Wanene a cikin sani? Mu ko lokacin sarari?
Metaphysics? Masana kimiyya da yawa suna tsoron cewa hasashe game da adadi na tunani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suna cikin wannan sanannen filin da ba na kimiyya ba. A gefe guda, menene, idan ba kimiyya ba, menene binciken zahiri, ko da yake ƙididdigewa, tushen sani, maimakon neman bayanai na allahntaka?
1. Microtubules - Kayayyakin gani
A nakalto daga fitowar sabon Masanin Kimiyya a watan Disamba, likitan anesthetic na Arizona Stuart Hameroff yana cewa tsawon shekaru. microtubules - Tsarin fibrous tare da diamita na 20-27 nm, wanda aka samo asali ne sakamakon polymerization na furotin tubulin kuma yana aiki azaman cytoskeleton wanda ke samar da kwayar halitta, gami da kwayar jijiya (1) - wanzu a ciki. Quantum "mafi girman matsayi"wanda ke ba su damar samun nau'i biyu daban-daban a lokaci guda. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan yana da alaƙa da takamaiman adadin bayanai, kamu daya, a cikin wannan yanayin adana bayanai sau biyu kamar yadda ake gani daga fahimtar al'ada na wannan tsarin. Idan muka kara wa wannan al'amari qubit entanglement, watau hulɗar barbashi ba a kusanci ba, yana nunawa samfurin aikin kwakwalwa a matsayin kwamfyuta mai ƙididdigewasanannen masanin kimiyyar lissafi Roger Penrose ya bayyana. Har ila yau Hameroff ya yi aiki tare da shi, don haka ya bayyana saurin sauri, sassauci da kuma juzu'in kwakwalwa.
2. Stuart Hameroff da Roger Penrose
Duniyar ma'auni na Planck
A cewar masu goyon bayan ka'idar quantum mind, matsalar sani yana da alaƙa da tsarin lokaci-lokaci akan sikelin Planck. A karon farko masana kimiyya da aka ambata a sama sun nuna hakan - Penrose da Hameroff (90) a cikin ayyukansu a farkon karni na 2. A cewarsu. idan muna so mu yarda da ka'idar ƙididdigewa na sani, to dole ne mu zaɓi sararin samaniya wanda matakan ƙididdiga ke faruwa. Yana iya zama kwakwalwa - daga mahangar ka'idar kididdigewa, lokaci-lokaci mai ma'auni guda hudu wanda ke da tsarinsa na ciki a kan karamin sikelin da ba a iya tsammani ba, na tsari na mita 10-35. (Tsawon Planck). A irin wannan nisa, lokacin sararin samaniya yayi kama da soso, kumfa wanda ke da girma
10-105 m3 (atom atom ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗari bisa ɗari). Bisa ga ilimin zamani, irin wannan injin yana tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na atom. Idan har ila yau hankali ya dogara ne akan vacuum quantum, zai iya rinjayar kaddarorin kwayoyin halitta.
Kasancewar microtubules a cikin hasashen Penrose-Hameroff yana canza lokacin sarari a gida. Ta "san" cewa mu ne, kuma za ta iya rinjayar mu ta hanyar canza juzu'i masu yawa a cikin microtubules. Daga wannan, za a iya yanke shawara mai ban mamaki. Misali, irin wannan duk canje-canje a cikin tsarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sashinmu na sararin samaniya, wanda aka samar ta hanyar sani, ba tare da jinkirin lokaci ba, a ka'idar za a iya rubuta shi a kowane bangare na lokacin sararin samaniya, misali, a cikin wani galaxy.
Hameroff ya bayyana a cikin tambayoyin manema labarai da yawa. ka'idar panpsychismbisa tsammanin cewa akwai wani nau'i na wayewa a cikin duk abin da ke kewaye da ku. Wannan tsohon ra'ayi ne wanda Spinoza ya dawo da shi a karni na XNUMX. Wani ra'ayi da aka samo shi ne panprotopsychizm - Masanin falsafa David Chalmers ya gabatar. Ya ƙirƙira ta a matsayin sunan manufar cewa akwai wani “masu shubuha”, mai yuwuwar sanin yakamata, amma sai ya zama mai hankali kawai lokacin da aka kunna ko aka raba shi. Misali, lokacin da kwakwalwa ta kunna ko samun dama ga abubuwan da suka san su, sun zama masu hankali kuma suna wadatar da hanyoyin jijiyoyi tare da gogewa. A cewar Hameroff, ana iya siffanta mahaɗan panprotopsychic wata rana ta fuskar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ga sararin samaniya (3).
Kanana da babba sun rushe
Shi kuma Roger Penrose, bisa ka’idar Kurt Gödel, ya tabbatar da cewa wasu ayyuka da hankali ke yi, ba su da ƙima. Ya nuna cewa Ba za ku iya yin bayanin tunanin ɗan adam ta hanyar algorithm ba, kuma don bayyana cewa rashin iyawa, dole ne ku kalli faɗuwar aikin wave na jimla da nauyi. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, Penrose yayi mamakin ko za'a iya samun adadi mai yawa na caje ko sallamar neurons. Ya yi tunanin cewa neuron zai iya kasancewa daidai da kwamfutocin kwamfutoci a cikin kwakwalwa. Bits a cikin kwamfuta na gargajiya koyaushe suna "a kunne" ko "kashe", "sifili" ko "ɗaya". A gefe guda, kwamfutocin ƙididdiga suna aiki tare da qubits waɗanda za su iya kasancewa a lokaci guda a cikin babban matsayi na "sifili" da "ɗaya".
Penrose ya yi imanin cewa taro yayi daidai da karkacewar lokacin sarari. Ya isa ya yi tunanin lokaci-lokaci a cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi a matsayin takarda mai girma biyu. Dukkan ma'auni guda uku suna matsawa akan axis x, yayin da aka tsara lokaci akan y-axis, taro a wuri ɗaya shafi ne mai lanƙwasa a wata hanya, wani taro a wani matsayi yana lanƙwasa ta wata hanya. Ma'anar ita ce taro, matsayi, ko jiha ya yi daidai da wani ƙayyadaddun ƙira a cikin mahimman juzu'i na lokacin sararin samaniya wanda ke siffanta sararin samaniya akan ƙaramin ma'auni. Don haka, wasu taro a cikin maɗaukakiyar matsayi na nufin karkata zuwa wurare biyu ko fiye a lokaci guda, wanda yayi daidai da kumfa, kumbura, ko rabuwa a cikin lissafi na lokaci-lokaci. Bisa ga ka’idar duniya da yawa, lokacin da wannan ya faru, sabuwar sararin samaniya za ta iya kasancewa—shafukan sararin samaniya suna rarrabuwa kuma suna buɗewa kowannensu.
Penrose ya yarda da wannan hangen nesa. Duk da haka, yana da yakinin cewa kumfa ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, wato, ya rushe cikin wata ko wata duniya bayan wani lokaci da aka ba da shi, wanda ke da alaka da sikelin rabuwa ko girman lokacin sararin samaniya na kumfa. Don haka, babu buƙatar yarda da duniyoyi da yawa, sai dai ƙananan yankuna waɗanda duniyarmu ta wargaje. Yin amfani da ka'idar rashin tabbas, masanin ilimin lissafi ya gano cewa babban rabuwa zai rushe da sauri, kuma ƙarami a hankali. Don haka karamin kwayoyin halitta, kamar zarra, na iya zama a cikin babban matsayi na dogon lokaci, in ji shekaru miliyan 10. Amma babban halitta kamar cat mai kilo daya zai iya tsayawa a cikin matsayi na 10-37 kawai, don haka ba ma yawan ganin kuliyoyi a cikin matsayi.
Mun san cewa tafiyar matakai na kwakwalwa suna wucewa daga dubun zuwa daruruwan millise seconds. Misali, tare da oscillations tare da mitar 40 Hz, tsawon lokacin su, watau tazara, shine 25 millise seconds. Ƙwaƙwalwar alpha akan electroencephalogram shine milli seconds 100. Wannan ma'aunin lokacin yana buƙatar nanograms na taro a cikin matsayi. A cikin yanayin microtubules a cikin superposition, 120 biliyan tubulins za a buƙaci, watau lambar su shine 20 XNUMX. neurons, wanda shine adadin da ya dace na neurons don abubuwan da suka faru na mahaukata.
Masana kimiyya sun bayyana abin da zato zai iya faruwa a cikin yanayin abin da aka sani. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga yana faruwa a cikin tubulins kuma yana haifar da rushewa bisa ga tsarin raguwa na Roger Penrose. Kowane rugujewa ya zama tushen sabon tsarin tsarin tsarin tubulin, wanda hakan ke ƙayyade yadda tubulins ke sarrafa ayyukan salula a synapses, da sauransu. abubuwan da aka haɗa a wannan matakin.
Penrose da Hameroff sun sanya sunan samfurin su hada da rage haƙiƙa (Orch-OR-) saboda akwai madaidaicin ra'ayi tsakanin ilmin halitta da "jituwa" ko "haɗin" na juzu'i. A ra'ayinsu. akwai madadin keɓewa da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ayyana ta jihohin gelation a cikin cytoplasm da ke kewaye da microtubules, yana faruwa kusan kowane miliyon 25. Jerin waɗannan "al'amura masu hankali" suna haifar da samuwar rafi na sani. Muna dandana shi azaman ci gaba, kamar yadda fim ɗin ke da alama yana ci gaba, kodayake ya kasance jerin firam ɗin daban.
Ko watakila ma kasa
Duk da haka, masanan kimiyyar lissafi sun kasance masu shakku game da hasashen kwakwalwar ƙididdiga. Ko da a ƙarƙashin yanayin cryogenic na dakin gwaje-gwaje, kiyaye daidaituwar jihohin ƙididdiga na tsawon fiye da ɓangarorin daƙiƙa babbar matsala ce. Me game da naman kwakwalwa mai dumi da ɗanɗano?
Hameroff ya yi imanin cewa don kauce wa lalata saboda tasirin muhalli. dole ne a keɓe babban matsayi. Da alama mafi kusantar cewa keɓewa na iya faruwa a cikin tantanin halitta a cikin cytoplasminda, alal misali, gelation da aka riga aka ambata a kusa da microtubules zai iya kare su. Bugu da ƙari, microtubules sun fi ƙanƙanta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma an haɗa su da tsari kamar crystal. Ma'aunin girman yana da mahimmanci saboda ana ɗauka cewa ƙaramin barbashi, kamar na'urar lantarki, na iya kasancewa a wurare biyu a lokaci guda. Babban abu yana samun, yana da wahala a cikin lab don samun aiki a wurare biyu a lokaci guda.
Koyaya, a cewar Matthew Fisher na Jami'ar California a Santa Barbara, wanda aka nakalto a cikin wannan labarin Sabon Masanin Kimiyya na Disamba, muna da damar magance matsalar haɗin kai kawai idan muka gangara zuwa matakin. atomic spins. Musamman ma, wannan yana nufin jujjuyawar atomical nuclei na phosphorus, wanda ake samu a cikin ƙwayoyin sinadarai masu mahimmanci ga aikin ƙwaƙwalwa. Fisher ya gano wasu halayen sinadarai a cikin kwakwalwa waɗanda a ka'ida suke samar da ions phosphate a cikin jahohin da ke daure. Roger Penrose da kansa ya sami waɗannan abubuwan lura suna da alƙawarin, kodayake har yanzu yana jin daɗin hasashen microtubule.
4. Artificial hankali - hangen nesa
Hasashe game da ƙididdige tushen sani yana da fa'ida mai ban sha'awa ga buƙatun haɓaka ƙwarewar ɗan adam. A ra'ayinsu, ba mu da damar gina AI (4) mai hankali na gaske bisa na gargajiya, siliki da fasahar transistor. Kwamfutoci masu ƙididdiga kawai - ba na yanzu ko ma na gaba ba - za su buɗe hanyar zuwa “ainihin”, ko sane, kwakwalwar roba.
