USS Hornet, part 2
Mai halakar "Russell" ya tayar da masu jigilar jiragen sama na karshe "Hornet" daga cikin ruwa. Hoton NHHC
Da karfe 10:25 na safe, jirgin dakon kaya na yawo a cikin hayaki, yana jera kan jirgin tauraro. Gaba dayan harin dai ya dauki tsawon kwata na awa daya kacal. Masu safarar jiragen ruwa da masu halakarwa sun kafa zoben kariya a kusa da Hornet kuma sun yi da'irar agogo baya a kan gudun kullin 23, suna jiran ci gaba.
A tsakiyar 30s, umurnin na US Army Air Corps (USAAC) ya fara gane raunin mayakansu, wanda, ta fuskar ƙira, halaye da makamai, ya fara fitowa fili a kan yanayin duniya. shugabanni. Saboda haka, an yanke shawarar ƙaddamar da shirin don siyan sabon mayaƙa mai ƙarfi (bi). Makullin nasara shine injin layi mai sanyaya ruwa mai ƙarfi. Ko da yake saboda kasancewar wani m tsarin sanyaya (radiators, nozzles, tankuna, famfo), irin wannan injuna sun fi hadaddun da kuma yiwuwa ga lalacewa fiye da iska-sanyi radial injuna (sakawa jirgin da asarar coolant cire jirgin daga fama), amma suna da ƙaramin yanki mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar sararin samaniyar sararin samaniya da rage ja kuma, don haka, haɓaka aiki. Kasashen Turai da ke kan gaba wajen bunkasa fasahar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama - Burtaniya, Faransa, Jamus - sun yi amfani da injunan cikin layi don tura sabbin nau'ikan mayakansu.
Babban abin sha'awa a tsakanin sojoji shine Allison V-12 1710-cylinder in-line ruwa mai sanyaya injin. Wata hanya ko wata, a wancan lokacin ita ce kawai injinin irinsa na Amurka wanda zai iya cika abin da sojoji suke bukata. Injin B-1710-C1 da aka kera na musamman ya samar da 1933 hp a shekarar 750, kuma bayan shekaru hudu ya yi nasarar cin gwajin benci na sa'o'i 150, yana ba da wutar lantarki akai-akai na 1000 hp a matakin teku. da 2600 rpm. Injiniyoyin Allison suna tsammanin ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki zuwa 1150 hp a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan ya sa USAAC ta gane injin V-1710 C-jerin injina a matsayin babban jirgin ruwa na sabon ƙarni na jiragen yaƙi, musamman mayaƙa.
A farkon watan Mayu 1936, kwararru daga sashen dabaru na Wright Field Air Corps (Ohio) sun tsara abubuwan da ake bukata na farko don sabon mayaki. Matsakaicin saurin da aka saita aƙalla 523 km / h (325 mph) a 6096 m da 442 km / h (275 mph) a matakin teku, tsawon lokacin jirgin a matsakaicin saurin sa'a ɗaya, lokacin hawan 6096 m - ƙasa da mintuna 5, gudu- sama da mirgine (zuwa manufa kuma a kan manufa 15 m tsayi) - kasa da 457 m. Duk da haka, ba a ba da cikakkun bayanai na fasaha na masana'antu ba, saboda Hukumar ta USAAC tana tattaunawa akan nadin sabon mayaki da yadda za'a cimma irin wannan gagarumin aiki. An dai tabbatar da cewa babban aikin da zai yi shi ne yaki da manyan bama-bamai da ke shawagi a sama. Saboda haka, an yi la'akari da tambayar yin amfani da injuna ɗaya ko biyu da kuma ba su kayan aikin turbochargers. Kalmar "mai shiga tsakani" ta bayyana a karon farko. Ya bayyana cewa, jirgin ba ya buƙatar yin aiki mai kyau, tun da ba zai shiga cikin gwagwarmayar iska tare da mayakan abokan gaba ba. A wancan lokacin an yi zaton cewa masu yin bama-bamai masu dogon zango ba za su sami rakiyar mayaka ba. Duk da haka, mafi mahimmanci shine hawan da kuma babban gudun. A cikin wannan mahallin, mayaƙin injin tagwaye tare da ikon tsarin motsa jiki sau biyu don ƙasa da ninki biyu nauyi, girma da ƙididdigewa na ja ya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi. Haka kuma an tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi ƙara matsakaicin adadin da za a iya ba da izini daga tsarin daga g + 5g zuwa g + 8-9 da kuma ba da makamai ga jirgin da manyan bindigogi a matsayin makami mafi inganci ga masu tayar da bama-bamai fiye da bindigogin injuna.
A halin yanzu, a cikin Yuni 1936, USAAC ta ba da umarnin samar da mayaka 77 Seversky P-35, sannan 210 Curtiss P-36A mayakan a wata mai zuwa. Dukkanin nau'ikan guda biyu suna amfani da injunan radial Pratt & Whitney R-1830 kuma akan takarda suna da saurin gudu na 452 da 500 km/h (281 da 311 mph) bi da bi a 3048 m. V-1710 da ke ba da ƙarfin manufa. A watan Nuwamba, Sashen Kayayyaki ya ɗan canza abubuwan da ake buƙata don mai shiga tsakani mai injin guda ɗaya. An rage madaidaicin gudu a matakin teku zuwa 434 km / h (270 mph), an ƙara tsawon lokacin tashi zuwa sa'o'i biyu, kuma an ƙara lokacin hawan zuwa 6096 m zuwa minti 7. A wancan lokacin, kwararru daga Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama (GHQ AF) a filin Langley, Virginia, sun shiga tattaunawar kuma sun ba da shawarar haɓaka matsakaicin saurin zuwa 579 km / h (360 mph) a tsayin 6096 m kuma 467 km/h. (290 mph) a matakin teku, rage tsawon lokacin jirgin a matsakaicin saurin komawa zuwa sa'a daya, rage lokacin hawan daga 6096 m zuwa minti 6 da rage lokacin tashi da jujjuyawa zuwa 427 m. Bayan wata daya Tattaunawa, abubuwan GHQ AF sun yarda da albarkatun kayan sashen.
A halin yanzu, shugaban Amurka na Mayu, Janar Oscar M. Westover, ya tunkari Sakataren Yakin Harry Woodring tare da ba da shawarar siyan samfuran masu shiga tsakani biyu - tare da injin daya da biyu. Bayan samun amincewa don aiwatar da shirin, a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1937, Sashen Materiel ya ba da ƙayyadaddun X-609, yana fayyace dabarun dabara da buƙatun fasaha don mai shigar da injin guda ɗaya (da farko, a cikin Fabrairu, ya ba da irin wannan X. -608 bayani dalla-dalla. -38 don mayaƙin injin tagwaye, wanda ke jagorantar Lockheed P-608). An yi magana da Bell, Curtiss, Arewacin Amirka, Northrop da Sikorsky (X-609 - Consolidated, Lockheed, Vought, Vultee da Hughes). Za a gina mafi kyawun zane-zane da aka gabatar a kowane rukuni a matsayin samfuri, wanda hakanan zai kasance gasa da juna. Wanda ya lashe wannan gasa ne kawai ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shirye. Dangane da ƙayyadaddun X-1937, kamfanoni uku ne kawai suka gabatar da shawarwarin su: Bell, Curtiss da Seversky (ba a yi la'akari da ƙarshen ba a baya, kuma ba a ƙaddamar da niyyar shiga gasar ba har zuwa farkon 18). Arewacin Amurka, Northrop da Sikorsky sun fice daga gasar. Bell da Curtiss sun gabatar da biyu kowanne, yayin da Seversky ya gabatar da biyar. Ma'aikatar kayan aiki ta karɓi ƙirar Bell a watan Mayu 1937, XNUMX.
A tsakiyar watan Agusta, kwararru daga Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama sun fara nazarin daftarin da aka gabatar. An ƙi aikin da bai cika aƙalla buƙatu ɗaya ba. Irin wannan shine makomar aikin Seversky's Model AR-3B, wanda aka kiyasta lokacin hawan zuwa tsayin 6096 m ya wuce minti 6. Bell Model 3 da Model 4, Curtiss Model 80 da Model 80A da Seversky AP-3 a cikin nau'i biyu da ayyukan AP-3A sun kasance a fagen fama. Samfurin Bell 4 ya sami mafi girman ƙimar aiki, sannan samfurin Bell 3 da na uku, Tsarin Curtiss Model 80. Sauran ayyukan ba su sami ko da rabin matsakaicin adadin maki ba. Ƙimar ba ta la'akari da farashin shirya takardu, ƙirƙirar samfuri da gwada samfurin a cikin ramin iska, wanda a cikin yanayin samfurin 4 ya kai PLN 25. dala sama da Model 3 da $15k sama da Model 80.
