Dalilin Yaren mutanen Poland a lokacin Babban Yaƙin, Sashe na 2: a gefen Entente

Hedkwatar XNUMXst Polish Corps a Rasha (mafi daidai, "a Gabas"). A tsakiyar yana zaune Janar Jozef Dovbor-Musnitsky.

Yunkurin da Poland ta yi na maido da 'yancin kai bisa tushen daya daga cikin masu raba iko ya haifar da takaitaccen sakamako. Austriya sun kasance masu rauni sosai kuma Jamusawa ma sun mallaki. Da farko, an sanya babban bege ga Rashawa, amma haɗin gwiwa tare da su yana da wuyar gaske, mai rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar babban tawali'u daga Poles. Haɗin kai da Faransa ya kawo ƙari mai yawa.

A cikin karni na sha takwas - kuma mafi yawan karni na sha tara - an dauki Rasha a matsayin babbar abokiyar Poland kuma makwabcin kirki. Ba a lalata dangantakar ta farkon bangare na Poland ba, amma kawai ta hanyar yakin 1792 da kuma mummunan zalunci na Kosciuszko tawaye a 1794. Amma ko da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru an yi la'akari da su sun fi haɗari fiye da fuskar gaskiya na dangantaka. Poles sun so hada kai da Rasha a zamanin Napoleon, duk da kasancewar Faransa Duchy na Warsaw. Wata hanya ko wata, sojojin Rasha, wanda suka mamaye duchy a 1813-1815, sun kasance daidai. Wannan na daya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa al'ummar Poland suka yi maraba da maido da mulkin Poland karkashin mulkin Tsar Alexander. Da farko, ya ji daɗin girmamawa sosai a cikin Poles: a cikin girmamawarsa ne aka rubuta waƙar "Allah, wani abu Poland ...".

Sun yi fatan dawo da Jamhuriyar Poland karkashin sandarsa. Cewa zai mayar da Ƙasar da aka kama (wato, tsohuwar Lithuania da Podolia) zuwa Mulkin, sa'an nan kuma ya dawo Ƙasar Poland da Ƙasar Poland. Wataƙila, kamar yadda duk wanda ya san tarihin Finnish ya fahimta. A cikin karni na 1809, Rasha tana yaƙi da Sweden, a duk lokacin da take kama wasu sassan Finland. Wani yakin kuma ya barke a cikin XNUMX, bayan haka sauran Finland sun fada St. Petersburg. Tsar Alexander ya kirkiro Grand Duchy na Finland a nan, inda ya mayar da ƙasashen da aka ci a yakin karni na sha takwas. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Poles a cikin Masarautar Poland suka yi fatan shiga Ƙasar da aka dauka - tare da Vilnius, Grodno da Novogrudok.

Abin baƙin ciki shine, Sarkin Poland Alexander a lokaci guda shi ne sarkin Rasha kuma bai fahimci bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ba. Ko kaɗan ma ɗan'uwansa kuma magajinsa Mikołaj, wanda ya yi watsi da tsarin mulki kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi mulkin Poland kamar yadda ya yi mulkin Rasha. Wannan ya haifar da juyin juya halin da ya barke a cikin Nuwamba 1830, sannan zuwa yakin Poland da Rasha. Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu ana san su a yau da ɗan ɓata sunan Tashin Nuwamba. Daga nan ne kiyayyar ‘yan sanda suka fara bayyana ga Rashawa.

Tashin hankalin Nuwamba ya ɓace, kuma sojojin mamaya na Rasha sun shiga Masarautar. Duk da haka, Masarautar Poland ba ta gushe ba. Gwamnati na aiki, duk da cewa tana da iyakacin iko, ma'aikatar shari'a ta Poland tana aiki, kuma harshen hukuma shi ne Yaren mutanen Poland. Ana iya kwatanta lamarin da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Afghanistan ko Iraki a baya-bayan nan. Sai dai duk da cewa a karshe Amurkawa sun kawo karshen mamayar da suka yi wa wadannan kasashen biyu, amma Rashan sun hakura da hakan. A cikin 60s, Poles sun yanke shawarar cewa canji ya yi jinkiri sosai, sa'an nan kuma tashin hankali na Janairu ya barke.

To sai dai ko bayan tashin hankalin da aka yi a watan Janairu, Masarautar Poland ba ta gushe ba, duk da cewa an kara takaita ‘yancin kai. Masarautar ba za a iya rushewa ba - an halicce ta ne a kan shawarar da manyan kasashe suka amince da su a Majalisar Vienna, don haka, ta hanyar rushe shi, sarki zai bar sauran sarakunan Turai ba tare da kulawa ba, kuma ba zai iya ba. Sunan "Mulkin Poland" an yi amfani da shi a hankali a hankali a cikin takardun Rasha; sau da yawa ana amfani da kalmar "ƙasashen viclanian", ko "ƙasashen akan Vistula". Poles, waɗanda suka ƙi bautar da Rasha, sun ci gaba da kiran ƙasarsu "Mulkin". Sai kawai waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su faranta wa Rashawa kuma sun yarda da biyayyarsu ga St. Petersburg sun yi amfani da sunan "Ƙasar Vislav". Kuna iya haduwa da shi a yau, amma shi sakamakon rashin hankali ne da jahilci.

Kuma da yawa sun yarda da yadda Poland ta dogara da Petersburg. Sai aka kira su "masu gaskiya". Yawancinsu sun bi ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda, a gefe guda, ya sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa tare da tsarin mulkin tsari mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, a daya bangaren kuma, ya raunana ma'aikatan Poland da manoma. A halin yanzu, a farkon karni na XNUMX, manoma da ma'aikata ne, ba masu mulki da masu mallakar filaye ba, wadanda suka kasance mafi girma da mahimmanci na al'umma. A ƙarshe, goyon bayansu ya samu ta hanyar National Democracy, karkashin jagorancin Roman Dmovsky. A cikin shirinta na siyasa, an haɗa yarda da mulkin wucin gadi na St. Petersburg akan Poland tare da gwagwarmayar lokaci guda don bukatun Poland.

Yakin da ke tafe, wanda aka tunkare shi a ko'ina cikin Turai, shi ne ya kawo wa Rasha nasara a kan Jamus da Ostiriya da kuma hadewar kasashen Poland a karkashin mulkin tsar. A cewar Dmowski, ya kamata a yi amfani da yakin don kara tasirin Poland kan gwamnatin Rasha da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kai na 'yan sanda na hadin gwiwa. Kuma a nan gaba, watakila, za a sami damar samun cikakken 'yancin kai.

Legion mai gasa

Amma Rasha ba ta damu da Poles ba. Gaskiya ne, an ba da yakin da Jamus a matsayin gwagwarmayar pan-Slavic - jim kadan bayan ya fara, babban birnin kasar Rasha ya canza sunan Jamus mai suna Petersburg zuwa Slavic Petrograd - amma wani mataki ne da nufin hada dukkanin batutuwa a kusa da shi. sarkin. 'Yan siyasa da janar a Petrograd sun yi imanin cewa za su yi nasara da sauri kuma su ci nasara da kansu. Duk wani yunƙuri na goyon bayan manufar Poland, da Poles da ke zaune a cikin Duma da Majalisar Dokoki ta Rasha, ko kuma ta hanyar mallakan ƙasa da masana'antu, bango na rashin so ne ya tunkude shi. Sai kawai a cikin mako na uku na yakin - Agusta 14, 1914 - Grand Duke Nikolai Mikolayevich ya gabatar da wani roko ga Poles, yana sanar da haɗewar ƙasashen Poland. Wannan roko ba shi da wata ma'ana ta siyasa: ba sarki ne ya bayar ba, ba majalisa ba, ba gwamnati ba, amma babban kwamandan sojojin Rasha ne kawai ya bayar. Roko ɗin ba shi da ma'ana mai amfani: babu rangwame ko yanke shawara da aka bi. Roko yana da wasu ƙima - marasa mahimmanci - ƙimar farfaganda. Duk da haka, duk wani bege ya rushe ko da bayan karatun nata na rubutu. Ba shi da ma'ana, ya damu da makomar da ba ta da tabbas, kuma ta ba da labarin abin da kowa ya sani: Rasha ta yi niyya don haɗa ƙasashen Poland da ke da yawan jama'a na makwabtanta na yamma.