Abubuwan ban mamaki na tsarin hasken rana
Ana iya kwatanta bayan tsarin hasken rana da tekun duniya. Kamar yadda su (a kan sikelin sararin samaniya) kusan suna kan yatsanmu, amma yana da wahala a gare mu mu bincika su sosai. Mun san sauran yankuna masu nisa na sararin samaniya fiye da yankunan Kuiper bel a waje da orbit na Neptune da Oort girgije a waje (1).
Bincike New sãsanni ya riga ya yi rabi tsakanin Pluto da maƙasudin bincikensa na gaba, abu 2014 shekara69 w Kuiper bel. Wannan shi ne yankin da ya wuce kewayen Neptune, yana farawa daga 30 AU. e. (ko a. e., wanda shine matsakaicin nisan Duniya daga Rana) kuma yana ƙarewa da misalin 100 na safe. e. daga Rana.
1. Kuiper bel da Oort girgije
Jirgin sama mara matuki na New Horizons, wanda ya dauki hotuna na tarihi na Pluto a shekarar 2015, ya riga ya wuce nisan kilomita miliyan 782 daga gare ta. Lokacin da ya kai MU69 (2) za a shigar kamar yadda aka ƙayyade Alan Stern, babban masanin kimiyyar manufa, mafi nisa tarihin binciken zaman lafiya a tarihin wayewar ɗan adam.
Planetoid MU69 wani abu ne na bel na Kuiper na yau da kullun, ma'ana cewa kewayensa yana kusa da madauwari kuma baya zama cikin jujjuyawar sararin samaniya tare da Neptune na orbital. Telescope Hubble Space Telescope ne ya gano abin a watan Yunin 2014 kuma an zaɓi shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manufa ta gaba don manufar Sabon Horizons. Masana sun yi imanin cewa MU69 kasa da kilomita 45 a diamita. Duk da haka, aikin da ya fi muhimmanci a cikin kumbon kumbon sararin samaniya shine nazarin bel na Kuiper daki-daki. Masu binciken NASA suna son bincika abubuwa sama da ashirin a yankin.
2. Hanyar jirgin na binciken New Horizons
Shekaru 15 na saurin canji
Ya riga a 1951 Gerard Kuiper, wanda sunansa shine kusa da iyakar tsarin hasken rana (nan gaba ana kiransa Oort girgije), ya yi hasashen cewa asteroids suma suna kewayawa a wajen sararin samaniyar duniyar duniyarmu, watau Neptune, da Pluto a bayansa. Na farko, mai suna 1992 KV1Koyaya, an gano shi a cikin 1992 kawai. Matsakaicin girman taurarin dwarf da Kuiper bel asteroids bai wuce 'yan kilomita dari ba. An kiyasta cewa adadin abubuwan bel na Kuiper tare da diamita fiye da kilomita 100 ya kai dubu dari da yawa.
The Oort Cloud, wanda ya zarce Kuiper Belt, ya samo asali biliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce lokacin da gajimaren iskar gas da ƙura da ke rushewa suka haifar da Rana da taurarin da ke kewaye da shi. Ragowar abubuwan da ba a yi amfani da su ba sai aka jefar da su nesa da kewayen taurari masu nisa. Gizagizai na iya kasancewa da biliyoyin ƙananan jikin da ke warwatse a rana. Radius ɗinsa ya kai ko da dubunnan ɗaruruwan raka'o'in astronomical, kuma jimlar sa na iya zama kamar sau 10-40 na duniya. An yi hasashen wanzuwar irin wannan gajimare na kwayoyin halitta a cikin 1950 ta masanin falaki na Holland Yang H. Oort. Akwai tsammanin cewa tasirin tasirin taurarin da ke kusa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci yana tura abubuwan da ke cikin girgijen Oort zuwa yankinmu, yana haifar da tauraro mai wutsiya na dogon lokaci daga gare su.
Shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata, a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2002, an gano jiki mafi girma a tsarin hasken rana tun bayan gano Pluto a shekarar 1930, wanda ya haifar da wani sabon zamani na ganowa da kuma saurin sauya yanayin yanayin tsarin hasken rana. Ya zamana cewa wani abu da ba a sani ba yana kewaya rana a duk shekara 288 a nisan kilomita biliyan 6, wanda ya ninka fiye da sau arba'in tsakanin Duniya da Rana (Pluto da Neptune suna da nisan kilomita biliyan 4,5 kacal). Masu bincikensa, masana ilmin taurari a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, sun ba shi suna Kwayar. Bisa kididdigar farko, ya kamata ya kasance yana da diamita na kilomita 1250, wanda ya fi rabin diamita na Pluto (kilomita 2300). Sabbin takardun banki sun canza wannan girman zuwa 844,4 km.
A watan Nuwamba 2003, an gano abin 2003 WB 12, mai suna daga baya Nuna, a madadin gunkin Eskimo da ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar dabbobin ruwa. Mahimmin asali ba na bel na Kuiper ba ne, amma Babban darajar ETNO - wato, wani abu tsakanin bel Kuiper da Oort Cloud. Tun daga wannan lokacin, iliminmu na wannan yanki ya fara karuwa tare da gano wasu abubuwa, daga cikinsu za mu iya suna, misali. Makemake, Haume ko Eris. A lokaci guda kuma, sabbin tambayoyi sun fara tasowa. Hatta matsayin Pluto. A ƙarshe, kamar yadda kuka sani, an cire shi daga rukunin fitattun taurari.
Masana taurari na ci gaba da gano sabbin abubuwa masu iyaka (3). Daya daga cikin sabbin shine Duniya dwarf Dee Dee. Yana da nisan kilomita biliyan 137 daga Duniya. Yana kewaye da Rana a cikin shekaru 1100. Zazzabi a samansa ya kai -243 ° C. An gano shi ne saboda na'urar hangen nesa ta ALMA. Sunansa gajere ne don "Dwarf mai nisa".
3. Abubuwan Trans-Neptunian
Hadarin fatalwa
A farkon 2016, mun ba da rahoto ga MT cewa mun sami tabbataccen shaida na wanzuwar duniyoyi ta tara amma ba a san su ba a cikin tsarin hasken rana (4). Daga baya, masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Lund ta Sweden sun ce ba a cikin tsarin hasken rana ba ne, amma wani duniyar da rana ta kama. Tsarin kwamfuta Alexandra Mustilla kuma abokan aikinsa sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙaramin rana ta "sata" daga wani tauraro. Hakan na iya faruwa lokacin da taurarin biyu suka kusanci juna. Sannan duniya ta tara wasu duniyoyi suka jefar da ita daga falakinta suka samu wani sabon zagaye, nesa da tauraruwar mahaifanta. Daga baya, taurarin biyu sun sake yin nisa, amma abin ya kasance yana kewaye da Rana.
Masana kimiyya daga Lund Observatory sun yi imanin cewa hasashen su shine mafi kusantar duka, saboda babu wani bayani mafi kyau game da abin da ke faruwa, gami da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin kewayen abubuwan da ke kewaye da bel na Kuiper. Wani wuri a wajen, duniyar hasashe mai ban mamaki tana ɓoye daga idanunmu.
magana mai ƙarfi Konstantin Batygin i Mike Brown daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, wanda ya sanar a watan Janairun 2016 cewa sun sami wata duniyar da ke da nisa fiye da sararin samaniyar Pluto, ya sa masana kimiyya suka yi magana game da shi kamar sun riga sun san cewa wani babban jiki na sararin samaniya yana kewayawa a wani wuri a bayan tsarin hasken rana. . . Zai zama ɗan ƙarami fiye da Neptune kuma zai kewaya Rana a cikin kewayawa elliptical na akalla 15 20-4,5. shekaru. Batygin da Brown sun yi iƙirarin cewa an fitar da wannan duniyar zuwa ƙarshen tsarin hasken rana, mai yiwuwa a farkon lokacin ci gabanta, kimanin shekaru biliyan XNUMX da suka gabata.
Tawagar Brown ta gabatar da batun wahalar bayyana wanzuwar abin da ake kira Kuiper Cliff, wato, wani irin rata a cikin trans-Neptunian asteroid bel. Ana iya bayyana wannan cikin sauƙi ta wurin nauyi na babban abu wanda ba a san shi ba. Masanan sun kuma yi nuni da kididdigar da aka saba yi cewa ga dubban gutsutsutsun duwatsu a cikin Oort Cloud da Kuiper Belt, dole ne a sami daruruwan asteroids masu tsayin kilomita da yawa kuma watakila daya ko fiye da manyan taurari.
4. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan gani game da Planet X.
A farkon 2015, NASA ta fitar da abubuwan lura daga Faɗin Faɗin Infrared Survey Explorer - WISE. Sun nuna cewa a sararin samaniya a nesa har sau dubu 10 fiye da Rana zuwa Duniya, ba a iya samun Planet X. WISE, duk da haka, yana iya gano abubuwa masu girma kamar Saturn, don haka sararin samaniya. jiki girman Neptune zai iya tserewa hankalinsa. Sabili da haka, masana kimiyya suna ci gaba da bincike tare da Keck Telescope na mita XNUMX a Hawaii. Ya zuwa yanzu babu wani amfani.
Ba shi yiwuwa ba a ambaci manufar lura da m "m" tauraro, da launin ruwan kasa dwarf. - wanda zai sa tsarin hasken rana ya zama tsarin binary. Kimanin rabin taurarin da ake iya gani a sararin sama tsarin ne da suka ƙunshi sassa biyu ko fiye. Tsarin mu na binary zai iya samar da dwarf rawaya (Rana) tare da ƙarami kuma mafi sanyi dwarf. Duk da haka, wannan hasashen da alama ba zai yuwu a halin yanzu ba. Ko da zafin saman dwarf mai launin ruwan kasa ya kasance 'yan digiri dari ne kawai, kayan aikinmu na iya gano shi. Gemini Observatory, Spitzer Telescope da WISE sun riga sun tabbatar da wanzuwar irin waɗannan abubuwa fiye da goma a cikin nisa har zuwa shekaru ɗari na haske. Don haka idan da gaske tauraron dan adam yana waje a wani wuri, yakamata mu lura dashi tuntuni.
Ko watakila duniyar ta kasance, amma ba ta wanzu? Masanin taurarin Amurka a Cibiyar Bincike ta Kudu maso Yamma a Boulder, Colorado (SwRI), David Nesvorny, a cikin labarin da aka buga a mujallar Kimiyya, ya tabbatar da cewa kasancewar abin da ake kira testis a cikin Kuiper bel. sawun katon iskar gas na biyarwanda yake can a farkon samuwar tsarin hasken rana. Kasancewar gutsutsutsun ƙanƙara da yawa a wannan yanki na nuni da wanzuwar duniyar da girman Neptune yake.
Masana kimiyya suna yin la'akari da ainihin bel na Kuiper a matsayin saitin dubban abubuwan trans-Neptunian masu kama da kewaye. Nesvorny ya yi amfani da kwamfyutan kwamfyuta don yin ƙirar motsin wannan “core” a cikin shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata. A cikin aikinsa, ya yi amfani da abin da ake kira Nice Model, wanda ke bayyana ka'idodin ƙaura na duniya a lokacin samuwar tsarin hasken rana.
A lokacin hijira, Neptune, wanda ke da nisa na kilomita biliyan 4,2 daga Rana, ba zato ba tsammani ya motsa kilomita miliyan 7,5. Masana taurari ba su san dalilin da ya sa hakan ya faru ba. An ba da shawarar tasirin tasirin wasu kattai na iskar gas, da farko Uranus ko Saturn, amma ba a san wani abu game da mu'amala mai nauyi tsakanin waɗannan taurari ba. A cewar Nesvorny, Neptune dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin alaƙar gravitational tare da wasu ƙarin duniyar ƙanƙara, wanda aka tilasta masa fita daga kewayawarta zuwa Kuiper Belt yayin ƙaura. A lokacin wannan tsari, duniyar ta watse kuma ta haifar da dubban manyan abubuwa masu ƙanƙara da aka sani da ainihin sa ko kuma trans-Neptunians.
Binciken jerin abubuwan Voyager da Pioneer, ƴan shekaru bayan ƙaddamar da shi, sun zama motocin ƙasa na farko da suka tsallaka sararin samaniyar Neptune. Manufofin sun bayyana wadatar Kuiper Belt mai nisa, tare da farfado da tarin tattaunawa game da asali da tsarin tsarin hasken rana wanda ya juya ya wuce tunanin kowa. Babu wani daga cikin binciken da ya bugi sabuwar duniyar, amma Majagaba 10 da 11 masu tserewa sun ɗauki hanyar jirgin da ba zato ba tsammani wanda aka gani a baya a cikin 80s. Kuma tambayoyi sun sake tashi game da tushen gravitational na abubuwan da aka lura, wanda mai yiwuwa yana ɓoye a cikin kewaye. na tsarin hasken rana...
