Kaskon Baltic: Estonia, Latvia da Lithuania

Jirgin ƙasa mai sulke na Estoniya mai sulke mai lamba 2 a Valga akan iyakar Estoniya da Latvia a cikin Fabrairu 1919.

Estonia, Latvia da Lithuania suna da yanki na rabin rabin Poland, amma kashi shida na yawan jama'arta. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙasashe - musamman saboda zaɓin siyasa masu kyau - sun sami 'yancin kai bayan yakin duniya na farko. Duk da haka, sun kasa kare ta a lokacin na gaba…

Abin da kawai ya haɗa al'ummar Baltic shine matsayinsu na yanki. An bambanta su ta hanyar ikirari (Katolika ko Lutherans), da kuma asalin kabilanci. Mutanen Estoniya al'ummar Finno-Ugric ne (masu alaƙa da Finns da Hungarians), Lithuanians Balts ne (masu alaƙa da Slavs), kuma an kafa ƙasar Latvia sakamakon haɗewar Finno-Ugric Livs da Baltic Semigallians. , Latgalians da Kurani. Tarihin waɗannan mutane uku kuma ya bambanta: Swedes sun fi tasiri a Estonia, Latvia ƙasa ce da ke da fifikon al'adun Jamus, Lithuania kuma ɗan Poland ce. A gaskiya ma, an kafa ƙasashen Baltic guda uku ne kawai a cikin karni na XNUMX, lokacin da suka sami kansu a cikin iyakokin daular Rasha, waɗanda masu mulkinsu suka bi ka'idar "rabewa da mulki." A wancan lokacin, jami’an tsare-tsare sun tallata al’adun manoma – wato Estoniya, Latvia, Samogitian – don raunana tasirin Scandinavia, Jamusanci da Poland. Sun sami babban nasara: matasan Baltic da sauri sun juya baya ga "masu amfana" na Rasha kuma suka bar daular. Duk da haka, wannan ya faru ne kawai bayan yakin duniya na farko.

Babban Yaƙi akan Tekun Baltic

Lokacin da yakin duniya na farko ya fara a lokacin rani na 1914, Rasha ta kasance a cikin wani kyakkyawan matsayi: da Jamusanci da kuma Austro-Hungarian umurnin, tilasta yin yãƙi a kan biyu fronts, ba zai iya aika da manyan sojojin da nufin a kan tsarist sojojin. 'Yan Rasha sun kai hari a Gabashin Prussia tare da runduna biyu: Jamusawa sun hallaka ɗaya a Tannenberg, ɗayan kuma ya koma baya. A cikin kaka, ayyukan sun koma yankin Masarautar Poland, inda bangarorin biyu suka yi musayar wuta cikin rudani. A kan Tekun Baltic - bayan "yaki biyu a kan tabkunan Masurian" - gaban ya daskare a kan layin tsohuwar iyakar. Abubuwan da suka faru a gefen kudu na gabas - a Karamar Poland da Carpathians - sun kasance masu yanke hukunci. A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1915, jihohin tsakiya sun kaddamar da hare-hare a nan kuma - bayan yakin Gorlice - sun sami babban nasara.

A wannan lokacin, Jamusawa sun ƙaddamar da ƙananan hare-hare a Gabashin Prussia - ya kamata su hana Rashawa daga aika ƙarfafawa zuwa Ƙananan Poland. Sai dai kuma rundunar Rasha ta hana yankin arewa gabacin sojojin da ke gabas, wanda hakan ya sanya su dakatar da farmakin na Austro-Hungary. A kudanci, wannan bai kawo sakamako mai gamsarwa ba, kuma a arewa, sojojin Jamus masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun mamaye wasu garuruwa cikin sauki. Nasarar da kasashen tsakiya suka samu a bangarorin biyu na Gabashin Gabas sun tsoratar da Rashawa tare da haifar da kwashe sojoji daga Masarautar Poland, da ke kewaye da arewa da kudu. Babban ƙaura da aka yi a lokacin rani na 1915 - a ranar 5 ga Agusta, Jamusawa sun shiga Warsaw - ya jagoranci sojojin Rasha zuwa bala'i. Ta yi asarar sojoji kusan miliyan daya da rabi, kusan rabin kayan aiki da wani muhimmin bangare na ginin masana'antu. Gaskiya ne, a cikin kaka an dakatar da kai hare-hare na Tsakiyar Tsakiya, amma wannan ya faru ne saboda yanke shawara na siyasa na Berlin da Vienna - bayan da aka yi watsi da sojojin tsarist, an yanke shawarar aika sojoji a kan Serbs, Italiyanci. da Faransanci - maimakon daga matsananciyar farmakin Rasha.

A ƙarshen Satumba 1915, gabas gabas ya daskare akan layin da yayi kama da iyakar gabas na Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania na biyu: daga Carpathians a kudu ya tafi kai tsaye arewa zuwa Daugavpils. Anan, barin birnin a hannun Rashawa, gaba ya juya yamma, yana bin Dvina zuwa Tekun Baltic. Riga a kan Tekun Baltic yana hannun Rashawa, amma masana'antun masana'antu da yawancin mazaunan an kwashe su daga birnin. Gaban ya tsaya akan layin Dvina fiye da shekaru biyu. Don haka, a gefen Jamus ya kasance: Masarautar Poland, lardin Kaunas da lardin Courland. Jamusawa sun maido da cibiyoyin gwamnati na Masarautar Poland tare da shirya daular Lithuania daga lardin Kaunas.