Ta yaya za a fita daga kangi a fannin kimiyyar lissafi?

Hatsarin barbashi na gaba zai ci biliyoyin daloli. Akwai shirye-shiryen kera irin waɗannan na'urori a Turai da China, amma masana kimiyya suna tambayar ko hakan yana da ma'ana. Wataƙila ya kamata mu nemi sabuwar hanyar gwaji da bincike da za ta kai ga ci gaba a fannin kimiyyar lissafi? 

An tabbatar da Madaidaicin Model akai-akai, gami da Babban Hadron Collider (LHC), amma bai dace da duk tsammanin kimiyyar lissafi ba. Ba zai iya bayyana asirai kamar samuwar kwayoyin duhu da makamashi mai duhu ba, ko dalilin da yasa nauyi ya bambanta da sauran karfi na asali.

A al'adance a kimiyyar da ke magance irin waɗannan matsalolin, akwai hanyar da za a iya tabbatarwa ko karyata waɗannan hasashe. tarin ƙarin bayanai - a wannan yanayin, daga mafi kyawun telescopes da microscopes, kuma watakila daga sabon sabo, har ma ya fi girma super bumper wanda zai haifar da damar ganowa supersymmetric barbashi.

A shekarar 2012, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiya ta Makamashi ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar wani shiri na gina katafaren kantin sayar da kayayyaki. An shirya Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) zai yi da'irar kusan kilomita 100, kusan sau huɗu fiye da na LHC (1). Dangane da martani, a cikin 2013, ma'aikacin LHC, watau CERN, ya sanar da shirinsa na sabuwar na'urar karo da ake kira. Maganin da'ira na gaba (FCC).

1. Girman kwatancen da aka tsara na CEPC, FCC da LHC accelerators.

Koyaya, masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi suna mamakin ko waɗannan ayyukan za su cancanci babban jarin. Chen-Ning Yang, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ya soki binciken da ake yi na gano alamun supersymmetry ta hanyar amfani da sabon salo shekaru uku da suka gabata a shafinsa, inda ya kira shi "wasan zato." Zato mai tsada sosai. Masana kimiyya da yawa a kasar Sin sun yi masa raddi, kuma a Turai, masana kimiyya sun yi magana cikin ruhi guda game da aikin FCC.

Sabine Hossenfelder, masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Frankfurt ne ya ruwaito wannan ga Gizmodo. -

Masu sukar ayyukan don ƙirƙirar masu karo masu ƙarfi sun lura cewa yanayin ya bambanta da lokacin da aka gina shi. A lokacin an san cewa ma muna nema Higgs boson. Yanzu manufofin ba su da ma'ana. Kuma shiru da aka yi a sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da Babban Hadron Collider ya inganta don ɗaukar binciken Higgs - ba tare da wani ci gaba ba tun daga 2012 - yana da ɗan ban tsoro.

Bugu da ƙari, akwai sanannun, amma watakila ba duniya ba, gaskiyar cewa duk abin da muka sani game da sakamakon gwaje-gwaje a LHC ya fito ne daga nazarin kusan 0,003% na bayanan da aka samu a lokacin. Ba mu iya jurewa fiye da haka ba. Ba za a iya kawar da cewa amsoshin manyan tambayoyin kimiyyar lissafi da ke damun mu sun riga sun kasance a cikin 99,997% waɗanda ba mu yi la'akari da su ba. Don haka watakila ba ku buƙatar da yawa don gina wani babban na'ura mai tsada, amma don nemo hanyar bincika ƙarin bayani?

Yana da kyau a yi la'akari da shi, musamman tun da masana kimiyya suna fatan za su ƙara matsi daga cikin motar. Lokacin raguwa na shekaru biyu (abin da ake kira) wanda ya fara kwanan nan zai sa mai karo ya yi aiki har zuwa 2021, yana ba da izinin kulawa (2). Daga nan za ta fara aiki da irin wannan kuzari ko kuma dan kadan, kafin a samu babban ci gaba a shekarar 2023, tare da kammala shirin a shekarar 2026.

Wannan haɓakawa zai ci dala biliyan ɗaya (mai arha idan aka kwatanta da farashin da aka tsara na FCC), kuma burinsa shine ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira. Babban Haske-LHC. Zuwa shekarar 2030, wannan na iya ninka adadin karon da mota ke samarwa a cikin dakika goma.

2. Gyara aikin a kan LHC

neutrino ne

Ɗaya daga cikin barbashi waɗanda ba a gano su ba a LHC, kodayake ana tsammanin zai kasance, shine WIMP (-launi masu mu'amala da manyan barbashi). Waɗannan ƙananan barbashi ne masu nauyi (daga 10 GeV / s² zuwa TeV / s² da yawa, yayin da adadin proton ya ɗan kasa 1 GeV / s²) suna hulɗa tare da abubuwan da ake iya gani tare da ƙarfi mai kama da mu'amala mai rauni. Za su yi bayanin abin ban mamaki mai ban mamaki da ake kira duhu al'amarin, wanda ya ninka sau biyar a sararin samaniya fiye da kwayoyin halitta.

A LHC, ba a sami WIMPs a cikin waɗannan 0,003% na bayanan gwaji ba. Duk da haka, akwai hanyoyi masu rahusa don wannan - alal misali. Gwajin XENON-NT (3), wani babban vat na ruwa xenon zurfin ƙasa a Italiya da kuma a kan aiwatar da ciyar a cikin bincike cibiyar sadarwa. A cikin wani babban vat na xenon, LZ a South Dakota, binciken zai fara tun farkon 2020.

Wani gwaji, wanda ya ƙunshi na'urori masu auna sigina na ultracold semiconductor, ana kiransa SuperKDMS SNOLAB, zai fara loda bayanai zuwa Ontario a farkon 2020. Don haka damar a ƙarshe na "harbi" waɗannan ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen a cikin 20s na ƙarni na XNUMX suna ƙaruwa.

Wimps ba shine kawai duhun al'amuran da masana kimiyya ke nema ba. Madadin haka, gwaje-gwaje na iya haifar da wasu ƙwayoyin da ake kira axions, waɗanda ba za a iya kiyaye su kai tsaye kamar neutrinos ba.

Akwai yuwuwar cewa shekaru goma masu zuwa zasu kasance cikin binciken da suka shafi neutrinos. Suna cikin mafi yawan barbashi a sararin samaniya. A lokaci guda, ɗayan mafi wahalar karatu, saboda neutrinos suna hulɗa da rauni sosai tare da al'amuran yau da kullun.

Masana kimiyya sun dade da sanin cewa wannan barbashi yana kunshe ne da abubuwa uku daban-daban da ake kira dadin dandano da kuma jahohi daban-daban daban-daban - amma ba su yi daidai da dadin dandano ba, kuma kowane dandano yana hade da manyan kasashe uku saboda makanikai. Masu binciken suna fatan gano ainihin ma'anar wadannan talakawa da kuma yadda suke bayyana idan aka hada su don samar da kowane kamshi. Gwaje-gwaje irin su Catherine a Jamus, dole ne su tattara bayanan da suka wajaba don tantance waɗannan dabi'u a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

3. XENON-nT samfurin ganowa

Neutrinos yana da ban mamaki Properties. Tafiya cikin sararin samaniya, alal misali, suna da alama suna murɗawa tsakanin ɗanɗano. Masana daga Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory a kasar Sin, wanda ake sa ran za a fara tattara bayanai kan neutrinos da ake fitarwa daga tasoshin makamashin nukiliya dake kusa a shekara mai zuwa.

Akwai aikin irin wannan Super Kamiokande, An dade ana lura a kasar Japan. Amurka ta fara gina nata wuraren gwajin neutrino. Farashin LBNF a Illinois da gwaji tare da neutrinos a zurfin DUNE in South Dakota.

Aikin LBNF/DUNE na dala biliyan 1,5 na ƙasashe da yawa ana sa ran farawa a cikin 2024 kuma zai fara aiki sosai nan da 2027. Sauran gwaje-gwajen da aka tsara don buɗe sirrin neutrino sun haɗa da HANYA, a Oak Ridge National Laboratory a Tennessee, kuma gajeriyar tsarin neutrino, Zaune a Fermilab, Illinois.

Bi da bi, a cikin aikin Legend-200, Wanda aka shirya don buɗewa a cikin 2021, za a yi nazarin wani al'amari da aka sani da lalata beta biyu mara kyau. Ana tsammanin cewa neutrons guda biyu daga tsakiya na kwayar zarra a lokaci guda suna lalacewa zuwa protons, kowannensu yana fitar da electron kuma , ya zo cikin hulɗa da wani neutrino kuma yana shafewa.

Idan irin wannan dauki ya wanzu, zai ba da shaida cewa neutrinos sune nasu antimatter, a kaikaice yana tabbatar da wata ka'idar game da farkon sararin samaniya - yana bayanin dalilin da yasa akwai kwayoyin halitta fiye da antimatter.

Masana kimiyyar lissafi kuma suna son a ƙarshe su yi nazarin m ƙarfin duhu wanda ke ratsa sararin samaniya kuma yana kaiwa ga faɗaɗa sararin samaniya. Dark makamashi spectroscopy Kayan aikin (DESI) ya fara aiki ne kawai a bara kuma ana sa ran ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2020. Babban na'urar hangen nesa ta Synoptic Survey a Chile, wanda Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa / Sashen Makamashi ta gwada, cikakken shirin bincike ta amfani da wannan kayan aikin yakamata a fara a 2022.

С другой стороны (4), wanda aka ƙaddara ya zama taron shekaru goma masu zuwa, zai zama jarumi na bikin cika shekaru ashirin. Baya ga binciken da aka tsara, zai ba da gudummawa ga nazarin makamashi mai duhu ta hanyar lura da taurari da abubuwan da suka faru.

4. Zane-zane na James Webb Telescope

Me za mu tambaya

A hankali, shekaru goma masu zuwa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi ba za su yi nasara ba idan shekaru goma daga yanzu muna yin tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba. Zai fi kyau idan muka sami amsoshin da muke so, amma kuma idan sabbin tambayoyi suka taso, saboda ba za mu iya ƙidaya yanayin da kimiyyar lissafi za ta ce, "Ba ni da ƙarin tambayoyi," har abada.