Alien planet a kasan taswirar

Zamanin manyan binciken ƙasa da gaske ya “gano” Antarctica, amma kawai a cikin ma'anar cewa mun koyi cewa a can, "a ƙasa", akwai ƙasar da aka rufe da kankara. Fitar da kowane sabon sirri na nahiyar yana buƙatar sadaukarwa, lokaci, kashe kuɗi mai yawa da jajircewa. Kuma har yanzu ba mu yage su ba...

Mun san cewa a ƙarƙashin mil na kankara akwai ƙasa ta gaske (Latin "ƙasar da ba a sani ba"). A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, mun kuma san cewa yanayi a cikin tudun kankara, tafkuna da koguna sun sha bamban da wanda ke saman kankara mai sanyi. Babu rashi a rayuwa. Bugu da kari, mun fara gano sifofinsa da ba a san shi ba. Wataƙila baƙo ne? Ba za mu ji abin da Koziolek Matolek, wanda ya “bincika abin da ke kusa a faɗin duniya ba”?

Masana ilimin lissafi, ta yin amfani da hadadden algorithms na lissafi, suna iya sake ƙirƙirar hoto mai girma uku na saman ƙarƙashin murfin kankara. A cikin yanayin Antarctica, wannan yana da wahala, saboda dole ne siginar sauti ya ratsa mil na kankara mai cike da rudani, yana haifar da babbar hayaniya a cikin hoton. Wuya ba yana nufin ba zai yiwu ba, kuma mun riga mun koyi abubuwa da yawa game da wannan ƙasa da ba a sani ba a ƙasa.

Sanyi, iska, bushewa da… kore da kore

Antarctica da mafi iska Ƙasa a Duniya tana kusa da bakin tekun Adélie, iska tana busawa kwanaki 340 a shekara, kuma guguwa na iya wuce kilomita 320 a cikin sa'a. iri daya ne mafi girma na nahiyar - matsakaicin tsayinsa yana da 2040 m sama da matakin teku (wasu kafofin suna magana akan 2290). Nahiya ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, watau Asiya, ta kai matsakaicin mita 990 sama da matakin teku. Antarctica kuma ita ce mafi bushewa: a cikin ƙasa, ruwan sama na shekara yana jeri daga 30 zuwa 50 mm / m.². Yankin da aka fi sani da Dry Valley gida ne ga McMurdo. wuri mafi bushewa a duniya - babu dusar ƙanƙara da hazo kusan ... 2 miliyan shekaru! Har ila yau, babu wani muhimmin murfin kankara a yankin. Yanayi a yankin - ƙananan yanayin zafi, ƙarancin iska mai ƙarancin iska, da iska mai ƙarfi - yana ba da damar yin nazarin yanayi mai kama da saman duniyar Mars a yau.

Antarctica kuma ya rage mafi ban mamaki - wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa an gano shi a sabon lokaci. Wani jirgin ruwa dan kasar Rasha ne ya fara ganin gabarta a watan Janairun 1820. Fabian Bellingshausen (bisa ga wasu kafofin, Edward Bransfield ne ko Nathaniel Palmer). Mutum na farko da ya fara sauka a Antarctica shine Henrik Johan Bullwanda ya sauka a Cape Adare, Victoria Land a ranar 24 ga Janairu 1895 (ko da yake akwai rahotannin saukowa a baya). A cikin 1898, Bull ya rubuta abubuwan tunawa da balaguro a cikin littafinsa "Antarctica's Cruise to the South Polar Regions".

Yana da ban sha'awa, duk da haka, ko da yake Antarctica ana daukarsa a matsayin hamada mafi girma, yana karɓa ƙara koren kore. A cewar masana kimiyya, baƙon tsire-tsire da ƙananan dabbobi suna kai hari a bayanta. Ana samun iri a kan tufafi da takalman mutanen da ke dawowa daga wannan nahiyar. A cikin 2007/2008, masana kimiyya sun tattara su daga masu yawon bude ido da masu bincike na wuraren. Ya bayyana cewa a matsakaita kowane mai ziyara a nahiyar ya shigo da hatsi 9,5. Daga ina suka fito? Dangane da hanyar kidayar da ake kira extrapolation, an kiyasta cewa mutane 70 ne ke ziyartar Antarctica kowace shekara. iri. Yawancin su sun fito ne daga Kudancin Amurka - iska ta kawo su ko kuma masu yawon bude ido da ba a sani ba.

Ko da yake an san cewa Antarctica nahiyar mafi sanyi, har yanzu ba a bayyana nawa ba. Mutane da yawa suna tunawa tun zamanin d ¯ a da cewa tashar Vostok ta Rasha (Soviet) Antarctic tashar ta kasance a matsayin wuri mafi sanyi a duniya, inda a al'adance. -89,2°C. Koyaya, yanzu muna da sabon rikodin sanyi: -93,2°C - An lura da kilomita ɗari da yawa daga Gabas, tare da layin tsakanin kololuwar Argus Dome (Dome A) da Fuji Dome (Dome F). Waɗannan su ne samuwar ƙananan kwari da ɓacin rai waɗanda iska mai kauri ke tsayawa.

An rubuta wannan zafin jiki a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2010. Duk da haka, kwanan nan, lokacin da aka gudanar da cikakken nazarin bayanai daga tauraron dan adam Aqua da Landsat 8, an san cewa an saita rikodin sanyi a lokacin. Duk da haka, tun da wannan karatun bai fito daga na'urar auna zafin jiki na kasa ba a saman wata nahiya mai dusar ƙanƙara, amma daga na'urorin da ke kewaya sararin samaniya, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ba ta amince da shi a matsayin tarihi ba. A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya sun ce wannan bayanan farko ne kuma lokacin da aka inganta na'urori masu auna zafin jiki, za su iya gano ko da yanayin sanyi a duniya ...

Menene a kasa?

A cikin Afrilu 2017, masu bincike sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ƙirƙiri taswirar 2010D mafi inganci na hular kankara da ke lalata Antarctica har zuwa yau. Wannan shi ne sakamakon shekaru bakwai da aka yi ana lura da shi daga kewayen duniya. A cikin 2016-700 tauraron dan adam na Turai CryoSat daga tsayin kusan kilomita 250 ya yi kimanin radar miliyan 200 na kauri na glaciers Antarctic. Masana kimiyya daga Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA) sun yi alfahari cewa tauraron dan adam da aka kera don nazarin kankara, ya fi kowane yanki kusa da yankin polar - godiya ga abin da ke faruwa ko da a cikin radius na kilomita XNUMX daga duka biyun. sandunan kudu da arewa. .

Daga wata taswirar da masana kimiyya daga binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya suka kirkira, mu kuma mun san abin da ke karkashin kankara. Har ila yau, tare da taimakon radar, sun kirkiro taswirar Antarctica mai kyau ba tare da kankara ba. Yana nuna jin daɗin yanayin ƙasa na ƙasar, wanda kankara ya matsa. Manyan duwatsu, kwaruruka masu zurfi da yawa da ruwa mai yawa. Antarctica ba tare da ƙanƙara ba zai yiwu ya zama tsibiri ko gundumar tabki, amma daidaitaccen hasashen yanayinsa na ƙarshe yana da wahala, domin da zarar an zubar da ƙanƙara, yawan ƙasar zai tashi sosai—ko da kilomita ɗaya zuwa sama.

Har ila yau, ana gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da yawa. ruwan teku a ƙarƙashin shiryayyar kankara. An gudanar da tsare-tsare da dama inda masu ruwa da tsaki ke yin bincike a kan tekun da ke karkashin kankara, kuma watakila abin da aka fi sani da su shi ne aikin da masana kimiyyar kasar Finland ke ci gaba da yi. A cikin waɗannan balaguron ruwa masu haɗari da ƙalubalen balaguron ruwa, mutane sun fara jin daɗin jirage marasa matuƙa. Paul G. Allen Philanthropies ya saka dala miliyan 1,8 don gwada mutum-mutumi a cikin ruwan Antarctic mayaudari. Jiragen Argo marasa matuka guda hudu da aka gina a Jami'ar Washington za su tattara bayanai kuma nan da nan su aika zuwa Seattle. Za su yi aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara har sai magudanar ruwa ta ɗauke su cikin ruwa mai buɗe ido.

Dutsen Antarctic Erebus

Kyakkyawan dumama karkashin babban kankara

Antarctica ƙasa ce ta ƙanƙara, amma a ƙarƙashin samanta akwai lava mai zafi. A halin yanzu, dutsen mai aman wuta mafi aiki a wannan nahiya shine Arabiya, wanda aka sani tun 1841. Ya zuwa yanzu dai muna sane da samuwar tsaunukan Antarctic kusan arba'in, amma a watan Agustan shekarar da ta gabata, masu bincike daga jami'ar Edinburgh sun gano wani mutum casa'in da daya a karkashin dusar kankarar, wasu daga cikinsu suna da tsayin sama da mita 3800. . Ya bayyana cewa Antarctica na iya zama mafi yawan aiki mai aman wuta yanki a duniya. Marubutan labarin a kan wannan batu - Maximilian van Wyck de Vries, Robert G. Bingham da Andrew Hine - sun yi nazarin samfurin haɓakar dijital da ake kira Bedmap 2 DEM da aka samu ta amfani da hotunan radar don neman tsarin tsaunuka.

Kamar yadda yake a Antarctica, dutsen mai aman wuta yana kusa da Great Eastern Rift, wanda ya tashi daga Tanzaniya zuwa Larabawa. Wannan wata alama ce wacce tabbas zata yi girma, tushen zafi mai tsanani. Tawagar Edinburgh ta bayyana cewa raguwar zanen kankara na iya kara yawan ayyukan aman wuta, wanda ke faruwa a Iceland.

Masanin ilimin kasa Robert Bingham ya shaida wa theguardian.com.

Tsaye a kan wani Layer na kankara mai matsakaicin kauri na kusan kilomita 2, kuma iyakar ko da kilomita 4,7, yana da wuya a yi imani cewa akwai babban tushen zafi a ƙarƙashinsa, irin wanda aka boye a cikin Yellowstone. Dangane da ƙirar ƙididdiga, adadin zafin da ke haskakawa daga ƙananan gefen Antarctica ya kai 150mW/m.² (mW - milliwatt; 1 watt = 1 mW). Duk da haka, wannan makamashi baya hana ci gaban yadudduka na kankara. Don kwatanta, matsakaicin zafin zafi daga Duniya shine 40-60mW/m.², kuma a Yellowstone National Park ya kai matsakaicin 200mW / m².

Babban abin da ke haifar da aikin volcanic a Antarctica ya bayyana shine tasirin rigar Duniya, Mary Byrd. Masana ilimin kasa sun yi imanin cewa wurin zafi na mantle ya samo asali shekaru miliyan 50-110 da suka wuce, lokacin da Antarctica ba a rufe da kankara ba tukuna.

To a cikin kankara na Antarctica

Antarctic Alps

A cikin 2009, masana kimiyya daga wata tawagar kasa da kasa karkashin jagorancin Dr. Fausta Ferraccioligo Sun kasance daga Binciken Antarctic na Biritaniya sun shafe watanni biyu da rabi a Gabashin Antarctica, suna fama da yanayin zafi ƙasa da -40 ° C. Sun duba daga jirgin sama radar, gravimeter (na'urar don auna bambanci a cikin hanzarin faɗuwa kyauta) da magnetometer (aunawa filin maganadisu) - kuma a saman duniya tare da seismograph - wani yanki wanda, zurfin ciki. , a zurfin har zuwa kilomita 3, glaciers dubu 1,3 suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin glacier. Dutsen Gamburtseva.

Wadannan kololuwa, wanda aka lullube da kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, an san su da kimiyya tun lokacin balaguron Soviet Antarctic, wanda aka gudanar a lokacin abin da ake kira International Geophysical Year 1957-1958 (wanda a lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya). Har ma a lokacin, masana kimiyya sun yi mamakin cewa duwatsu na gaske suna girma daga abin da, a ra'ayinsu, ya kamata ya zama lebur, kamar tebur. Daga baya, masu bincike daga China, Japan da Birtaniya sun buga labarinsu na farko game da su a cikin mujallar Nature. Bisa la’akarin radar da ake yi daga iska, sun zana taswirar tsaunuka mai nau’i uku, tare da lura cewa kololuwar Antarctic sun yi kama da tsaunukan Turai. Suna da kaifi iri ɗaya da kwaruruka masu zurfi, waɗanda ƙoramu ke gudana a zamanin da, kuma a yau a cikinsu anan da can akwai tafkunan dutsen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Masana kimiya sun yi kiyasin cewa kankarar da ke rufe tsakiyar tsaunukan Gamburtsev tana da kauri daga mita 1649 zuwa 3135. Mafi girman tsayin dutsen shine mita 2434 sama da matakin teku (Ferraccioli tawagar sun gyara wannan adadi zuwa mita dubu 3).

Masana kimiyya sun tsefe Gaba dayan Kogin Gamburtsev da kayan aikinsu, gami da babban kuskure a cikin ɓawon burodin duniya - ƙwarin da ya yi kama da Babban Rift na Afirka. Yana da tsawon kilomita dubu 2,5 kuma ya tashi daga Gabashin Antarctica zuwa tekun Indiya. Anan akwai manyan tafkunan subglacial na Antarctic, gami da. sanannen tafkin Vostok, wanda ke kusa da tashar kimiyya da aka ambata a baya mai suna iri ɗaya. Masana sun ce tsaunuka mafi ban mamaki a duniyar Gamburtsev sun fara bayyana shekaru biliyan da suka wuce. Sannan babu tsiro ko dabbobi a Duniya, amma nahiyoyin sun riga sun zama makiyaya. Lokacin da suka yi karo, tsaunuka sun tashi a yankin Antarctica a yanzu.

Ciki na kogon dumi a ƙarƙashin Erebus Glacier

hakowa

John Goodge, farfesa a kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar Minnesota Duluth, ya isa nahiya mafi sanyi a duniya don fara gwaji na musamman. rawar sojaWannan zai ba da damar zurfafa hakowa cikin tudun kankara na Antarctic fiye da kowa.

Me yasa hakowa zuwa ƙasa da ƙarƙashin takardar kankara yana da mahimmanci? Kowane fanni na kimiyya yana ba da nasa amsar wannan tambaya. Alal misali, masana kimiyya suna fatan cewa ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da nau'in da ba a san su ba, suna rayuwa a cikin tsohuwar kankara ko kuma ƙarƙashin kankara. Masana yanayi za su nemo ma'aunin kankara don ƙarin koyo game da tarihin yanayin duniya da ƙirƙirar ingantattun samfuran kimiyya na canjin yanayi na gaba. Kuma ga masana ilimin kasa kamar Gooj, dutsen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara zai iya taimakawa wajen bayyana yadda Antarctica ke hulɗa da sauran nahiyoyi a yau don samar da manyan nahiyoyin da suka gabata. Haka kuma hakowar za ta ba da haske kan daidaiton daftarin kankara.

Guja project kira hari ya fara a 2012. A watan Nuwamba 2015, masana kimiyya sun aika da wani rawar soja zuwa Antarctica. Ya isa tashar McMurdo. Yin amfani da fasahohin hoto daban-daban, irin su radar binciken kankara, yanzu masu bincike suna nuni ga wuraren da ake hakowa. Ana ci gaba da gwaji na farko. Prof. Goodge yana fatan samun samfuran farko don bincike a ƙarshen 2019.

Iyakar shekaru yayin ayyukan hakowa na baya shekara miliyan An dawo da samfuran kankara na Antarctic a cikin 2010. A lokacin, ita ce mafi dadewa da aka taba ganowa. A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Kimiyya ta ba da rahoton cewa ƙungiyar Paul Woosin ta haƙa cikin tsohuwar ƙanƙara kamar yadda kowa ya rigaya ya gano ainihin ƙanƙara ta amfani da. 2,7 miliyan shekaru. Ruwan kankara na Arctic da Antarctic suna ba da labari da yawa game da yanayi da yanayin zamanin da suka shuɗe, galibi saboda kumfa na iska da ke kusa da yanayin lokacin da kumfa suka samu.

Nazarin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara na Antarctica:

Gano rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara na Antarctica

Rayuwa sananne kuma ba a sani ba

Shahararren tafkin da ke boye a karkashin kankarar Antarctica shine tafkin Vostok. Har ila yau, shi ne mafi girma da aka sani tafkin subglacial a Antarctica, boye a karkashin kankara a zurfin fiye da 3,7 km. An yanke shi daga haske da hulɗa da yanayi, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman yanayi a duniya.

A cikin yanki da girma, Vostok yana hamayya da tafkin Ontario a Arewacin Amurka. Tsawon kilomita 250, nisa kilomita 50, zurfin har zuwa m 800. Yana kusa da Pole ta Kudu a Gabashin Antarctica. An fara ba da shawarar kasancewar wani babban tafkin da ke lulluɓe a cikin shekarun 60 ta hanyar wani ma'aikacin ƙasa / matukin jirgi na ƙasar Rasha wanda ya hango wani ƙaton ƙanƙara mai santsi daga iska. Gwajin radar iska da masu bincike na Burtaniya da Rasha suka gudanar a shekarar 1996 sun tabbatar da gano wani tafki da ba a saba gani ba a wurin.

In ji Brent Christner, masanin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, a cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai da ya fitar da ke bayyana sakamakon binciken na'urorin kankara da aka tattara a kan tafki.

Christner ya yi iƙirarin cewa tushen ruwa ɗaya tilo na tafkin shine ruwan narke daga tudun kankara.

- Yana magana.

Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa zafin duniya na geothermal yana kiyaye zafin ruwan da ke cikin tafkin a kusan -3 ° C. Yanayin ruwa yana ba da matsa lamba na kankara mai wuce gona da iri.

Binciken tsarin rayuwa ya nuna cewa tafkin na iya samun wani yanayi na musamman na dutse wanda ya wanzu a keɓe kuma ba tare da fallasa hasken rana ba tsawon ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru.

Christner ya ce.

Binciken da aka yi na kwanan nan na kwayoyin halitta na Gabas Ice Sheet sun bayyana gutsuttsuran DNA daga halittu da yawa masu alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya da aka samu a cikin tafkuna, tekuna da koguna daga sauran sassan duniya. Baya ga fungi da nau'in archaic guda biyu (kwayoyin halitta guda daya da ke rayuwa a cikin matsanancin yanayi), masana kimiyya sun gano dubban kwayoyin cuta, ciki har da wasu da ake samu a cikin tsarin narkewar kifi, crustaceans da tsutsotsi. Sun sami cryophiles (kwayoyin da ke rayuwa a matsanancin yanayin zafi) da kuma thermophiles, suna nuna kasancewar iska mai iska a cikin tafkin. A cewar masana kimiyya, kasancewar nau'ikan nau'ikan ruwa da na ruwa sun goyi bayan ka'idar cewa tabkin yana da alaƙa da teku.

Binciken ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara na Antarctic:

Ruwa Na Farko Ya Kammala - Kimiyya Karkashin Kankara | Jami'ar Helsinki

A wani tafkin kankara na Antarctic - Villansa "An kuma gano sabbin kwayoyin halitta masu ban mamaki cewa masu binciken sun ce "ku ci duwatsu," ma'ana suna fitar da sinadirai masu ma'adinai daga gare su. Yawancin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta mai yiwuwa chemolithotrophs ne bisa tushen inorganic mahadi na baƙin ƙarfe, sulfur da sauran abubuwa.

A ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara na Antarctic, masana kimiyya sun kuma gano wani lungu da sako na ɗumi mai ban mamaki wanda ke da gida ga watakila ma jinsuna masu ban sha'awa. Joel Bensing na Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya ya wallafa hotunan wani kogon kankara a harshen Erebus Glacier a kan Ross Land a cikin Satumba 2017. Ko da yake matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a yankin yana kusa da -17 ° C, yanayin zafi a cikin tsarin kogo a ƙarƙashin glaciers na iya isa. 25°C. Kogogin da ke kusa da kuma karkashin dutsen mai aman wuta Erebus, an kori su ne sakamakon tururin ruwa da ke kwarara ta hanyarsu na tsawon shekaru.

Kamar yadda kuke gani, kasada ta ɗan adam tare da fahimtar gaskiya da zurfin fahimtar Antarctica yana farawa. Nahiyar da muka sani da yawa ko kadan fiye da duniyar baki tana jiran manyan masu bincikenta.

Bidiyon NASA na wuri mafi sanyi a Duniya:

Antarctica ita ce wuri mafi sanyi a duniya (-93°): bidiyon NASA