Yaƙin Naval don Guadalcanal part 2

Daya daga cikin sabbin jiragen yakin Amurka, USS Washington, shi ne jirgin yakin kasar Japan mai nasara Kirishima a yakin Guadalcanal na biyu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1942.

Bayan kama filin jirgin saman Guadalcanal, sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun karfafa kewaye da shi, ba su da isassun sojoji da hanyoyin da za su kama tsibirin. Bayan tashin jiragen ruwan Amurka zuwa kudu maso gabas, an bar Marines su kadai. A halin da ake ciki, bangarorin biyu sun yi yunkurin karfafa sojojinsu a tsibirin, wanda ya kai ga fadace-fadacen sojojin ruwa da dama. Sun yi yaƙi da sa'a iri-iri, amma a ƙarshe, gwagwarmayar da aka daɗe ta zama mafi riba ga Amurkawa. Ba game da ma'auni na asara ba ne, amma cewa ba su bar Jafananci su sake rasa Guadalcanal ba. Sojojin ruwa sun taka rawar gani sosai a cikin hakan.

Lokacin da Kontradm yayi tafiya zuwa hagu. Turner, Marines su kadai ne akan Guadalcanal. Babbar matsalar a wancan lokacin ita ce rashin iya sauke rundunar sojan ruwa mai tsawon mm 155 na rundunar sojan ruwa ta 11th Marine Regiment (harba bindigogi) da bindigogin bindigu na bakin teku 127-mm daga sashin tsaro na 3. Yanzu daya daga cikin ayyuka na farko shine ƙirƙirar shimfidar wuri a kusa da filin jirgin sama (a cikin wani tsiri mai nisa na kimanin kilomita 9) kuma ya kawo filin jirgin cikin yanayin aiki. Manufar ita ce sanya sojojin sama a tsibirin, wanda zai sa ba zai yiwu a karfafa sojojin Japan ba da kuma rufe kayan sufuri na kansu a hanyar Guadalcanal.

Rashin daidaituwa ga sojojin saman Amurka na gaba a tsibirin (wanda ake kira Cactus Air Force, tun da Amurkawa da ake kira Guadalcanal "Cactus") shine sansanin sojojin ruwa na Japan a yankin Rabaul na New Britain. Bayan harin da Amurka ta kai kan Guadalcanal, Jafanawa sun rike jirgin sama na 25 a Rabaul, wanda jirgin na 26 na Air Flotilla zai maye gurbinsa. Bayan zuwan na karshen, an dauke shi a matsayin karfafawa, ba a matsayin mika wuya ba. Tsarin jirgin sama a Rabaul ya canza, amma a cikin Oktoba 1942, alal misali, abun da ke ciki ya kasance kamar haka:

• 11. Jirgin Jirgin Sama, Vice Adm. Nishizo Tsukahara, Rabaul;
• 25th Air Flotilla (Kwamandan Sajistik Sadayoshi Hamada): Tainan Air Group - 50 Zero 21, Tōkō Air Group - 6 B5N Kate, 2nd Air Group - 8 Zero 32, 7 D3A Val;
• 26th Air Flotilla (Vice Admiral Yamagata Seigo): Misawa Air Group - 45 G4M Betty, 6th Air Group - 28 Zero 32, 31st Air Group - 6 D3A Val, 3 G3M Nell;
• 21. Air Flotilla (Rinosuke Ichimaru): 751. Air Group - 18 G4M Betty, Yokohama Air Group - 8 H6K Mavis, 3 H8K Emily, 12 A6M2-N Rufe.

Sojojin ƙasa na Jafananci waɗanda za su iya shiga tsakani a Guadalcanal su ne Sojoji na 17, wanda Laftanar Janar Harukichi Hyakutake ya umarta. Janar Hyakutake, yayin da yake kan mukamin Laftanar Kanal, shi ne hadimin sojan Japan a Warsaw daga 1925-1927. Daga baya ya yi aikin sojan Kwantung sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a kasar Japan. A cikin 1942, kwamandan runduna ta 17 ta kasance a Rabaul. Ya ba da umurni na 2nd Infantry Division "Sendai" a Philippines da Java, 38th Infantry Division "Nagoya" a Sumatra da Borneo, 35th Infantry Brigade a Palau da 28th Infantry Regiment (daga 7th Infantry Division) a Truk. . Daga baya, an kafa sabuwar Sojoji ta 18 don yin aiki a New Guinea.

Adm. Shi ma Isoroku Yamamoto ya fara tattara sojoji domin shiga yankin na Solomon. Na farko, an aika da 2nd Fleet zuwa New Biritaniya a karkashin jagorancin Vice Adm. Nobutake Kondo, wanda ya ƙunshi tawagar jiragen ruwa na 4th (babban jirgin ruwa Atago da tagwayen Takao da Maya) ƙarƙashin jagorancin mataimakin admiral kai tsaye. Kondo da kuma 5th cruiser squadron (heavy cruisers Myoko da Haguro) karkashin umurnin Vice Adm. Takeo Takagi. Manyan jiragen ruwa biyar masu nauyi sun samu rakiyar mai hallaka Flotilla na 4 a karkashin umarnin Kontrad. Tamotsu Takama a kan jirgin ruwa mai haske Yura. Jirgin ruwan ya hada da masu lalata Kuroshio, Oyashio, Hayashio, Minegumo, Natsugumo da Asagumo. An ƙara mai jigilar jirgin ruwa Chitose cikin ƙungiyar. An yi wa dukkan abin lakabin "umarni na ci gaba".

Maimakon tattara sojojin ruwa a cikin wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi guda ɗaya, ko ƙungiyoyi masu aiki a cikin kusanci, kusa da shi, adm. Yamamoto ya raba rundunar zuwa ƙungiyoyin dabaru da dama, waɗanda ya kamata su yi aiki da kansu, a nesa mai nisa da juna. Wannan tsaga bai yi aiki a cikin Tekun Coral ba, bai yi aiki a Midway ba, bai yi aiki a Guadalcanal ba. Me yasa irin wannan nasaba da koyarwar gargajiya ta wargaza sojojin makiya? Watakila saboda kwamandojin na yanzu sun tallata shi tun kafin yakin kuma sun bukaci manyan jami'ai da na kasa da su bi shi. Shin yanzu sun yarda sun yi kuskure? An rarraba rundunar zuwa sassa don "rikitar" abokan gaba da janye hankalin sojojinsu, tare da irin wannan dabarar da ke nufin za a iya lalata ƙungiyoyin kowane ɗayan cikin sauƙi a hare-haren da suka biyo baya.

A saboda wannan dalili ne, ban da "Tawagar ci gaba", "tawagar gaba" a karkashin jagorancin 'yan tawaye (wanda aka sani da "Kido Butai") ya rabu da manyan sojojin. Hiroaki Abe. Jigon wannan umarni shi ne jiragen ruwa biyu na yaƙi, Hiei (tuta) da Kirishima, wanda jirgin ruwan dakon jirgin sama Chikuma na 8th Cruiser Squadron ya yi masa rakiya. Wannan rukunin kuma ya haɗa da ƙungiyar cruiser squadron na 7, wanda rad ɗin baya ya umarta. Shoji Nishimura tare da jirgin ruwa mai nauyi Kumano da Suzuya da mai hallaka Flotilla na 10 a ƙarƙashin umarnin Counterrad. Susumu Kimura: Light cruiser Nagara da masu hallaka Nowaki, Maikaze da Tanikaze.

Babban dakarun Kido Butai karkashin jagorancin Vice Adm. Chuichi Nagumo ya hada da jirgin ruwa na 3 a karkashin umarninsa kai tsaye: masu jigilar jirgin sama Shokaku da Zuikaku, jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu Ryujo, da sauran rundunonin 8th cruiser squadron - cruiser-aircraft carrier Tone da halaka (saura na 10th flotilla): "Kazagumo", "Yugumo", "Akigumigumo". , Kamigumigumo Hatsukaze, Akizuki, Amatsukaze da Tokitsukaze. Akwai ƙarin ƙungiyoyi biyu, "ƙungiyar tallafi" na jirgin ruwan yaƙi "Mutsu" a ƙarƙashin umarnin Captain Mutsu, com. Teijiro Yamazumi, wanda kuma ya hada da masu halaka uku "Harusame", "Samidare" da "Murasame", da kuma "rukunin madadin" karkashin jagorancin adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, wanda ya kunshi jirgin yakin Yamato, mai jigilar jirgin sama Junyō, mai jigilar jirgin sama Taiyo, da maharan guda biyu Akebono da Ushio.

An kirkiro jirgin Junyō ​​​​ta hanyar sake gina jirgin fasinja Kashiwara Maru kafin a kammala shi. Hakazalika, an kera jirgin Hiy iri daya ne a jikin tagwayen jirgin Izumo Maru, wanda kuma aka saya a lokacin gini daga hannun mai jirgin Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Tun da waɗannan raka'a sun yi jinkiri sosai (kasa da karni na 26), ba a ɗauke su a matsayin masu jigilar jiragen sama ba, ko da yake sun fi girma ga masu ɗaukar jiragen sama masu haske (masu gudu sama da tan 24).

Duk da haka, wannan ba duka ba ne, saboda aikin isar da ayari tare da ƙarfafawa da kayayyaki zuwa Guadalcanal an sanya shi zuwa wani rukuni - 8th Fleet a ƙarƙashin umarnin Vice Adm. Gunichi Mikawa. Ya ƙunshi kai tsaye na babban jirgin ruwa Chōkai da kuma 6th Cruiser Squadron ƙarƙashin umarnin Kontrrad. Aritomo Goto tare da manyan jiragen ruwa Aoba, Kinugasa da Furutaka. An rufe su da masu lalata daga Flotilla mai hallaka na 2 a ƙarƙashin umarnin Kontrad. Raizō Tanaka tare da jirgin ruwa mai haske Jintsu da masu lalata Suzukaze, Kawakaze, Umikaze, Isokaze, Yayoi, Mutsuki da Uzuki. Wannan runduna ta hada da jiragen rakiya guda hudu (Lamba 1, 2, 34 da 35), wadanda aka sake gina tsoffin rugujewa, da bindigogin 120 mm guda biyu da bindigogin kakkabo jiragen sama guda biyu da zurfafa cajin kowanne.

Wannan shine Mataimakin Admiral na 8th na Fleet. An tura Mikawi don isar da runduna ta 28 a karkashin jagorancin Kanar F. Kiyonao Ichika zuwa Guadalcanal. An raba rundunar zuwa kashi biyu. Wani bangare na daban na rundunar, wanda ya kunshi hafsoshi 916 da sojoji na Kanar V. Ichiki, da ke kan gaba, za su yi jigilar mahara guda shida a karkashin dare: Kagero, Hagikaze, Arashi, Tanikaze, Hamakaze da Urakaze. Bi da bi, sauran rundunonin sojoji (kimanin mutane 700 da mafi yawan kayan aiki masu nauyi) za a kai su Guadalcanal da wasu motoci biyu, Boston Maru da Daifuku Maru, tare da rakiyar jirgin ruwa Jintsu da ’yan sintiri biyu, lamba 34 da 35. Na uku da safarar, Kinryū Maru, dauke da sojoji kusan 800 daga Yokosuka 5th Marine Division. Gabaɗaya, an tura mutane 2400 zuwa Guadalcanal daga Tsibirin Truk, kuma Rundunar ta 8 ta tafi a matsayin ɗan rakiya mai nisa. Duk da haka, duk adm. Yamamoto shine ya ba da ƙarin murfin yayin da kwamandan na Japan ya yi fatan zana Amurkawa cikin wani babban yaki kuma ya sake komawa bayan Midway.

Sojojin adm. Yamamota ya bar Japan a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1942. Daga baya kadan, wani sufuri daga Truk ya tafi don daidaita aikin gaba daya, wanda Jafananci ya kira "Operation Ka".

Kasawar Operation Ka

Ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1942, jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun isa Guadalcanal a karon farko tun lokacin da aka sauka. Gaskiya ne, kawai masu lalata guda huɗu sun canza zuwa sufuri: USS Colhoun, USS Little, USS Gregory da USS McKean, amma sun kawo kayan farko da suka dace don tsara filin jirgin sama a Lunga Point (Henderson Field). Akwai ganga 400 na man fetur, ganga 32 na mai mai, bama-bamai 282 masu nauyin kilogiram 45-227, kayayyakin gyara da kayan aikin hidima.

Kwana guda bayan haka, tsohon sojan kasar Japan mai hallaka Oite ya samar da dakaru 113 da kayayyaki ga sansanin sojan Jafan na tsibirin, wadanda akasarinsu na taimakawa sojojin ruwa, da dakarun gine-gine, da kuma dimbin bayin Koriya wadanda ba za a iya ganin su a matsayin masu kare tsibirin. Sojojin ruwan Jafananci, gami da ragowar Rukunin Marine na 3rd na Kure da sabbin abubuwan da suka iso na Rukunin Marine na 5th na Yokosuka, an ajiye su a gefen yammacin bakin tekun Amurka a filin Henderson. Sojojin ƙasa na Japan, da bambanci, sun yi ƙarfi zuwa gabas na gada.

A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, wasu maharba 'yan kasar Japan guda uku, Kagero, Hagikaze, da Arashi, sun yi luguden wuta kan sojojin ruwan Amurka, kuma Amurkawa ba su da wata amsa. Har yanzu ba a yi shirin yin amfani da makaman bindigu na bakin teku 127 mm ba tukuna. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo da kujeru guda B-17 daga 11th Espiritu Santo Bombardment Group, wanda Major J. James Edmundson ya tuka jirgin. Wanda kawai yake shirin tashi a halin yanzu. Ya jefa jerin bama-bamai a kan maharan Japan daga tsayin da ya kai kimanin mita 1500 kuma, abin mamaki, daya daga cikin wadannan bama-bamai ya fado! An kai wa mai halaka Hagikaze hari a bayan babban turret

kal. 127 mm bam - 227 kg.

Bam din ya ruguza tururuwan, ya cika tulun harsashi, ya lalata tarko, sannan ya karye guda daya, wanda ya rage gudun maharbin zuwa 6 V. Inda aka kashe 33 da jikkata 13, Hagikaze ta raka Arashi zuwa Truk, inda aka gyara ta. Harbin ya tsaya. Manjo Edmundson ya taka kasa sosai a bakin rairayin bakin teku a filin Henderson kuma ya yi bankwana da ihun sojojin ruwa.

A ranar 20 ga Agusta, jirgin farko ya isa filin Henderson: 19 F4F Wildcats daga VMF-223, a ƙarƙashin umarnin Capt. F. John L. Smith, da 12 SBD Dauntless daga VMSB-232, a ƙarƙashin umarnin Major. Richard S. Mangrum. Wadannan jiragen sun tashi ne daga jirgin dakon kaya na USS Long Island (CVE-1), mai jigilar jirgin Amurka na farko. A wannan daren, wani hari da sojojin Japan kusan 850 suka kai a karkashin jagorancin Kanar S. Ichiki, wanda kusan kusan halakar sojojin Japan din suka dakile. Daga cikin sojojin 916 da aka harba na runduna ta 28, 128 ne kawai suka tsira.

A halin yanzu, jiragen ruwa na Japan suna gabatowa Guadalcanal. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, wani jirgin ruwa mai tashi daga Japan ya hango tsibirin Long Island na USS kuma ya rikitar da shi a matsayin wani jirgin dakon kaya na manyan jiragen ruwa na Amurka. Wasu ayarin jiragen ruwa guda uku da aka karfafa su ne suka jagoranci wani farmakin da sojojin Japan suka jagoranta. An umurci Raizo Tanaka da ya juya arewa domin ya kawo jirgin saman Amurka cikin yankin sojojin sama na Rabaul. Daga kudu maso gabas, a gefe guda, wani ayarin motocin Amurka tare da jigilar USS Fomalhaut (AKA-5) da USS Alhena (AKA-9) a cikin rakiya kai tsaye na masu lalata USS Blue (DD-387), USS Henley (DD-391) . ) da USS Helm suna gabatowa Guadalcanal (DD-388). Koyaya, mafi mahimmanci, murfin kyauta na ayarin ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi uku na yajin aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin haɗin gwiwa na Vice Adm. Frank "Jack" Fletcher.

Ya umurci USS Saratoga (CV-3), mai jigilar jirgin Task Force 11, dauke da 28 F4Fs (VF-5), 33 SBDs (VB-3 da VS-3) da 13 TBF Avengers (VT-8). Manyan jiragen ruwa na USS Minneapolis (CA-36) da USS New Orleans (CA-32) da masu lalata USS Phelps (DD-360), USS Farragut (DD-348), USS Worden (DD-352) ne suka rakiyar jirgin. ). , USS Macdonough (DD-351) da kuma USS Dale (DD-353).

Rukuni na biyu na Task Force 16 karkashin jagorancin Counterradm. An shirya Thomas C. Kincaid a kusa da jirgin saman USS Enterprise (CV-6). A cikin jirgin akwai 29 F4F (VF-6), 35 SBD (VB-6, VS-5) da 16 TBF (VT-3). TF-16 ya rufe: sabon jirgin yakin USS North Carolina (BB-55), jirgin ruwa mai nauyi USS Portland (CA-33), jirgin ruwa na anti-aircraft USS Atlanta (CL-51) da masu lalata USS Balch (DD- 363), USS Maury (DD-401), USS Ellet (DD-398), USS Benham (DD-397), USS Grayson (DD-435), da USS Monssen (DD-436).

Tawagar ta uku ta Task Force 18 a ƙarƙashin umarnin Counterrad. An shirya Lee H. Noyes a kusa da jirgin dakon jirgin USS Wasp (CV-7). Ya ɗauki 25 F4Fs (VF-71), 27 SBDs (VS-71 da VS-72), 10 TBFs (VT-7) da J2F Duck mai amphibious guda ɗaya. Manyan jiragen ruwa na USS San Francisco (CA-38) da USS Salt Lake City (CA-25) da jirgin yaki na USS Juneau (CL-52) da maharan USS Farenholt (DD-491), USS ne suka dauki rakiya. Haruna. Ward (DD-483), USS Buchanan (DD-484), USS Lang (DD-399), USS Stack (DD-406), USS Sterett (DD-407) da USS Selfridge (DD-357).

Bugu da kari, an ajiye jirage masu zuwa a Gaudalcanal, kuma an jibge rukunin masu fashewa na 11 (25 B-17E / F) da 33 PBY-5 Catalina tare da VP-11, VP-14, VP-23 da VP-72 akan Espiritu. . Santo.