Ranger da "Jagora"

Ranger a ƙarshen 30s. Jirage sun kasance a cikin rataye, don haka bututun jirgin suna a tsaye.

Kasancewar manyan jiragen ruwa na Kriegsmarine a arewacin Norway ya tilastawa Birtaniya su ci gaba da kasancewa mai karfi a tushe na Scapa Flow home. Tun daga lokacin bazara na 1942, za su iya "aron" sassan sojojin ruwa na Amurka, kuma bayan 'yan watanni sun sake komawa Washington don neman taimako, a wannan lokacin suna neman a aika da jirgin sama. Amurkawa sun taimaka wa kawayensu tare da taimakon wani karamin yaro mai suna Ranger, wanda jiragensa suka kai hari ga jiragen ruwa na Jamus kusa da Bodø a watan Oktoban 1943 tare da nasara mai yawa.

Watanni biyu da suka gabata, an aika da jirgin Illustrious zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum don taimaka wa mamayar babban yankin Italiya, tare da tsohon Furious kawai ya rage a cikin rukunin gida yana buƙatar gyara. Amsa ga buƙatar Admiralty shine aika Task Force 112.1 zuwa Scapa Flow, wanda aka kafa daga Ranger (CV-4), manyan jiragen ruwa Tuscaloosa (CA-37) da Augusta (CA-31) da 5 masu lalata. Wannan tawagar ta isa sansanin da ke Orkney a ranar 19 ga Agusta kuma Cadmius, wanda ke jira a can, ya karbi umarni. Olaf M. Hustvedt.

Ranger shi ne jirgin ruwa na Navy na farko na Amurka wanda aka tsara tun daga farko a matsayin jirgin wannan aji, maimakon a canza shi daga jirgi (kamar Langley CV-1) ko jirgin yakin da ba a gama ba (kamar Lexington CV-2 da Saratoga). ci gaba-3). A cikin shekaru hudu na farko na hidimarsa, wanda aka fi sani a San Diego, California, ya shiga cikin atisayen "Battle Force" na yau da kullun (bangaren Pacific na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka) tare da rukunin iska da farko ya ƙunshi jirage 89, jirage biplanes kawai. Tun daga Afrilu 1939, an kafa shi a Norfolk (Virginia), bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, an fara gudanar da atisaye a cikin Caribbean, sannan ƙungiyar iska ta Wasps da ake gini (CV-7) ta horar a can. A cikin watan Mayu 1941, bayan gyare-gyare, wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, an ƙarfafa makamai masu linzami, na farko da ake kira. Masu sintiri na tsaka-tsaki wanda ya ƙunshi babban jirgin ruwa mai suna Vincennes (CA-44) da kuma ɓarna biyu. Bayan sintiri na biyu a watan Yuni, ta sami ƙarin canje-canje a cikin kayan aiki (ciki har da radar da fitilar rediyo) da makamai. A watan Nuwamba, tare da wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyu da kuma jiragen ruwa guda bakwai na sojojin ruwa na Amurka, ya yi jigilar jigilar sojojin Burtaniya daga Halifax zuwa Cape Town ( ayari WS-24).

Bayan Pearl Harbor, an yi amfani da jirgin ruwan Bermuda don horarwa, tare da hutu don yin sintiri a Martinique don "gadi" jiragen ruwa Vichy a ƙarshen Fabrairu 1942. Bayan ƙarin kayan aiki da gyare-gyaren kayan aiki (ƙarshen Maris / farkon Afrilu), ta ci gaba zuwa Quonset. Point (kudancin Boston), inda ya hau kan jirgin 68 (76?) Curtiss P-40E mayakan. Tare da rakiyar mahaukata da dama ta hanyar Trinidad, ta isa Accra (British Gold Coast, yanzu Ghana) a ranar 10 ga Mayu, kuma a can ne waɗannan injinan da ya kamata su isa gaba a Arewacin Afirka, suka bar jirgin (sun tashi rukuni-rukuni, ya ɗauka. kusan kwana daya). A ranar 1 ga Yuli, bayan wani lokaci na zama a Argentina (Newfoundland), ya kira Quonset Point don wani rukuni na mayakan Curtiss P-40 (wannan lokacin 72 version F), wanda ya tashi a Accra kwanaki 18 bayan haka.

Har ila yau, ya sake kammala kammala makaman kare-dangi, bayan horo a kusa da Norfolk, Ranger ya shiga cikin jirgin sama na mayakan sa-kai na VF-9 da VF-41 da masu kai hare-hare da bama-bamai VS-41, wadanda suka horar da mafi yawan watan Oktoba a Bermuda. Horon ya kasance gabanin halartarsa ​​a cikin saukar Allied a yankin Faransa na Arewacin Afirka (Operation Torch). Tare da rakiyar jirgin Suwanee (CVE-27), jirgin ruwa mai haske Cleveland (CL-55) da masu halaka biyar, ya kafa Task Force 34.2, wani ɓangare na Task Force 34, wanda ke da alhakin rufewa da tallafawa sojojin da za su kai. Maroko. Lokacin da ya kai nisan kilomita 8 daga arewa maso yammacin Casablanca kafin wayewar gari ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, rukunin sa na jirgin sama na da jiragen yaki guda 72: jirgin sama guda daya (Grumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bomber), 17 Douglas SBD-3 Masu bama-bamai na nutsewa. VS-41) da 54 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighter (26 VF-9 da 28 VF-41).

Faransawa sun mika wuya a safiyar ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1942, a lokacin da jiragen saman Ranger suka tashi sau 496. A ranar farko ta tashin hankali, mayakan sun harbo jiragen sama 13 (ciki har da kuskure RAF Hudson) kuma suka lalata kusan 20 a kasa, yayin da maharan suka nutse da jiragen ruwa na Faransa Amphitrite, Oread da Psyche, sun lalata jirgin ruwan Jean Bart, jirgin ruwa mai haske Primaguet. da kuma mai halaka Albatros. Kashegari, Wildcats sun sami 5 hits (sake da nasu inji), kuma aƙalla jiragen sama 14 sun lalace a ƙasa. A safiyar ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, an rasa guguwar da jirgin ruwan Le Tonant ya harba a Ranger. sai ya zaunar da bayansa a kasan tafkin da aka kwantar da shi. Wadannan nasarorin sun sami farashin su - sakamakon rikicin abokan gaba da hatsarori, an yi asarar mayaka 15 da masu tayar da bama-bamai 3.

An kashe matukan jirgi shida.

Bayan ya koma Norfolk da kuma duba tashar jiragen ruwa a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1943, Ranger, tare da Tuscaloosa da masu lalata 5, sun ba da 72 P-40 mayakan zuwa Casablanca. Batch iri ɗaya, amma a cikin sigar L, an sake shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu. Daga farkon Afrilu har zuwa karshen watan Yuli, ya kasance a Argentina, a tsibirin Newfoundland, yana yin balaguron horo tare da ruwan da ke kewaye. A cikin wannan lokacin, ta ɗan ɗanɗana ƙarƙashin hasken kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da Jamusawa suka sanar da cewa ta nutse. Wannan shi ne sakamakon wani hari na karkashin ruwa wanda bai yi nasara ba - a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, U 404 ya kori torpedoes hudu a kan jirgin saman Birtaniya Beater mai rakiya, watsi da su (mafi yiwuwa a karshen gudu) an gane su a matsayin alamar bugawa da CP. Otto von Bülow ya ba da rahoton nutsewa wani hari da ba a tantance ba. Lokacin da farfagandar Jamusanci ta busa nasarar (Hitler ya ba von Bülow Iron Cross tare da Oak Leaves), Amurkawa, ba shakka, za su iya tabbatar da cewa wannan shirme ne, kuma ya kira kwamandan jirgin ruwa maƙaryaci maƙaryaci, kuma mai ruɗi (a ƙarƙashin umarninsa na U- Boat 404 sau da yawa da ƙarfin hali ya kai hari kan ayarin motocin, inda ya nutse da jiragen ruwa 14 da kuma tsohon soja mai lalata Birtaniyya).

A cikin kwanaki goma na farkon watan Agusta, Ranger ya tafi teku don raka jirgin ruwa na Sarauniya Maryamu, inda tawagar gwamnatin Burtaniya karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Winston Churchill ta nufi Quebec don wani taro da Amurkawa. Lokacin 11 tm. ya bar filin jirgin saman Kanada, ƙungiyarsa ta iska (CVG-4) ta ƙunshi jiragen sama 67: 27 FM-2 Wildcats na ƙungiyar VF-4 (tsohon VF-41), 30 SBD Dauntless VB-4 (tsohon VB-41). , 28 a cikin bambance bambancen 4 da biyu "triples") da 10 Grumman TBF-1 Avenger VT-4 torpedo bombers, daya daga cikinsu shi ne "na sirri" jirgin sama na sabon rukunin kwamandan, Kwamandan V. Joseph A. Ruddy.

Lalacewar da jirgin ruwan Faransa Jean Bart ya yi a cikin tekun Casablanca. Wasu daga cikin su dai na faruwa ne sakamakon bama-baman da jiragen saman Ranger suka jefa.

Farkon

Fiye da shekaru 21 da suka gabata, a watan Fabrairun 1922, wakilan manyan kasashen duniya biyar sun rattaba hannu a Washington kan yarjejeniyar rage yawan makaman ruwa, da gabatar da “rakukuwa” wajen kera jiragen ruwa mafi nauyi. Don hana ƙarewar jiragen yaƙi na Lexington guda biyu daga isa ga wuraren ajiyar jiragen ruwa don rushewa, Amurkawa sun yanke shawarar amfani da su azaman "chassis" ga masu jigilar jiragen sama. Jiragen ruwa na wannan aji sun kasance ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaura, wanda a cikin yanayin sojojin ruwa na Amurka ton 135. Tun da aka ɗauka cewa Lexington da Saratoga sun kasance mutane 000 kowanne, akwai mutane 33.

Lokacin da a Washington suka fara tunani game da jirgin da zai zama jigilar jirgin sama daga lokacin da aka aza keel, ƙirar farko "mai dacewa", a cikin Yuli 1922, ya haɗa da zane-zane na raka'a tare da ƙaura na 11, 500, 17 da ton 000. Wannan yana nufin bambance-bambance a cikin matsakaicin saurin gudu, ajiyar kuɗi da girman rukunin iska; Dangane da batun makamai, kowane zaɓi ya ɗauka kasancewar bindigogi 23-mm (000-27) da bindigogin 000-mm (203 ko 6) na duniya. A ƙarshe, an yanke shawarar cewa mafi ƙarancin 9 tf zai kawo sakamako mai gamsarwa, wanda ya zama dole a zaɓi babban gudu da makamai masu ƙarfi ko ƙananan gudu, amma tare da sulke mai ƙarfi, ko wasu jiragen sama masu yawa.

A cikin Mayu 1924, an sami damar haɗa da jirgin sama a cikin shirin faɗaɗa sojojin ruwa na Amurka na gaba. Sai ya zamana cewa Ofishin Aeronautics (BuAer), da alhakin inganci da ƙididdiga ci gaban jirgin sama, zai fi son jirgin ruwa tare da santsi bene, ba tare da superstructure a kan jirgin (tsibirin). Saboda wannan, ƙungiyar iska mafi girma da mafi aminci saukowa yana nufin matsaloli da yawa, misali, tare da sanya makamai. Membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wata kungiya mai ba da shawara a karkashin Ministan Sojan ruwa wanda ya kunshi manyan hafsoshi, kuma sun yi jayayya game da saurin da ya dace na jirgin (la'akari da yiwuwar barazanar daga "Washington" cruisers) da kewayon sa. A ƙarshe Majalisar ta ba da shawarar zaɓuɓɓuka biyu: Jirgin ruwa mai sulke mai sauƙi, mai sauri (inci 32,5) mai bindigogi 203 mm guda takwas da jirgin sama 60, ko mafi kyawun sulke amma jirgin ruwa mai hankali (27,5 in).

da jirage 72.

Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa ba za a haɗa kuɗaɗen mai ɗaukar jirgin sama a cikin kasafin kuɗi ba har sai 1929, batun "ya fadi daga jerin." Ya mayar da dozin ko fiye da watanni bayan haka, a lokacin Majalisar ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da wani karamin yanki, ban da bindigogi 203 mm da makaman da aka tsara a baya. Ko da yake akwai rahotanni daga London game da matsaloli tare da cire hayaki a kan Fast da Furious kuma babu matsala tare da Hamisa da Eagle, duka tare da tsibiran, BuAer ya ci gaba da zaɓar wani jirgin saman jirgin sama. A cikin Fabrairu 1926, kwararru daga Ofishin Gine-gine da Gyara (BuSiR) sun gabatar da zane-zane na raka'a tare da gudun hijirar 10, 000 da 13, wanda ya kamata ya kai 800-23 cm. Mafi ƙanƙanta a cikinsu ba shi da wani gefen sulke. bel, makamai a cikin kwantonsa sun ƙunshi bindigogi 000 32-mm. Sauran biyun suna da ratsin gefe 32,5 mm kauri, kuma dozin na da bindigogi 12 127 mm.

A wani taro na Majalisar a watan Maris 1927, shugaban BKR zabe wani matsakaici-sized jirgin, a kan cewa biyar irin wannan raka'a lissafin a total jirgin bene yanki na 15-20 bisa dari. fiye da na uku tare da gudun hijira na ton 23. Suna iya samun kariya mai amfani "mai amfani", amma ƙididdiga ya nuna cewa makamai a kan bene na jirgin sama ko kariya daga rataye ba su da matsala. Saboda irin wannan ƙananan juriya don magance lalacewa, kuma saboda haka babban yiwuwar asara, ƙarin jiragen ruwa sun fi kyau. Duk da haka, akwai batun farashin, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 000 cikin dari. saboda ƙarin dakunan injin masu tsada guda biyu. Lokacin da aka zo ga abubuwan da ake buƙata don BuAer, an yanke shawarar cewa jirgin ya kamata ya kasance aƙalla ƙafa 20 (80 m) faɗi kuma kusan 24,4 (665 m) tsayi tare da tsarin layin birki da katafaren a kowane ƙarshen.

A taron da aka yi a watan Oktoba, jami'in da ke wakiltar matukan jirgin ya yi magana a cikin ni'imar jirgin tare da gudun hijira na 13 ton, wanda zai dauki 800 bama-bamai da 36 mayakan a cikin rataye da kuma a kan jirgin, ko - a cikin version tare da mafi girma matsakaicin gudun ( 72 maimakon 32,5 knots) - 29,4 da 27. Duk da yake an riga an ga fa'idodin tsibirin (a matsayin jagorar saukarwa, alal misali), har yanzu ana la'akari da santsi na bene "wanda ake so". Matsalar iskar iskar gas ta tilasta Ofishin Injiniya (BuEng) ya zaɓi tsibiri, amma tunda an ƙaddara farashin jirgin ta fa'idodin "tashar jiragen sama", BuAer ya samu.

Farkon aiki na Saratoga da Lexington (na farko a hukumance ya shiga sabis makonni biyu da suka gabata, na biyu - a tsakiyar Disamba) yana nufin cewa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1927, Babban Majalisar ya ba da shawara ga sakatare don gina biyar a 13 tf. Tun da, sabanin ra'ayi na kwararru daga Sashen War Plans, wanda ya so su samar da sadarwa tare da Washington cruisers, da hulda da su sa'an nan "Slow" Battleships da aka yi hasashe, da sabon jirgin dako da aka dauke ba dole ba domin nassi ta hanyar. Karni na 800.

An yi la'akari da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka a BuC ​​& R a cikin watanni uku masu zuwa, amma zane-zane guda hudu kawai don jirgin ruwa mai nauyin 13-ton an dauki shi zuwa wani mataki mafi ci gaba, kuma Hukumar ta zaɓi zaɓin jirgin sama na 800-foot (700 m). Tun da masu zanen kaya sun gane cewa ko da dogayen bututun hayaƙi a tsibirin na iya ba su dagula iskan da ke sama da shi, an kiyaye abin da ake buƙata don santsi. A wannan yanayin, don ci gaba da hayaki mai zurfi kamar yadda zai yiwu, tukunyar jirgi dole ne a kasance kusa da ƙarshen kwandon, kuma a sakamakon haka, an yanke shawarar gano wurin tukunyar jirgi "ba tare da al'ada ba" a baya. dakin turbine. An kuma yanke shawarar, kamar yadda a kan Langley na gwaji, don amfani da bututun nadawa (yawan adadin su ya ƙaru zuwa shida), wanda ya ba da damar sanya su a kwance, daidai da tarnaƙi. Yayin ayyukan iska, duk iskar gas za a iya tura shi zuwa "wuri" mai ma'ana mai ma'ana wanda ke gefen lebe.

Matsar da ɗakin injin ɗin ya hana girman girmansa (wanda ke haifar da matsalolin datsa mai tsanani) don haka ikon, don haka a ƙarshe Hukumar ta amince da 53 hp, wanda zai ba da babban gudun 000 knots a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji. An kuma yanke shawarar cewa rukunin jiragen ya kamata ya kasance da motoci 29,4 (ciki har da masu tayar da bama-bamai 108 kawai da masu tayar da bama-bamai), sannan a sanya katafiloli guda biyu a kan bene na rataye, a kan fuselage. An yi manyan canje-canje ga makamai - a sakamakon haka, an yi watsi da bindigogin anti-submarine, torpedo tubes da bindigogi don goyon bayan dozin 27-mm L / 127 bindigogi na duniya da kuma yawancin bindigogin 25-mm kamar yadda zai yiwu, tare da buƙatar da ake bukata. shigar da su a wajen jirgin kuma a samar da su ga kowa da kowa a matsayin manyan filayen wuta kamar yadda zai yiwu. Lissafi sun nuna cewa ton dozin ɗin na makamai ne kawai za su rage, kuma, a ƙarshe, an rufe hanyar tuƙi (faranti 12,7 mm lokacin farin ciki a tarnaƙi da 51 mm a saman). Tun da yake ba zai yiwu a gyara kawunan yaƙin yadda ya kamata ba, an yi watsi da guguwar wuta, kuma jiragen sama ba za a yi amfani da su da bama-bamai kawai.