Rarrabewa da nadi na mai na mota, index danko
Abubuwa
Akwai nau'ikan mai da yawa tare da sigogi daban-daban, waɗanda aka rufaffen su cikin alamomi. Don zaɓar man da ya dace don injin, kuna buƙatar fahimtar abin da ke ɓoye a bayan saitin haruffa, menene rarrabuwa da kuma irin halaye na wannan man.
Amma za mu fahimci komai dalla-dalla a cikin wannan labarin.
Menene aikin mai a cikin mota
Asalin aikin man inji shi ne sanya mai a cikin mujallolin crankshaft, kawar da lalacewa ta hanyar samfur, da ƙananan yanayin zafi ta hanyar tserewa ruwa zuwa cikin injin injin.
A cikin masana'antar mota ta zamani, ayyukan ruwan motsa jiki sun zama sananne sosai kuma abun da ke ciki ya canza don aiwatar da sabbin ayyuka.
Asalin ayyukan man inji:
- kariya daga sassa da saman aiki daga gogayya saboda samuwar wani siririn barga fim a kansu;
- rigakafin lalata;
- sanyaya injin ta hanyar zubar da ruwan da ke aiki a cikin tulun da ke ƙasan injin;
- kawar da sharar kayan aikin injiniya daga wuraren da ya karu;
- kawar da kayayyakin kone-kone na cakuda mai, irin su soot, soot da sauransu.
Ana ƙara abubuwa daban-daban a cikin babban ɓangaren man injin, wanda zai iya kawar da gurɓatacce, kiyaye fim ɗin a kan sassan shafa, da kuma yin wasu ayyuka.
Yadda ake rarraba mai
Masu haɓaka injin suna zaɓar mai injin injin da buƙatun su, dangane da fasalin ƙira da yanayin aiki.
Kuna iya cika ruwa mai motsi wanda ba na asali ba, amma la'akari da ingancin aji da ƙungiyoyi masu inganci, shawarwarin masana'anta. Zaɓaɓɓen man da ba na asali ba da kyau wanda ya dace da duk ƙa'idodin masana'anta ba shine tushen ƙin gyare-gyaren garanti ba a yayin da injin ya gaza.
Sae
Rarraba mai don injuna da aka sani a duk faɗin duniya shine SAE - gradation danko dangane da yanayin yanayin da injin ke aiki.
Tare da canje-canje a yanayin zafi na waje, dankon ruwan aiki yana canzawa; a ƙananan yanayin zafi, don aikin injin mafi kyau, mai dole ne ya kasance mai isasshen ruwa, kuma a yanayin zafi mai girma, mai kauri isa ya kare injin.
Dangane da ka'idodin SAE, an raba man injin zuwa aji goma sha bakwai daga 0W zuwa 60W.
Daga cikinsu akwai lokacin hunturu takwas (lambobin farko sune 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 15; 20; 25) da tara don aiki a lokacin rani (2; 5; 7,5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50) ku; 60).
Rarraba lambobin W guda biyu suna nuna duk yanayin amfani da ruwan motsi.
Fihirisar danko da aka fi sani a Rasha don fara injin sanyi (lambobin farko sune zafin jiki) sune:
- 0W kasa -35 ° C;
- 5W zuwa -30 ° C;
- 10W zuwa -25 ° C;
- 15W zuwa -20 ° C;
- 20W zuwa -15 ° C.
Mafi yawan lambobi na biyu na fihirisa a Rasha waɗanda ke nuna matsakaicin zafin jiki na waje sune:
- 30 + 25 ° C;
- 40 daga +30°C zuwa +45°C (dangane da lambobi na farko - a 0W +30°C, a 5W +35°C, a 10W +35°C, a 15W da 20W +45°C).
A cikin yanayin sanyi mai matsakaici kuma ba lokacin zafi ba, ana bada shawara don cika man fetur 10W, kamar yadda ya fi duniya, ya dace da motoci da yawa. A cikin lokacin sanyi sosai, yakamata a cika ruwa mai aiki tare da fihirisar 0W ko 5W.
Injin zamani tare da nisan mil ɗin da bai wuce 50% na albarkatun da aka tsara ba suna buƙatar mai tare da ɗanɗano kaɗan.
API
Rarraba API yana nuna rushewar ruwan aiki zuwa rukuni biyu - "S" na injin mai da "C" na injin diesel. Don man fetur wanda ya dace da duka injunan man fetur da dizal, ana amfani da alamar sau biyu ta hanyar juzu'i, misali, SF / CH.
Na gaba yana zuwa ɓangaren matakin matakin aikin (harafi na biyu). Ci gaba da harafi na biyu cikin tsari a cikin haruffa, mafi kyawun irin waɗannan man injin suna tabbatar da aikin injin da rage yawan ruwa don sharar gida.
Azuzuwan mai na inji don injunan mai ta inganci dangane da shekarar da aka yi:
- SN don injunan motoci na zamani tare da babban ajin muhalli da ceton makamashi;
- SM tun 2004;
- SL tun 2000;
- SJ с 1996 г.в .;
- SH tun 1993
Ana ba da shawarar mai na aji SN don maye gurbin na baya.
Azuzuwan ruwan motsa jiki don injunan dizal ta inganci dangane da shekarar da aka yi:
- CJ tun 2006, don tabbatar da iyakar kariya ga muhalli daga hayaki mai cutarwa zuwa cikin yanayi;
- CL tun 2002, la'akari da ka'idodin muhalli na 2002, kuma tare da ƙarshen PLUS da aka gabatar a cikin 2004 tare da ƙarin buƙatun muhalli a cikin 2004;
- CH tun 1998, don aiki a cikin babban sauri, la'akari da ka'idodin muhalli na 1998;
- CG tun 1995, don yanayin aiki a ƙarƙashin haɓakar kaya da yanayin sauri;
- CF-2 don injuna ba tare da allurar kai tsaye daga 1994 zuwa gaba ba, CF-4 daga 1990 gaba. don injuna da ke aiki a cikin manyan matakan sauri;
- CE tun 1993 don yanayin aiki a ƙarƙashin manyan lodi.
Lamba 2 ko 4 ta hanyar saƙar magana tana nuna injin bugun bugun jini biyu ko huɗu. Duk motocin zamani suna da injin bugun bugun jini hudu.
Ruwan motsa jiki na azuzuwan SM da SN sun dace da injunan turbocharged.
CEWA
Rarraba ACEA shine kwatankwacin Turai na API.
A cikin bugu na 2012 na baya-bayan nan, man injinan sun kasu kashi-kashi:
- A/B don injunan man fetur (A) da dizal (B);
- C don injunan dizal da man fetur tare da haɓaka ajin muhalli da kasancewar abubuwan tacewa da masu canzawa;
- E don injunan diesel na manyan motoci.
Azuzuwa da manyan halaye bisa ga sabon bugu:
- An tsara A1/B1 don amfani a cikin injunan man fetur da dizal na motocin fasinja, tsawaita magudanar ruwa, ƙarancin ƙima;
- An tsara A3 / B3 don amfani a cikin injunan haɓakar mai da injunan dizal na motocin fasinja, tsawaita magudanar ruwa, yanayin aiki mai tsanani, duk yanayin yanayi;
- An ƙera A3/B4 don amfani a cikin injunan haɓakar mai da injunan dizal, tattalin arzikin mai;
- An ƙera A5/B5 don amfani da man fetur mai nauyi da injunan dizal na motocin fasinja, ƙarin tazarar maye;
- Ana zuba C1 da C2 a cikin injunan dizal mai haɓakawa da injunan mai na motocin fasinja, sanye take da matattara masu tacewa da masu juyawa ta hanyoyi uku, ƙarancin ƙarancin juzu'i, tattalin arzikin mai da tsawaita rayuwar masu tacewa da masu haɓakawa, sun bambanta a cikin abubuwan ƙari daban-daban. ;
- C3 da C4 an tsara su don injunan dizal da injunan mai na motocin fasinja, sanye take da matattarar tatsuniyoyi da masu canzawa ta hanyoyi uku, suna tsawaita rayuwar tacewa da mai kara kuzari, sun bambanta da adadin abubuwan ƙari;
- E6 an tsara shi don injunan dizal masu nauyi na manyan motoci, sanye take da masu tacewa da masu canzawa, tsawaita lokacin maye;
- E7 an tsara shi don injunan dizal na manyan motocin da ke aiki a cikin yanayi mai tsanani, sanye take da tsarin recirculation tare da masu canzawa, ba tare da tacewa ba, tsawaita lokacin maye;
- An tsara E9 don injunan dizal na zamani tare da haɓakar kaya da mafi tsananin buƙatun muhalli, duka tare da kuma ba tare da ɓangarorin tacewa ba, tsawaita lokacin maye.
ILSAC
An ƙera rarrabuwar man injin ILSAC don ba da izini da lasisin ruwan aiki don injunan motocin fasinja da aka kera a Amurka da Japan.
Fasalolin ruwan inji bisa ga rarrabuwar ILSAC:
- makamashi ceto;
- rage yawan man fetur;
- ƙananan danko;
- juriya ga kumfa;
- ƙananan rashin ƙarfi;
- kariya daga toshewar masu canza catalytic saboda ƙarancin abun ciki na phosphorus.
Azuzuwan inganci da shekarar gabatarwa:
- Ajin gado na GF-1, wanda yayi daidai da API SH, dangane da ma'anar danko SAE 0W, 5W, 10W a lambobi na biyu 30, 40, 50, 60;
- GF-2 tun 1996, daidai da API SJ, bisa ga ma'aunin danko SAE 0W, 5W, 10W tare da lambobi na biyu 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
- GF-3 tun daga 2001, daidai da API SL, bambanci daga GF-2 da API SJ yana inganta aikin anti-wear da anti-oxidation da sigogi na ceton makamashi;
- GF-4 tun 2004 daidai da API SM tare da ingantaccen aiki mai ƙarfi da ingantaccen tsaftacewa da kaddarorin antioxidant, bisa ga fihirisar SAE - 0W-20, 0W-30, 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, masu jituwa tare da masu canzawa na catalytic;
- GF-5 tun daga 2010 ya bambanta da GF-4 a cikin ƙara yawan ƙarfin makamashi da kaddarorin anti-sawu da dacewa tare da duk tsarin kare muhalli.
GOST
Rarraba man inji bisa ga GOST 17479.1 da aka samo asali a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a 1985, amma la'akari da canje-canje a cikin mota masana'antu da kuma muhalli bukatun, da latest bita ya kasance a cikin 2015.
Rarraba man inji bisa ga GOST daidai da bukatun duniya
Dangane da fannin aikace-aikacen, ana rarraba mai na inji zuwa rukuni daga A zuwa E.
Yadda ake zabar man injin da ya dace
Masu kera motoci suna nuna man injin da aka ba da shawarar da kuma jurewarsa a cikin umarnin aiki. Yana yiwuwa a zaɓi mai bisa ga ma'auni iri ɗaya, yayin da ya rage a ƙarƙashin garanti. Tare da ingantacciyar hanya ta zaɓin mai, halaye na mai ba na asali ba zai zama ƙasa da na asali ba, kuma a wasu lokuta ya zarce shi.
Ya kamata a zaɓi mai bisa ga SAE (danko) da API (ta nau'in injin da shekarar ƙira). Haƙuri da aka ba da shawarar don waɗannan rabe-raben ya kamata a ƙayyade a cikin umarnin.
Shawarwari don zaɓar man mota ta ɗanko:
- tare da nisan abin hawa wanda bai wuce 25% na albarkatun da aka yi alkawarinsa ba (sabon injin), ana buƙatar cika mai SAE 10W-40 ko 5W-40, ba tare da la’akari da lokacin ba;
- a cikin injin sauti na fasaha (mil mil 26-74% na albarkatun da aka yi alkawari), ana ba da shawarar cika mai mai tare da danko na 10W-40, 15W-40 - a cikin lokacin dumi, tare da danko na 5W-30. 10W-30 - a cikin lokacin sanyi, ko da kuwa kakar - 5W-40;
- a cikin tsohon engine (mileage fiye da 76% na jingina albarkatun), shi wajibi ne don cika a cikin mota mai da danko na 15W-40, 20W-40 - a cikin dumi kakar, da kuma 5W-40, 10W-40 - a cikin hunturu, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin - 5W-40.
Dangane da rarrabuwar API, dole ne a zaɓi ruwan motsa jiki a cikin aji SM ko SN don injunan fetur na zamani, don injunan dizal waɗanda ba ƙasa da CL-4 PLUS ko CJ-4 don motoci masu EURO-4 da EURO-5 azuzuwan muhalli.
Abin da ke shafar kuskuren zaɓi na man inji
Man injin da aka zaɓa ba daidai ba a wasu lokuta yana haifar da babbar matsala ga motar.
jabu ko man injuna mara inganci na iya kaiwa, a mafi munin, ga kamawar injin, kuma a mafi kyawu, zuwa ga karuwar yawan man mai da bakar sa a mafi karancin nisan mil, zuwa samuwar ajiya a cikin injin da rage nisan nisan injin da aka tsara. .
Idan kun cika injin da man fetur tare da danko ƙasa da shawarar da masana'anta suka ba da shawarar, wannan na iya haifar da ƙara yawan amfani da man injin, saboda gaskiyar cewa zai kasance a bango kuma yana ƙara sharar gida. Idan danko na man fetur ya fi girma fiye da shawarar da masana'anta suka ba da shawarar, to, lalacewa na zoben scraper mai zai karu saboda samuwar fim mai kauri a kan wuraren aiki.
Zaɓin da ya dace da siyan man inji mai inganci zai ba injin ɗin damar fitowa ƙasa da albarkatun da masana'antun suka shimfida.
