Tankunan binciken TK da TKS
Tankunan leken asiri (tankettes) TK-3 na Sojan Poland a yayin faretin karramawa a kan bukukuwan kasa.
A cikin duka, a cikin watan Satumba na 1939, kimanin tankoki 500 TK-3 da TKS sun tafi gaba a sassan sojojin Poland. Dangane da lissafin kayan aiki na hukuma, tankunan bincike na TKS sune mafi yawan nau'ikan motocin da aka rarraba a matsayin tankuna a cikin Sojojin Poland. Duk da haka, wannan wani ɗan karin gishiri ne saboda ƙarancin sulke da makamansu.
Ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1925, a filin horo a Rembertow kusa da Warsaw, an gudanar da zanga-zangar jami'ai daga Sashen Samar da Injiniya na Ma'aikatar Yaƙi (MSVoysk), Umurnin Makamai na Ma'aikatar Yaƙi. da wata karamar mota mai sulke ta Carden-Loyd Mark VI Military Research Engineering Institute tare da budaddiyar jikin kamfanin Biritaniya Vickers Armstrong Ltd., dauke da babbar bindiga. Motar mai dauke da ma’aikata biyu, ta bi ta kan wani yanayi mara kyau, inda ta yi galaba a kan shingen waya, da kuma ramuka da tsaunuka. Ya yi gwajin saurin gudu da iya jujjuyawa, da kuma yin alama da bindiga. An jaddada "dorewa" na waƙoƙin, wanda zai iya tafiya har zuwa kilomita 3700.
Kyakkyawan sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen filin ya kai ga siyan irin waɗannan injunan guda goma a Burtaniya tare da samun lasisin kera su kafin ƙarshen shekara. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin ƙira da sigogin fasaha na Carden-Loyd Mk VI, irin waɗannan motocin guda biyu ne kawai aka gina a Cibiyar Gina Injin Jiha a Warsaw (abin da ake kira bambance-bambancen “X”) da kuma motar sulke irin su. An haɓaka Carden-Loyd kuma daga baya aka samar, amma an rufe shi saboda tsaunuka da kuma ci gaba da yawa - shahararrun tankunan bincike (tankettes) TK da TKS.
An yi amfani da Cars Carden-Loyd Mk VI a cikin Sojojin Poland a matsayin gwaji sannan kuma kayan aikin horo. A cikin Yuli 1936, ƙarin motoci goma irin wannan sun kasance a cikin bataliyoyin masu sulke, waɗanda aka yi nufin horo.
A cikin 1930, an ƙirƙira samfuran farko na sabbin wedges na Poland kuma an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen filin sosai, waɗanda suka karɓi sunayen TK-1 da TK-2. Bayan waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, a cikin 1931, an fara samar da na'ura mai yawa, wanda ya karɓi nadi TK-3. Canje-canjen da injiniyoyin Poland suka yi sun sanya wannan injin ya fi na asali na Carden-Loyd Mk VI. The tankette TK-3 - bisa hukuma ake magana a kai a cikin soja nomenclature a matsayin "tankin bincike" - da aka karbe da Poland Army a lokacin rani na 1931.
Tankin TK-3 yana da tsayin 2580 mm, nisa na 1780 mm da tsawo na 1320 mm. Tsawon ƙasa shine 300 mm. Nauyin na'urar shine ton 2,43. Faɗin waƙoƙin da aka yi amfani da shi shine mm 140. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun ƙunshi mutane biyu: kwamandan bindiga, zaune a dama, da direban, zaune a hagu.
z an yi shi daga ingantattun zanen gado. Kauri a gaban ya kasance daga 6 zuwa 8 mm, baya ɗaya ne. Makamai na bangarorin yana da kauri na 8 mm, manyan makamai da kasa - daga 3 zuwa 4 mm.
Tankin TK-3 an sanye shi da injin Carburetor na 4-bugun jini na Ford A tare da girman aiki na 3285 cm³ da ƙarfin 40 hp. da 2200 rpm. Godiya ga shi, a karkashin yanayi mafi kyau duka, TK-3 tankette iya isa gudun har zuwa 46 km / h. Koyaya, saurin motsi na aiki akan hanyar datti ya kasance kusan kilomita 30 / h, kuma akan hanyoyin filin - 20 km / h. A kan lebur da ingantacciyar ƙasa, tankin ya haɓaka saurin 18 km / h, kuma a kan tudu da daji - 12 km / h. Tankin mai yana da nauyin lita 60, wanda ya ba da damar tafiya mai nisan kilomita 200 a kan hanya da kuma kilomita 100 a filin.
TK-3 zai iya shawo kan tudu tare da gangaren da aka haɗa da kyau tare da tsayin daka har zuwa 42 °, da kuma rami har zuwa 1 m fadi. matukar dai kasan ya yi wuya sosai). Tare da ingantacciyar tuƙi, yana yiwuwa a shawo kan magudanan ruwa har zuwa zurfin 40 cm, amma dole ne a kula da shi don kada ruwa ya shiga cikin ɗigon ruwa ya mamaye injin. Tankin tanki ya wuce da kyau ta cikin ciyayi da ciyayi na matasa - gangar jikin har zuwa 70 cm a diamita, motar ta birgima ko ta lalace. Kwance kututtukan da diamita na 10 cm na iya zama cikas da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Motar ta yi kyau sosai tare da toshewar - ƙananan ƙananan an danna su cikin ƙasa ta hanyar tanki mai wucewa, kuma manyan masu girma sun lalata su. Juya radius na tanki bai wuce 50 m ba, kuma takamaiman matsa lamba shine 2,4 kg / cm².
Makamin da aka zayyana na TK-3 babban bindiga ne mai nauyi wz. 25 tare da harsashi, 1800 zagaye (kwalaye 15 na zagaye 120 a cikin kaset). Motocin TK-3 na iya yin harbi da kyau a kan tafiya daga nesa har zuwa mita 200. Lokacin da aka tsaya, tasirin harbi mai inganci ya karu zuwa mita 500. Bugu da kari, wasu motocin na dauke da bindigogin Browning wz. 28. A gefen dama na tankin TK-3 akwai bindigar hana jiragen sama, wanda za'a iya shigar dashi azaman babban bindiga wz. 25, da kuma bindigar wuta wz. 28. daidai
Bayan da taro samar da asali version na TK-3, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1933 da kuma a lokacin da aka gina game da 300 inji, an gudanar da bincike na samu versions. A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan ayyukan, an ƙirƙiri samfuran samfuri:
TKW - keken keke tare da turret bindiga mai jujjuyawa,
TK-D - bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu masu haske tare da bindigar 47-mm, a cikin sigar ta biyu tare da igwa Pyuto 37-mm.
TK-3 mota ce dauke da mafi girman bindigar mashin 20 mm.
TKF - motar da aka sabunta tare da injin Fiat 122B (daga motar Fiat 621), maimakon injin Ford A. A 1933, an gina motoci goma sha takwas na wannan bambance-bambancen.
Kwarewar sabis na yaƙi na tankunan TK-3 sun bayyana ainihin yuwuwar ƙarin gyare-gyare waɗanda ke tasiri tasirin wannan injin. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1932, Poland ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar lasisin samar da motoci na Fiat, wanda ya ba da damar yin amfani da sassan Italiyanci da majalisai lokacin da aka canza tankette. An yi ƙoƙarin farko na irin wannan nau'in a cikin nau'in TKF, wanda ya maye gurbin daidaitaccen injin Ford A tare da injin Fiat 6B mafi ƙarfi 122 hp. daga babbar motar Fiat 621. Wannan canjin ya kuma haifar da buƙatar ƙarfafa watsawa da dakatarwa.
Sakamakon aikin masu zane-zane na Ofishin Bincike na Gidan Gine-gine na Jiha shine ƙirƙirar wani tanki mai mahimmanci TKS wanda ya maye gurbin TK-3. Canje-canjen ya shafi kusan dukkanin injin - chassis, watsawa da jiki - kuma manyan su ne: inganta sulke ta hanyar canza siffarsa da kuma kara kauri; shigar da bindigar na'ura a cikin niche na musamman a cikin karkiyar mai siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar, da kuma ƙarar wuta. shigarwa na periscope mai juyawa wanda Ing ya tsara. Gundlach, godiya ga wanda kwamandan zai iya bin abubuwan da ke faruwa a waje da abin hawa; gabatarwar sabon injin Fiat 122B (PZInż. 367) tare da babban iko; ƙarfafa abubuwan dakatarwa da kuma amfani da waƙoƙi masu faɗi; canjin shigarwa na lantarki. Duk da haka, sakamakon ingantawa, yawan na'urar ya karu da kilogiram 220, wanda ya shafi wasu sigogi. Serial samar na TKS tankette ya fara a 1934 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1936. Sannan an gina ta kusan 280 daga cikin wadannan injuna.
A kan tushen TKS, an kuma ƙirƙira taraktan bindigogi na C2P, wanda aka yi da yawa a cikin 1937-1939. A cikin wannan lokacin, an gina injuna kusan 200 na irin wannan. Taraktan C2P ya kasance kusan 50 cm tsayi fiye da tankin. An yi ƙananan canje-canje ga ƙira. An ƙera wannan motar don ɗaukar 40mm wz. 36, bindigogin anti-tanki caliber 36 mm wz. 36 da tireloli da harsashi.
A lokaci guda tare da haɓakar samarwa, tankunan bincike na TKS sun fara haɗawa a cikin kayan aikin ƙungiyoyin leken asiri na rukunin sulke na Sojan Poland. Hakanan ana ci gaba da aiki akan nau'ikan abubuwan da aka samo asali. Babban manufar wannan aikin shine ƙara ƙarfin wuta na tankuna, don haka ƙoƙarin ɗaukar su da bindigar 37 mm ko mafi girman bindigar 20 mm. Yin amfani da na ƙarshe ya ba da sakamako mai kyau, kuma kimanin motoci 20-25 an sake sanye su da irin wannan makami. Adadin motocin da aka yi garkuwa da su ya kamata ya fi yawa, amma zaluncin Jamus kan Poland ya hana aiwatar da wannan niyya.
An kuma samar da kayan aiki na musamman don tankokin TKS a Poland, wadanda suka hada da: tirela mai bin diddigin duniya, tirela mai gidan rediyo, kashin "shafukan titi" mai tayaya da tashar jirgin kasa don amfani da jiragen kasa masu sulke. Na'urori biyu na ƙarshe ya kamata su inganta motsi na ƙugiya a kan babbar hanya da kuma kan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. A cikin duka biyun, bayan da tankin ya shiga cikin chassis ɗin da aka ba shi, injin ɗin tanki ɗin yana aiwatar da tuƙi ta hanyar na'urori na musamman.
A watan Satumba na 1939, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sojan Poland, kimanin tankoki 500 TK-3 da TKS (squadrons masu sulke, kamfanoni daban-daban na tankunan bincike da sulke masu sulke tare da haɗin gwiwar jiragen kasa masu sulke) sun tafi gaba.
A watan Agusta da Satumba 1939, bataliyoyin masu sulke sun tattara raka'a masu zuwa sanye take da TK-3 wedges:
Bataliya mai sulke ta 1 ta tattara:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 71 an sanya shi ga 71st Armored Squadron na Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade (Ar-
mia "Poznan")
Kamfanin tanki na leken asiri na 71st an sanya shi zuwa sashin soja na 14 ( sojojin Poznan),
Kamfanin tanka na leken asiri na 72 na daban an sanya shi ga rukunin sojoji na 17, daga baya ya kasance karkashin runduna ta 26 ta sojojin kasa (sojojin Poznan);
Bataliya mai sulke ta 2 ta tattara:
Kamfanin tanki na leken asiri na 101st an sanya shi ga rundunar sojan doki ta 10 (Rundunar Krakow),
An ba da tawagar tankunan bincike zuwa ga tawagar bincike na 10th Cavalry Brigade (Krakow Army);
Bataliya mai sulke ta 4 ta tattara:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 91 aka sanya wa 91st Armored Squadron na Novogrudok sojan doki Brigade (Modlin Army),
91st Separate Reconnaissance Tank Company sanya wa 10th Infantry Division (Army Lodz),
Kamfanin tanki na 92
Har ila yau, an ba da hankali ga 10th Infantry Division (Sojoji "Lodz");
Bataliya mai sulke ta 5 ta tattara:
Squadron Tank mai bincike
51 da aka ba shi zuwa 51st Armored Squadron na Krakow Cavalry Brigade (Ar-
mia "Krakow")
Kamfanin Tank na Leken asiri na 51 ya kasance a haɗe zuwa Runduna ta 21st Mountain Rifle (Krakow Army),
52. Kamfanin tanki na bincike daban, wanda ke cikin rukunin aiki "Slensk" (dakaru "Krakow");
Bataliya mai sulke ta 8 ta tattara:
Squadron Tank mai bincike
An sanya 81 zuwa 81st Pan Squadron.
Pomeranian sojan doki brigade (dakaru "Pomerania"),
Kamfanin tanki na leken asiri na 81 ya kasance a haɗe zuwa rukunin soja na 15 ( sojojin Pomerania),
Kamfanin tankin leken asiri na 82 na daban a matsayin wani bangare na runduna ta 26 (sojojin Poznan);
Bataliya mai sulke ta 10 ta tattara:
41st Separate Reconnaissance Tank Company sanya wa 30th Infantry Division (Army Lodz),
Kamfanin leken asiri na 42nd daban an sanya shi ga rundunar sojan doki Kresovskoy (dakaru "Lodz").
Bugu da kari, Cibiyar Horar da Makamai da ke Modlin ta tattara raka'o'i masu zuwa:
An sanya Squadron Tank na 11th Reconnaissance zuwa ga 11th Armored Squadron na Mazovian Cavalry Brigade (Modlin Army),
Kamfanin tankin bincike na Warsaw Defence Command.
Dukkan kamfanonin da aka tattara da kuma ’yan wasa an sa musu tankokin yaki 13. Banda wani kamfani ne da aka ba wa Rundunar Tsaro ta Warsaw, wanda ke da motoci 11 irin wannan.
Duk da haka, game da tankettes TKS:
Bataliya mai sulke ta 6 ta tattara:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 61 aka sanya wa 61st Armored Squadron na Border Cavalry Brigade (Army "Lodz"),
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 62 aka sanya wa 62nd Armored Squadron na Podolsk Doki Brigade (Sojoji)
"Poznan")
An sanya Kamfanin Tank na Leken asiri na 61st zuwa Brigade na 1st Mountain Rifle Brigade (Krakow Army),
Kamfanin Tank na Leken asiri na 62, wanda ke haɗe da Rukunin Bindiga na 20 (Sojan Modlin),
Kamfanin Tank na Leken asiri na 63 ya kasance tare da Rundunar Sojan Sama ta 8 (Modlin Army);
Bataliya mai sulke ta 7 ta tattara:
An sanya Squadron Tank na 31st Reconnaissance zuwa ga 31st Armored Squadron na Suval Cavalry Brigade (Task Force "Narev"),
An sanya Squadron Tank na Reconnaissance na 32 zuwa 32nd Armored Squadron na Podlasie Cavalry Brigade (Rukunin Ayyuka na Narew),
An sanya Squadron Tank na Leken asiri na 33 zuwa ga 33rd Armored Squadron na Vilnius Cavalry Brigade.
(Rundunar "Prussia"),
Kamfanin tanki na leken asiri na 31st an sanya shi zuwa sashin soja na 25 ( sojojin Poznan),
32nd daban-daban tanki kamfanin leken asiri tare da 10th soja division (dakaru "Lodz");
Bataliya mai sulke ta 12 ta tattara:
Squadron Tankin Bincike na 21 a matsayin wani ɓangare na 21st Armored Squadron na Volyn Cavalry Brigade
(Sojoji "Lodz").
Bugu da kari, Cibiyar Horar da Makamai da ke Modlin ta tattara raka'o'i masu zuwa:
Kamfanin tanki na leken asiri na 11 da aka sanya wa Brigade masu sulke na Warsaw
shi ne shugaba)
Reconnaissance tank squadron na Warsaw Armored Brigade.
Dukkanin rundunonin da aka tattara, kamfanoni da ’yan wasa an sa musu tankoki 13.
Bugu da kari, runduna ta 1st Armored Train Squadron daga Legionowo da 1st Armored Train Squadron daga Niepolomice sun hada tankokin yaki don rage jiragen kasa masu sulke.
Ƙididdiga na amfani da wedges a cikin yakin Poland na 1939 sun bambanta, sau da yawa sosai, wanda ya kara da kadan ga ilimin da ya dace game da wannan na'ura. Idan aka ba su ayyukan da aka samar da su (hankali, bincike da sauransu), to sun yi kyakkyawan aiki. Ya fi muni lokacin da ƙananan tankokin yaƙi suka shiga cikin faɗa kai tsaye, wanda ba a tsammaninsu ba. A wannan lokacin, sun sha wahala sau da yawa daga ƙarfin abokan gaba, 10 mm makamai ya kasance ƙananan shinge ga harsasai na Jamus, ba tare da ambaton bawo ba. Irin wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare, musamman lokacin da, saboda rashin sauran motoci masu sulke, sai da tankokin na TKS suka taimaka wajen yakar sojojin.
Bayan ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na Satumba na 1939, Jamusawa sun kama babban adadin tankunan da za a iya amfani da su. Yawancin wadannan motocin an mika su ne ga rundunonin 'yan sandan Jamus (da sauran jami'an tsaro) da kuma aika su ga sojojin kasashen da ke kawance da Jamus. Dukkan waɗannan aikace-aikacen an ɗauke su ta umurnin Jamus a matsayin ayyuka na biyu.
Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu, babu wani tanki na bincike na TK-3, TKS ko C2P a cikin gidajen tarihi na Poland har zuwa shekaru XNUMX. Tun farkon shekarun casa’in ne wadannan motoci suka fara isowa kasarmu ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga sassa daban-daban na duniya. A yau, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan motocin mallakar gidajen tarihi na jihohi ne da masu tara kuɗi masu zaman kansu.
Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an kuma ƙirƙiri cikakken kwafin tanki na Poland TKS. Mahaliccinsa shine Zbigniew Nowosielski kuma ana iya ganin motar da ke motsi kowace shekara a abubuwan tarihi da yawa. Na tambayi Zbigniew Nowosielski yadda aka haifi ra'ayin wannan na'ura da kuma yadda aka ƙirƙira ta (rahoton da aka aiko a cikin Janairu 2015):
Shekaru shida da suka gabata, bayan watanni da yawa na aikin sake gina injin da watsawa, tankin TKS ya bar "ma'aikatar tanki ta asali a Ptaki" a ƙarƙashin ikonta (an sake dawo da ita a Sweden saboda ƙoƙarin jagorancin Poland. Sojoji). Museum in Warsaw).
Sha'awata ga makamai masu sulke na Poland ta samo asali ne daga labarin mahaifina, kyaftin. Henryk Novoselsky, wanda a cikin 1937-1939 ya fara aiki a Battalion 4th Armored a Brzesta, sa'an nan kuma a cikin 91st Armored Squadron karkashin jagorancin manyan. Anthony Slivinsky ya yi yaƙi a cikin yakin tsaro na 1939.
A shekara ta 2005, mahaifina Henryk Novoselsky ya gayyace shi ta jagorancin gidan kayan gargajiya na Sojan Poland don yin aiki tare a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan sake gina abubuwa masu sulke da kayan aikin tanki na TKS. Sakamakon aikin da aka gudanar a ZM URSUS (injiniya Stanislav Michalak ya jagoranci tawagar) a wurin nunin makamai na Kielce (Agusta 30, 2005). A wannan baje kolin, a yayin taron manema labarai, na ba da sanarwa game da maido da injin tare da kawo tankin TKS ga cikakken aiki.
Godiya ga kyakkyawar haɗin kai na masana kimiyyar kayan tarihi, da ladabi na ma'aikatan bincike na Sashen SiMR na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Warsaw da sadaukarwar da mutane da yawa suka yi, an mayar da tanki zuwa matsayinta na farko.
Bayan gabatar da motar a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2007, a lokacin bikin ranar 'yancin kai, an gayyace ni zuwa kwamitin shirya taron na 1935 na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa mai taken "The Historical Development of Vehicle Design" a Faculty of SIMR na Warsaw. Jami'ar Fasaha. A taron taron, na ba da lacca mai taken "Bayyana tsarin fasaha don sake gina injin, tsarin tuki, tuki, dakatarwa, tuƙi da tsarin birki, da kayan aikin injiniya da abubuwan ciki na TKS tank (XNUMX)" .
Tun daga 2005, Ina kula da duk aikin da aka bayyana a cikin labarin, samun sassan da suka ɓace, tattara takardu. Godiya ga sihirin Intanet, ƙungiyar tawa ta sami damar siyan sassan mota na asali da yawa. Dukan ƙungiyar sun yi aiki a kan zane na takardun fasaha. Mun yi nasarar samun kwafi da yawa na takaddun asali na tanki, tsara tsarin da kuma ƙayyade ƙimar da suka ɓace. Lokacin da na gane cewa takardun da aka tattara (zane-zane, hotuna, zane-zane, samfuri, zane-zane da aka gina) za su ba ni damar haɗa dukan motar, na yanke shawarar aiwatar da wani aikin da ake kira "Yin amfani da injiniya na baya don ƙirƙirar kwafin TKS wedge. ".
Shigar da Daraktan Ofishin Sake Gina Motoci da Fasaha na Tarihi, Eng. Rafal Kraevsky da basirarsa na yin amfani da kayan aikin injiniya na baya, da kuma shekaru da yawa na kwarewa a cikin bitar, ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kwafi na musamman, wanda, wanda aka sanya kusa da asali, zai rikitar da mai kima da mai neman amsar. ga tambaya. tambaya: "menene asali?"
Saboda yawan adadinsu, tankunan binciken TK-3 da TKS sun kasance muhimmin abin hawa na Sojojin Poland. A yau an dauke su a matsayin alama. Ana iya ganin kwafin waɗannan motoci a cikin gidajen tarihi da kuma a cikin abubuwan waje.
