsaro na maki 6 yana da madauri guda biyu tsakanin kafafu, wanda ke ba da mafi kyawun dacewa ga mahayin.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka yi alkawarin ci gaba shine bel ɗin kujeru masu ɗorewa (Fig. 5), waɗanda ke cike da iskar gas yayin haɗari. Suna ƙara yankin lamba tare da fasinja kuma, saboda haka, rage nauyi akan mutum. Sashin inflatable na iya zama sashin kafada ko kafada da kugu. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa wannan ƙirar bel ɗin yana ba da ƙarin kariya ta tasiri na gefe.

Shinkafa 5. bel ɗin kujera mai ƙura

Ford yana ba da wannan zaɓi a Turai don ƙarni na huɗu Ford Mondeo. Ga fasinjojin da ke layin baya, an sanya bel ɗin kujera mai hurawa. An tsara tsarin ne don rage raunin kai, wuya da ƙirji a yayin da hatsarin ya faru ga fasinjojin da ke kan layi na baya, waɗanda galibi yara ne da tsofaffi, waɗanda ke da haɗari musamman ga irin waɗannan raunuka. A cikin amfanin yau da kullun, bel ɗin kujeru masu ɗorewa suna aiki iri ɗaya da na yau da kullun kuma suna dacewa da kujerun yara.

Idan wani hatsari ya faru, firikwensin girgiza yana aika sigina zuwa sashin kula da tsarin tsaro, sashin yana aika sigina don buɗe bawul ɗin rufewa na silinda na carbon dioxide da ke ƙarƙashin wurin zama, bawul ɗin yana buɗewa da iskar gas ɗin da ta kasance. a baya cikin yanayin matsawa ya cika matashin bel ɗin kujera. Belt ɗin yana ƙaddamar da sauri, yana rarraba tasirin tasiri akan saman jiki, wanda ya ninka sau biyar fiye da daidaitattun bel. Lokacin kunna madauri bai wuce 40ms ba.

Tare da sabon Mercedes-Benz S-Class W222, kamfanin yana faɗaɗa zaɓin kariya na fasinja na baya. Kunshin PRE-SAFE na baya yana haɗa pretensioners da jakar iska a cikin bel ɗin kujera (Beltbag) da jakunkunan iska a kujerun gaba. Haɗin yin amfani da waɗannan na'urori yayin haɗari yana rage raunin fasinja da kashi 30% idan aka kwatanta da tsarin gargajiya. Jakar iska ta kujera bel ɗin kujera ce mai iya yin hauhawa kuma ta haka ta rage haɗarin rauni ga fasinjoji a karon gaba ta hanyar rage nauyi akan ƙirji. Wurin da ke kwance yana sanye da ma'auni tare da jakar iska da aka ɓoye a ƙarƙashin kayan matashin kujerun, irin wannan matashin zai hana fasinja a wurin kishingiɗe daga bel ɗin kujera a yayin wani hatsari (wanda ake kira " nutsewa"). . Ta wannan hanyar, Mercedes-Benz ya sami damar haɓaka wurin zama mai jin daɗi, wanda a cikin yanayin haɗari zai samar da mafi girman matakin aminci fiye da wurin zama wanda aka kwantar da baya ta hanyar shimfida matashin wurin zama.

A matsayin ma'auni na rashin amfani da bel ɗin kujera, an samar da bel ɗin atomatik tun daga 1981 (Fig. 6), wanda ke kiyaye fasinja ta atomatik lokacin da aka rufe kofa (fara injin) kuma a sake shi lokacin da aka buɗe ƙofar (injin). fara tsayawa). A matsayinka na mai mulki, motsi na bel na kafada yana motsawa tare da gefuna na ƙofar kofa yana atomatik. An ɗaure bel ɗin da hannu. Saboda tsananin ƙira, rashin jin daɗin shiga mota, a halin yanzu ba a amfani da bel ɗin kujera ta atomatik.

Shinkafa 6. Wurin zama na atomatik

2. Set belt tensioners

A gudun, misali, 56 km / h, yana daukan game da 150 ms daga lokacin da karo tare da kafaffen cikas ga cikakken tsayawa na mota. Direba da fasinja na motar ba su da lokacin yin kowane ayyuka a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, saboda haka su ne masu shiga cikin gaggawa. A wannan lokacin, dole ne a kunna pretensioners, jakunkuna na iska, da na'urar kashe baturi.

A cikin wani haɗari, bel ɗin kujera dole ne ya ɗauki matakin makamashi daidai da ƙarfin motsa jiki na mutum da ke fadowa daga bene na huɗu na wani babban bene. Saboda yuwuwar kwance bel ɗin kujera, ana amfani da mai ɗaukar hoto (pretensioner) don rama wannan sako-sako.

Mai ɗaukar bel ɗin kujera yana mayar da bel ɗin wurin zama a yayin wani karo. Wannan yana taimakawa rage bel ɗin kujera (sarari tsakanin bel ɗin kujera da jiki). Don haka, bel ɗin kujera yana hana fasinja yin gaba (dangane da motsin motar) a gaba.

Motoci suna amfani da bel ɗin kujera na diagonal da masu ɗaukar hoto. Yin amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu yana ba ku damar daidaita fasinja mafi kyau, tunda a cikin wannan yanayin tsarin yana ja da baya, yayin da a lokaci guda yana ƙarfafa rassan diagonal da ventral na bel. A aikace, ana shigar da masu tayar da hankali na nau'in farko.

Mai ɗaukar bel ɗin wurin zama yana inganta tashin hankali kuma yana inganta kariyar zamewar bel. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar tura bel ɗin wurin zama a lokacin tasirin farko. Matsakaicin motsi na direba ko fasinja a gaban gaba yakamata ya zama kusan 1 cm, kuma tsawon lokacin aikin injin ya zama 5 ms (mafi girman ƙimar 12 ms). Mai tayar da hankali yana tabbatar da cewa sashin bel (har zuwa tsayin 130 mm) ya raunata a kusan 13 ms.

Mafi na kowa su ne na'urar zama bel pretensioners (Fig. 7).

Shinkafa 7. Mechanical seat belt tensioner: 1 - seat belt; 2 - dabaran ratchet; 3 - axis na inertial nada; 4 - latch (rufe matsayi); 5 - na'urar pendulum

Baya ga masu tayar da hankali na inji na gargajiya, masana'antun da yawa yanzu suna ba da motoci tare da masu tayar da hankali na pyrotechnic (Hoto 8).

Shinkafa 8. Pyrotechnic tensioner: 1 - bel; 2 - fistan; 3- pyrotechnic cartridge

Ana kunna su lokacin da ginanniyar firikwensin tsarin ya gano cewa an ƙetare ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙofa, wanda ke nuna farkon karo. Wannan yana kunna fashewar harsashin pyrotechnic. Lokacin da harsashi ya fashe, ana fitar da iskar gas, matsa lamba wanda ke aiki akan piston da aka haɗa da bel ɗin kujera. Fistan yana motsawa da sauri kuma yana tayar da bel. Yawanci, lokacin amsa na'urar bai wuce 25 ms daga farkon fitarwa ba.

Don kauce wa wuce gona da iri na ƙirjin, waɗannan bel ɗin suna da maƙasudin tashin hankali waɗanda ke aiki kamar haka: na farko, an kai matsakaicin nauyin da aka yarda da shi, bayan haka na'urar injin tana ba fasinja damar matsawa wani ɗan nesa gaba, kiyaye matakin caji akai-akai.

Dangane da ƙira da ƙa'idar aiki, ana rarrabe nau'ikan bel ɗin kujera masu zuwa:

• na USB tare da injin inji;
• ball;
• juyawa;
• shiryayye;
• mai juyawa.

2.1. Kebul tensioner don kujera bel

Ƙwararren bel ɗin kujeru 8 da bel ɗin kujerun atomatik 14 sune manyan abubuwan haɗin kebul na igiya (Fig. 9). Ana daidaita tsarin da motsi a kan bututu mai karewa 3 a cikin murfin ɗaukar hoto, kama da pendulum na tsaye. An saita kebul na karfe 1 akan piston 17. Kebul ɗin yana rauni kuma an shigar dashi akan bututu mai karewa akan drum 18 don kebul.

Tsarin tashin hankali ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu zuwa:

• na'urori masu auna firikwensin a cikin tsarin tsarin "spring-mass";
• janareta na gas 4 tare da cajin pyrotechnic propellant;
• piston 1 tare da kebul na karfe a cikin bututu.

Idan deceleration na mota a lokacin karo ya wuce wani darajar, da firikwensin spring 7 fara matsawa a karkashin mataki na firikwensin taro. Na'urar firikwensin ya ƙunshi goyan bayan 6, janareta na iskar gas 4 tare da cajin pyrotechnic da aka fitar dashi, girgizar bazara 5, fistan 1 da bututu 2.

Shinkafa 9. Kebul tensioner: a - ƙonewa; b - ƙarfin lantarki; 1, 16 - fistan; 2 - tube; 3 - bututu mai kariya; 4 - janareta na iskar gas; 5, 15 - girgiza spring; 6 - shingen firikwensin; 7 - firikwensin bazara; 8 - bel ɗin kujera; 9 - farantin girgiza tare da fitilun girgiza; 10, 14 - wurin zama bel mai iska; 11 - kullin firikwensin; 12 - gear rim na shaft; 13 - sashin hakori; 17 - karfe na karfe; 18 - ganga

Idan goyon bayan 6 ya motsa nisa fiye da na al'ada, mai samar da iskar gas 4, wanda aka yi a hutawa ta hanyar firikwensin 11, an sake shi a tsaye. Tasirin tasirin bazara 15 yana tura shi zuwa fil ɗin tasiri a cikin farantin tasirin. Lokacin da janareta na iskar gas ya buge mai tasiri, cajin janareta na iskar gas ya kunna wuta (Fig. 9, a).

A wannan lokacin, ana shigar da iskar gas a cikin bututu 2 kuma yana motsa piston 1 tare da kebul na karfe 17 ƙasa (Fig. 9, b). A lokacin motsi na farko na raunin kebul akan kama, sashin hakori na 13 yana motsawa a waje da ganga a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin haɓakawa kuma yana aiki tare da zobe na shaft 12 na bel winder 14.

2.2. Ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa

Ya ƙunshi ƙaƙƙarfan tsari wanda, ban da sanin bel, kuma ya haɗa da iyakancewar bel (fig. 10). Kunna injina yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da firikwensin bel ɗin kujera ya gano cewa an ɗaure bel ɗin kujera.

The ball seat belt pretensioner ana actuated da bukukuwa sanya a cikin bututu 9. A cikin taron na karo karo, da airjak kula naúrar ignites fitar da cajin 7 (Fig. 10, b). A cikin masu tayar da bel ɗin kujerun lantarki, kunna injin tuƙi ana gudanar da na'urar sarrafa jakar iska.

Lokacin da aka kunna cajin da aka fitar, iskar gas masu faɗaɗa suna saita ƙwallo a motsi kuma suna jagorantar su ta cikin kayan aiki 11 zuwa cikin balloon 12 don tattara kwallaye.

Shinkafa 10. Ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa: a - ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya; b - ƙonewa; c - ƙarfin lantarki; 1, 11 - kayan aiki; 2, 12 - balloon don bukukuwa; 3 - injin tuƙi (na inji ko lantarki); 4, 7 - pyrotechnic propellant cajin; 5, 8 - bel; 6, 9 - tube tare da kwallaye; 10 - seat belt winder

Tunda bel ɗin kujerar yana da alaƙa da sprocket, yana jujjuya ƙwallaye, kuma bel ɗin ya ja da baya (Fig. 10, c).

2.3. Rotary bel tensioner

Yana aiki akan ka'idar rotor. Mai tayar da hankali ya ƙunshi rotor 2, detonator 1, injin tuƙi 3 (Hoto 11, a)

Na'urar fashewa ta farko tana motsawa ta hanyar injina ko lantarki, yayin da iskar gas mai faɗaɗa ke juya rotor (Fig. 11, b). Tun lokacin da aka haɗa rotor zuwa bel ɗin bel, bel ɗin kujera ya fara ja da baya. Bayan isa wani kusurwa na juyawa, rotor yana buɗe tashar kewayawa 7 zuwa harsashi na biyu. A karkashin aikin matsa lamba na aiki a cikin ɗakin No. 1, harsashi na biyu yana ƙonewa, saboda abin da rotor ya ci gaba da juyawa (Fig. 11, c). Ture gas daga chamber mai lamba 1 yana fita ta tashar fita ta 8.

Shinkafa 11. Rotary tensioner: a - general view; b - aikin farko na fashewa; c - aikin na biyu detonator; g - aikin wuta na uku; 1 - cin abinci; 2 - rotor; 3 - injin tuƙi; 4 - bel na kujera; 5, 8 - tashar fitarwa; 6 - aiki na farko koto; 7, 9, 10 - tashoshi na ketare; 11 - actuation na biyu detonator; 12 - ɗakin Lamba 1; 13 - yin aikin koto na uku; 14 - lambar kyamara 2

Lokacin da tashar kewayawa ta biyu ta isa ta 9, an kunna harsashi na uku a ƙarƙashin aikin matsin lamba a cikin ɗakin No. 2 (Fig. 11, d). Rotor yana ci gaba da juyawa kuma iskar gas ɗin da ke fitowa daga ɗakin No. 2 yana fita ta hanyar 5.

2.4. Belt tensioner

Don sauƙin canja wurin ƙarfi zuwa bel, ana kuma amfani da na'urori daban-daban na rack da pinion (Fig. 12).

Rack tensioner yana aiki kamar haka. A siginar naúrar sarrafa jakar iska, cajin fashewa yana kunna wuta. A ƙarƙashin matsa lamba na sakamakon gas, piston tare da tarawa 8 yana motsawa sama, yana haifar da juyawa na gear 3, wanda ke aiki da shi. Juyawa na gear 3 ana watsa shi zuwa gears 2 da 4. Gear 2 an haɗa shi da ƙarfi zuwa zoben waje na 7 na clutch mai mamayewa, wanda ke watsa jujjuyawar torsion shaft 6. Lokacin da zoben 7 ya juya, rollers 5 na kama manne tsakanin kama da torsion shaft. Sakamakon jujjuyawar shingen torsion, bel ɗin yana da ƙarfi. Ana sakin tashin hankali lokacin da fistan ya isa damper.

Shinkafa 12. Seat belt tensioner: a - farawa matsayi; b - ƙarshen tashin hankali; 1 - abin sha; 2, 3, 4 - kayan aiki; 5 - abin nadi; 6 - axis na torsion; 7 - zobe na waje na clutch mai mamaye; 8 - fistan tare da tara; 9-masu kashe wuta

2.5 mai juyawa bel tensioner

A cikin ƙarin hadaddun tsarin aminci na m, ban da pyrotechnic kujera bel pretensioners, mai jujjuya kujerar bel pretensioner (Fig. 13) tare da naúrar sarrafawa da madaidaicin bel ɗin ƙarfi mai iyaka (mai canzawa.

Kowane mai jujjuya bel ɗin kujera ana sarrafa shi ta wata naúrar sarrafawa ta daban. Dangane da umarnin bas ɗin bayanai, rukunin kula da bel ɗin kujera suna kunna injunan kunnawa da aka haɗa.

Masu tayar da hankali masu juyawa suna da matakan ƙarfin aiki guda uku:

1. ƙananan ƙoƙari - zaɓi na slack a cikin bel ɗin kujera;
2. matsakaicin karfi - tashin hankali na bangare;
3. babban ƙarfi - cikakken tashin hankali.

Idan naúrar kula da jakan iska ta gano ƙaramin karo na gaba wanda baya buƙatar pyrotechnic pretensioner, yana aika sigina zuwa raka'o'in sarrafa pretensioner. Suna ba da umarnin bel ɗin kujerar da injinan tuƙi su ɗaure su gaba ɗaya.

Shinkafa 13. Seat bel tare da reversible pretensioner: 1 - kaya; 2 - ƙugiya; 3- Jagoranci

Tushen motar (ba a nuna shi a siffa 13), yana jujjuya ta cikin kayan aiki, yana jujjuya faifai mai tuƙa da aka haɗa da sandar bel ɗin wurin zama ta ƙugiya guda biyu masu ja da baya. Belin zama ya nannade a kan gatari ya daure.

Idan igiyar motar ba ta jujjuya ba ko ta ɗan ɗanɗana a kishiyar hanya, ƙugiya na iya ninkawa su saki sandar bel ɗin kujera.

Ana kunna madaidaicin bel ɗin kujerun zama mai iya canzawa bayan an tura masu aikin pyrotechnic. A wannan yanayin, tsarin kulle yana toshe bel ɗin bel, yana hana bel daga kwancewa saboda yuwuwar inertia na jikin fasinjoji da direba.