Yadda injin crank injin ke aiki
Abubuwa
Tsarin crank na injin yana jujjuya motsin motsi na pistons (saboda makamashin konewar cakuda mai) zuwa jujjuyawar crankshaft da akasin haka. Wannan tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke zama tushen injin konewa na ciki. A cikin labarin za mu yi la'akari daki-daki da na'urar da fasali na aiki na KShM.
Tarihin halitta
An samo shaidar farko ta amfani da crank a karni na 3 AD, a cikin daular Roma da Byzantium a karni na 6 AD. Kyakkyawan misali shine injin katako daga Hierapolis, wanda ke amfani da crankshaft. An gano wani karfen karfe a birnin Roma na Augusta Raurica da ke kasar Switzerland a yanzu. A kowane hali, wani James Packard ya ba da izinin ƙirƙira a cikin 1780, kodayake an sami shaidar ƙirƙirar da ya yi a zamanin da.
Bangaren KShM
Abubuwan da ke cikin KShM an raba su bisa al'ada zuwa sassa masu motsi da kafaffen sassa. Abubuwan motsi sun haɗa da:
- pistons da zoben fistan;
- haɗa sanduna;
- fistan fil;
- crankshaft;
- abin tashi.
Kafaffen sassa na KShM suna aiki azaman tushe, masu ɗaure da jagorori. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
- toshe silinda;
- shugaban silinda;
- akwati;
- kwanon mai;
- fasteners da bearings.
Kafaffen sassa na KShM
Crankcase da kwanon mai
Crankcase shine ƙananan ɓangaren injin da ke ɗauke da bearings da hanyoyin mai na crankshaft. A cikin akwati, sandunan haɗi suna motsawa kuma ƙugiya tana juyawa. Kwanon mai shine tafki na man inji.
Tushen crankcase a lokacin aiki yana fuskantar kullun thermal da nauyin wutar lantarki. Sabili da haka, wannan ɓangaren yana ƙarƙashin buƙatun musamman don ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Don yin sa, ana amfani da allunan aluminum ko simintin ƙarfe.
An haɗe ƙugiya zuwa shingen Silinda. Tare suka zama firam ɗin injin, babban ɓangaren jikinsa. Silinda da kansu suna cikin toshe. An shigar da shugaban toshewar injin a saman. A kusa da silinda akwai ramuka don sanyaya ruwa.
Wuri da adadin silinda
A halin yanzu nau'ikan masu zuwa sun fi yawa:
- layin layi hudu ko shida matsayi;
- Silinda shida 90 ° V-matsayi;
- Matsayi mai siffar VR a ƙaramin kusurwa;
- matsayi na gaba (pistons suna motsawa zuwa juna daga bangarori daban-daban);
- W-matsayin tare da 12 cylinders.
A cikin tsari mai sauƙi na cikin layi, ana shirya silinda da pistons a jere a daidai gwargwado zuwa crankshaft. Wannan makirci shine mafi sauƙi kuma mafi aminci.
Silinda kai
An haɗe kai zuwa toshe tare da studs ko kusoshi. Yana rufe silinda tare da pistons daga sama, yana samar da rami da aka rufe - ɗakin konewa. Akwai gasket tsakanin toshe da kai. Shugaban Silinda kuma yana dauke da jirgin bawul da matosai.
Cylinders
Pistons suna motsawa kai tsaye a cikin silinda na injin. Girman su ya dogara da bugun piston da tsayinsa. Silinda na aiki a matsi daban-daban da yanayin zafi daban-daban. A lokacin aiki, ganuwar suna fuskantar rikici akai-akai da yanayin zafi har zuwa 2500 ° C. Ana kuma sanya buƙatu na musamman akan kayan aiki da sarrafa silinda. An yi su daga baƙin ƙarfe, ƙarfe ko aluminum gami. Dole ne saman sassan ya kasance ba kawai mai dorewa ba, amma har ma da sauƙin sarrafawa.
Ana kiran filin aiki na waje da madubi. An goge shi da chrome kuma an goge shi zuwa ƙarewar madubi don rage juzu'i a cikin iyakantaccen yanayin mai. Ana jefa Silinda tare da toshe ko kuma an yi su ta hanyar riguna masu cirewa.
sassa masu motsi na KShM
fistan
Motsi na fistan a cikin silinda yana faruwa ne saboda konewar cakuda man iska. An ƙirƙiri matsa lamba wanda ke aiki akan kambin piston. Yana iya bambanta da siffa a cikin nau'ikan injuna daban-daban. A cikin injunan man fetur, kasan ya fara lebur, sa'an nan kuma sun fara amfani da sifofi masu banƙyama tare da tsagi don bawuloli. A cikin injunan diesel, an riga an danne iska a cikin ɗakin konewa, ba mai ba. Sabili da haka, kambin piston kuma yana da siffar daɗaɗɗa, wanda ke cikin ɗakin konewa.
Siffar ƙasa tana da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar harshen wuta daidai don konewar cakuda iska da man fetur.
Sauran fistan ana kiransa siket. Wannan nau'in jagora ne wanda ke motsawa cikin silinda. Ana yin ƙananan ɓangaren piston ko siket ta yadda ba za a iya haɗuwa da sandar haɗi ba yayin motsi.
A gefen gefen pistons akwai tsagi ko tsagi don zoben fistan. Akwai zoben matsawa biyu ko uku a saman. Suna da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar matsawa, wato, suna hana shigar da gas tsakanin ganuwar silinda da piston. Ana danna zobba a kan madubi, rage rata. A kasa akwai wani tsagi na zoben goge mai. An tsara shi don cire yawan mai daga ganuwar silinda don kada ya shiga ɗakin konewa.
Zoben fistan, musamman zoben matsawa, suna aiki ƙarƙashin kaya akai-akai da yanayin zafi. Don samar da su, ana amfani da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, kamar baƙin ƙarfe da aka lulluɓe da chromium mai ƙarfi.
Piston fil da sandar haɗi
An haɗa sandar haɗawa zuwa fistan tare da fil ɗin fistan. Sashi ne mai ƙarfi ko maras tushe. Ana shigar da fil a cikin rami a cikin piston da kuma a cikin saman saman sandar haɗi.
Akwai nau'i biyu na fastening:
- daidaitacce dacewa;
- tare da sauka mai iyo.
Mafi shahara shine abin da ake kira "yatsa mai iyo". Domin ta fastening kulle zobba ake amfani. An shigar da Kafaffen tare da dacewa da tsangwama. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da yanayin zafi.
Sanda mai haɗawa, bi da bi, tana haɗa crankshaft zuwa fistan kuma yana samar da motsin juyawa. A wannan yanayin, ƙungiyoyi masu juyawa na sandar haɗi suna bayyana lamba takwas. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa:
- sanda ko tushe;
- shugaban piston (babba);
- crank kai (ƙananan).
Ana danna bushing tagulla a cikin kan piston don rage juzu'i da mai mai da sassan mating. Shugaban crank yana iya rugujewa don tabbatar da haɗa na'urar. Sassan sun dace daidai da juna kuma an gyara su tare da kusoshi da kullun. Ana shigar da igiyoyin haɗin sanda don rage juzu'i. An yi su a cikin nau'i na nau'i biyu na karfe tare da makullai. Ana ba da mai ta ramukan mai. An daidaita bearings daidai da girman haɗin gwiwa.
Sabanin yadda aka yi imani da shi, ana kiyaye masu layi daga juyawa ba don kullewa ba, amma saboda karfin juzu'i tsakanin saman su da kuma kan sandar haɗi. Don haka, ba za a iya man shafawa na waje na hannun hannu yayin taro ba.
Crankshaft
Ƙaƙwalwar crankshaft wani sashi ne mai rikitarwa, duka cikin tsari da samarwa. Yana ɗaukar juzu'i, matsa lamba da sauran lodi don haka an yi shi da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi ko simintin ƙarfe. Wurin crankshaft yana watsa juyi daga pistons zuwa watsawa da sauran abubuwan abin hawa (kamar abin tuƙi).
crankshaft ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa da yawa:
- wuyan ƴan ƙasa;
- haɗa wuyan sanda;
- counterweights;
- kunci;
- shank;
- Flywheel flange.
Zane na crankshaft ya dogara ne akan adadin silinda a cikin injin. A cikin ingin in-line mai sauƙi mai silinda huɗu, akwai mujallu masu haɗawa guda huɗu a kan crankshaft, wanda aka ɗora igiyoyin haɗi tare da pistons. Manyan mujallu guda biyar suna tare da tsakiyar axis na shaft. Ana shigar da su a cikin ɓangarorin tubalan Silinda ko crankcase a kan filayen fili (liners). Ana rufe manyan mujallu daga sama tare da rufaffiyar murfi. Haɗin yana samar da siffar U.
Ana kiran fulcrum na musamman da aka kera don hawa ɗan jarida gado.
Babban da haɗin wuyan sanda suna haɗawa da abin da ake kira cheeks. Ma'aunin nauyi yana datse girgizar da ya wuce kima kuma yana tabbatar da motsi mai santsi na crankshaft.
Ana kula da mujallolin crankshaft zafi kuma ana goge su don ƙarfin ƙarfi da daidaitaccen dacewa. Har ila yau, crankshaft yana da daidaito sosai kuma yana tsakiya don rarraba duk dakarun da ke aiki a kai. A cikin yankin tsakiya na wuyan wuyansa, a kan bangarorin goyon baya, an shigar da zobba masu tsayi. Suna da mahimmanci don ramawa ƙungiyoyin axial.
Gilashin lokaci da injin kayan aikin injin tuƙi suna haɗe zuwa ƙugiyar crankshaft.
Tashi
A bayan shaft ɗin akwai flange wanda aka haɗe ƙafar tashi. Wannan ɓangaren simintin ƙarfe ne, wanda babban faifai ne. Saboda yawansa, ƙaƙƙarfan tashi yana haifar da inertia da ake bukata don aiki na crankshaft, kuma yana ba da wani nau'i na watsawa na juzu'i zuwa watsawa. A gefen ƙwanƙolin tashi akwai zoben gear (kambi) don haɗi tare da mai farawa. Wannan na'urar tashi tana jujjuya ƙugiya kuma tana tuka pistons lokacin da injin ya fara.
Tsarin crank, zane da siffar crankshaft sun kasance ba su canzawa shekaru da yawa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, kawai ƙananan canje-canjen tsarin ana yin su don rage nauyi, rashin ƙarfi da gogayya.
