Junkers Ju 87 D i G cz.4
Junkers Ju 87 G-1 anti-tank fighter yana shirin tashi.
Kwarewar da ma'aikatan na nutse bama-bamai suka samu a lokacin yakin Spain da yakin Poland na 1939 ya tabbatar da bukatar sabunta jirgin Ju 87. Kananan makamai. Mafi mahimmancin yanayi don inganta aikin shine sabon injin da ke da iko mafi girma da kuma canji a cikin motsin motsi na jirgin sama.
Aiki a kan wani sabon version na "Stukka" ya fara a cikin bazara na 1940, kuma a cikin watan Mayu zane ya karbi sunan Junkers Ju 87 D. Maye gurbin ikon naúrar. Jumo 211 J-12 211-Silinda ruwa mai sanyaya in-layi injin tare da iyakar ƙarfin 1 hp ya tabbatar da zama kyakkyawan madadin. Sabuwar injin ya fi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a sigar Ju 1420 B da fiye da 87 cm, don haka ya zama dole a tsawaita kwansonsa kuma a sake fasalinsa. A lokaci guda kuma, an samar da sabon tsarin sanyaya. An motsa mai sanyaya mai a ƙarƙashin ƙananan ɓangaren injin ɗin, kuma a ƙarƙashin fuka-fuki, a gefen gefen sashin tsakiya, an shigar da radiators biyu na ruwa. Wani canji kuma shine sabon murfin jirgin da aka gwada a baya akan Ju 40 B, W.Nr. 87.
An fara shigar da sabon injin Jumo 211 J-1 a Ju 87 B-1, W.Nr. 0321, D-IGDK a cikin Oktoba 1940. Gwaje-gwajen da suka ɗauki makonni da yawa sun katse ta ci gaba da gazawar rukunin wutar lantarki da ba a gama ba.
Samfurin hukuma na farko na Ju 87 D shine Ju 87 V21, W.Nr. 0536, D-INRF, kammala Maris 1941. Jumo 211 J-1 jirgin sama mai ƙarfi gwajin daga Maris zuwa Agusta 1941 a Dessau factory. A cikin watan Agustan 1941, injin Jumo 211 J-1 ya maye gurbin Jumo 211 F. Nan da nan a farkon gwaji tare da sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki, farfela ya tashi yana aiki a 1420 rpm. Ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1939, an kammala gyaran jirgin kuma an tura shi zuwa Erprobungsstelle Rechlin. Bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen jirgi, a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1941 aka mika jirgin a hukumance ga Luftwaffe. Daga baya an yi amfani da motar don gwada injin da na'urar sanyaya. A cikin Fabrairu 1942, jirgin ya koma Dessau, inda aka shigar da sabon radiator rufe, da kuma Satumba 14, 1943, da samfurin da aka mika a gaban.
Samfura na biyu, Ju 87 V22, W.Nr. 0540, SF+TY, ya kamata a kammala akan jadawalin a ƙarshen 1940, duk da haka matsalolin injin sun jinkirta kammalawa kuma sai Mayu 1941 ne aka fara gwajin jirgin. Nuwamba 10, 1941 jirgin da aka canjawa wuri zuwa Luftwaffe. Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar sun gamsu duka masana'antar Junkers da wakilan Cibiyar Gwajin Rekhlin. Farkon sanyi na Nuwamba 1941 kuma ya ba da damar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen fara sanyi, ya nuna cewa fara injin ko da a yanayin zafi sosai baya buƙatar aiki na musamman kuma baya haifar da gazawar sashin wutar lantarki.
Junkers Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr. An gwada 2302 tare da ƙarin sulke.
A farkon 1942, samfurin ya koma Dessau, inda aka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kwanciyar hankali da ƙananan gyare-gyare ga injin Jumo 211 J-1, bayan haka an mayar da jirgin zuwa Rechlin. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1942, yayin daya daga cikin jiragen gwaji, jirgin ya fada cikin tafkin Müritzsee. Ma'aikatansa, matukin jirgi: Fw. Herman Ruthard, ma'aikacin farar hula a cibiyar gwaji ya mutu. Abin da ya haddasa hatsarin, mai yiwuwa ne matukin jirgin ya rasa hayyacinsa sakamakon gubar iskar carbon dioxide.
Samfura na uku Ju 87 V23, W.Nr. 0542, PB+UB, wanda aka kammala a cikin Afrilu 1941, an canza shi zuwa Erprobungsstelle Rechlin bayan wata daya. Misali ne don sigar Ju 87 D-1. Matsalolin isar da injin Jumo 211 J-1 sun dakatar da wani samfurin Ju 87 V24, W.Nr. 0544, BK+EE, wanda ba a kammala ba sai Agusta 1941. An tura jirgin zuwa Rechlin, inda nan da nan ya rushe kuma ya koma Dessau tare da lalata fuselage. Bayan gyara a watan Nuwamba 1941, an sake kai shi zuwa Rechlin. Bayan kammala gwaje-gwajen, an sanya motar a gaba.
Nau'i na biyar, Ju 87 V25, W.Nr. 0530, BK+EF, shine ma'auni don sigar wurare masu zafi na Ju 87 D-1/trop. An kammala aikin jirgin a farkon Maris 1941, amma a cikin Yuli 1941 kawai aka shigar da injin Jumo 211 J-1. A lokacin rani, an gwada motar kuma a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1941 an kai ta zuwa Rechlin, inda aka gwada ta da tace kura na Delbag.
An yanke shawarar samar da Ju 87 D-1 da yawa a cikin 1940, lokacin da aka ba da umarnin samar da kwafin 495 na wannan jirgin. Za a ba da su tsakanin Mayu 1941 da Maris 1942. A farkon Fabrairu 1942, Ma'aikatar Fasaha ta Ma'aikatar Air Imperial ta ƙara odar zuwa 832 Ju 87 D-1s. Za a kera dukkan injuna a masana'antar Weser. Matsalolin injunan Jumo 211 J sun haifar da tsaiko a cikin oda. Za a kammala jerin jirage biyu na farko a watan Yuni 1941, amma Karman ya kasa shirya abubuwan da ke sama a cikin lokaci. Na farko samar da jirgin sama aka harhada kawai a kan Yuni 30, 1941. Duk da jinkirin, Ma'aikatar Air Reich ta yi imanin cewa 1941 Ju 48 D-87s za su kashe layin taron Weser a Yuli 1. A halin yanzu, a cikin Yuli 1941, kawai an gina kwafin farko; an lalata shi a cikin ma'aikata. Wakilan RLM da masu kula da masana'antar Junkers, wadanda suka ba da lasisin gina Ju 87 D-1 zuwa masana'antar Weser, sun yi fatan cewa a karshen watan Satumba na 1941 za a biya diyya ga jinkirin samar da jama'a. Duk da haka, ƙarin matsaloli sun rushe waɗannan bege. Har ila yau, a cikin watan Agustan 1941, babu Ju 87 D-1 guda ɗaya da ya bar shagon taron na Bremen shuka. Sai kawai a watan Satumba, masana'antun Weser sun mika wa Luftwaffe jiragen sama biyu na farko da suka shiga cibiyoyin gwaji.
A watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 1941, jimlar 61 Ju 87 D-1s aka hallara, wanda, saboda mugun yanayi a wancan lokacin a Lemwerder, ba su tashi har zuwa Disamba, sa'an nan aka canjawa wuri zuwa sassa na gaba.
Bayanin fasaha Ju 87 D-1
Junkers Ju 87 D-1 wani kujeru biyu ne, injin guda ɗaya, jirgin sama mara nauyi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙayyadaddun kayan saukarwa. Fuskokin jirgin yana da wani sashe mai santsi tare da wani tsari mai kauri da aka yi gaba ɗaya da ƙarfe. An raba jiki zuwa rabi, an haɗa shi ta dindindin tare da rivets. An ɗora murfin aiki da aka yi da santsi mai santsi tare da rivets mai ma'ana tare da kawuna masu zagaye a wuraren daɗaɗɗen kaya da rivets masu santsi a wuraren ƙananan kaya.
Tsarin rungumar ya ƙunshi firam 16 da aka haɗa ta madaukai masu ɗaiɗai, da sanduna huɗu waɗanda ke a ɓangaren gabansa, masu kai har zuwa firam 7 da suka haɗa. Firam ɗin mai cikakken tsayin # 1 kuma shine tacewar injin. A gaban fuselage, an gina ƙarin firam ɗin taimako don ƙarfafa ƙwanƙwasa, sun kuma zama masu tallafi ga tashin bam.
Ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ke tsakiyar ɓangaren fuselage tsakanin firam na 2 zuwa 6, an lulluɓe shi da wani murfi mai ƙyalƙyali mai ƙyalƙyali da aka yi da laminti ko gilashin halitta, yana ba da kyakyawar gani daga kowane bangare. Abubuwan zamewa na layin taksi suna sanye da makullai don buɗewar gaggawa. A tsakiyar ɗakin, an saka wata hanya ta wuce gona da iri, wadda aka haɗa da wani yanki mai sulke. Gilashin gilashin an sanye shi da gilashin hana harsashi mai kauri 25 mm. Ƙarin mafaka ga matukin jirgin shi ne wurin zama na ƙarfe mai sulke mai kauri daga 4 zuwa 8 mm, da kuma farantin sulke mai kauri mm 10 a bayan kansa da farantin sulke mai kauri mm 5 da aka sanya a cikin ɗakin bene.
An kiyaye ma'aikacin rediyo da faranti guda biyu na sulke, na farko wanda, kauri 5 mm, an gina shi a cikin bene, na biyu, wanda aka zayyana a cikin sigar firam, an sanya shi tsakanin firam 5 da 6. GSL-K 81 mai sulke. dauke da bindiga kirar MG 81 Z a matsayin karin rufin asiri.Akwai wata karamar taga a filin jirgin mai dauke da labulen karfe wanda ya sawwaka lura da kasa kafin nutsewa cikin jirgin. Bayan firam lamba 8 akwai kwandon karfe, wanda ake iya samu kawai daga waje, wanda a ciki akwai kayan agajin gaggawa.
Fuskar iska mai gefe guda uku mai ƙarfi biyu-spar ta ƙunshi nau'in W-siffa na musamman wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar haɗa sassan waje masu inganci zuwa sashin tsakiya mara kyau. Ƙididdigar ruwan wukake su ne trapezoid tare da zagaye. An haɗa sashin tsakiya gabaɗaya zuwa fuselage. An gina masu sanyaya ruwa guda biyu a ƙarƙashin sashin tsakiya. An haɗa ɓangarorin waje na foil ɗin zuwa sashin tsakiya tare da haɗin ƙwallon ƙwallon guda huɗu waɗanda Junkers suka tsara. An yi murfin aiki da takardar duralumin santsi. A ƙasa da gefen gefen baya, ban da babban bayanin martaba na reshe, akwai nau'i-nau'i guda biyu, daban don sashin tsakiya da kuma ƙarewa. An ɗora flaps da ailerons guda ɗaya sanye da kayan gyarawa akan sanduna na musamman waɗanda Junkers suka mallaka.
Ailerons suna da tuƙi na inji, kuma faifan suna da tuƙi na ruwa. Dukkanin saman fikafikan masu motsi an rufe su da takardar duralumin santsi. Tsarin flap da aileron bisa ga ikon mallakar Junkers ana kiransa Doppelflügel, ko reshe biyu. Matsakaicin rata tsakanin bayanin martaba da sassa masu motsi ya tabbatar da inganci mafi girma, kuma duk tsarin ya kasance mai sauƙi na fasaha. Ƙarƙashin fuka-fuki, a farkon spar, an sami sarrafa birki na iska ta atomatik, wanda ya taimaka wajen fitar da motar daga cikin jirgi mai nutsewa.
Sashin wutsiya, wanda ke da tsarin ƙarfe duka, an lulluɓe shi da takardar duralumin santsi. A tsaye stabilizer yana da siffar trapezoidal, igiyoyi na karfe suna motsa rudder. Daidaitacce mai daidaitawa a kwance, ba tare da ɗagawa ba, tare da kwane-kwane mai kusurwa huɗu, an sami goyan bayan ginshiƙai masu sifar cokali mai yatsu da aka yi da bututun ƙarfe da aka zana tare da takardar duralumin. Turawa ne suka yi masu daidaita tsayi. Dukansu lif da rudder duka sun kasance daidai gwargwado kuma daidaitaccen yanayin iska, tare da datsa shafuka da ginshiƙai.
Kayan kayan saukarwa na yau da kullun na kyauta tare da dabaran wutsiya ya ba da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan saukarwa an ɗora shi a cikin kulli a kan spars No. 1 a mahaɗin sashin tsakiya tare da matsanancin sassan fuka-fuki. KPZ struts wanda Kronprinz ke ƙera, yana ƙarewa a cikin cokali mai yatsu kewaye da dabaran, yana da damp ɗin bazara tare da damp ɗin mai. Babban kayan saukarwa da aka yi da kayan kwalliyar da aka yi da duralumin santsi mai siffa mai siffa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki na jirgin Stuka. An sanye su da tayoyin matsa lamba 840 x 300 mm. Matsalolin taya da aka ba da shawarar shine ya zama 0,25 MPa. Tsarin birki ya ƙunshi birkin ganga na ruwa. An yi amfani da ruwan don tsarin birki.
birki fl-Drukel. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafar wutsiya, wanda aka ɗora akan cokali mai yatsa na Kronprinz, yana da damping na bazara kuma an haɗe shi zuwa wani firam na kwance wanda ke tsakanin haƙarƙari na tsaye No. 15 da 16. An saka takalmin wutsiya a cikin akwati na musamman, yana ba da 360 ° juyawa. An shigar da taya mai girma na 380 x 150 mm a gefen gefen tare da shawarar matsa lamba na 3 zuwa 3,5 atm. Lokacin tashi, jirgin sama da saukowa, za a iya kulle ƙafar wutsiya a wuri tare da kebul da aka sarrafa daga jirgin. Bayan kowane jirage 500, an ba da shawarar bincikar fasaha na gabaɗaya na kayan saukarwa. Ginshikin gaggawa na gaggawa don kare baya na fuselage a yayin da aka yi saukar tilas.
