Manyan Masu Gina - Kashi Na 1

Wasu ƙwararrun ƴan ƙirƙira ne, wasu kuma ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sana'a ne. Sun kera motoci gabaɗaya ko kuma kawai kayan aikinsu. Wata hanya ko wata, masu ƙira da injiniyoyi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka masana'antar kera motoci. Mun gabatar da bayanan martaba na shahararrun su.

даже mafi kyau, mafi asali mota zai yi kasala idan ba a yi nasara da injina ba. Idan muka sayi mota, da farko mu mai da hankali ga ƙirarta, amma muna yanke shawara ta ƙarshe bayan tuƙin gwaji, idan muka tantance yadda take hawa. yadda injin ke aiki, Dakatarwa, lantarki,. Kuma ko da yake rawar stylists a cikin tsarin samar da mota yana da mahimmanci, ba tare da aikin injiniyoyi da ke da alhakin injiniyoyi da kuma dukan aikin ba, motar za ta kasance kawai wani harsashi na karfe ko žasa.

, masu zane-zane da injiniyoyi. Sunaye kamar Benz, Maybach, Renault ko Porsche an san su har da masu son mota. Su ne majagaba da suka soma duka. Amma mu tuna cewa sauran ƙwararrun injiniyoyi sau da yawa suna ɓoye a cikin inuwar waɗannan fitattun jaruman. Ko Motocin Alfa Romeo zai zama haka iconic ba tare da Injin Giuseppe Busso ya ginazai yiwu a yi tunanin wasanni Mercedes ba tare da Rudolf Uhlenhout, ƙetare nasarorin da shahararren "ma'aikatan garage" na Burtaniya suka samu ko kuma ƙirar Bela Barenya? Tabbas ba haka bane.

Injin wutar lantarki Nicolas Otto 1876

O sake zagayowar da high matsawa dizal

Motar ta zama mota a lokacin da aka kasa hada kulolin doki aka maye gurbinsu. konewa injin (duk da cewa dole ne a tuna cewa majagaba na masana'antar kera motoci kuma sun gwada iskar gas da lantarki). Wani ci gaba a cikin ayyukan irin waɗannan injuna shine ƙirƙira na ƙwararren ƙwararren da ya koyar da kansa Nicholas Otto (1832-1891), wanda a cikin 1876 tare da taimakon Evgenia Langena, gina injin konewa na ciki na bugun bugu na farkoKa'idar aiki wanda (wanda ake kira zagayowar Otto), wanda ya ƙunshi tsotsa na man fetur da iska, da matsawa na cakuda, farawa da kunnawa da sake zagayowar aiki, kuma, a ƙarshe, kawar da iskar gas. , har yanzu ana amfani da shi kuma ana amfani da shi sosai.

Dizal engine lamban kira

A 1892, wani mai zanen Jamus. Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913), ya nuna wa duniya madadin mafita - ƙirar injin dizal konewa na bazata. Wannan ya dogara ne akan ƙirƙirar mai zanen Poland Jan Nadrovskywanda, duk da haka, ya kasa yin rijistar haƙƙin mallaka saboda rashin kuɗi. Diesel ya yi haka a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1893, da shekaru hudu bayan haka. injin diesel na farko ya fara aiki ya shirya. Da farko, saboda girmansa, bai dace da shi ba mota, amma a shekarar 1936 a karshe ya samu kansa a karkashin motocin Mercedes, da kuma wasu motoci. Diesel bai ji daɗin shahararsa ba na dogon lokaci, tunda a cikin 1913 ya mutu a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi masu ban mamaki a lokacin rafin teku a kan tashar Ingilishi.

majagaba

Patent don mota ta farko a duniya

Ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1886, a kan Ringstrasse a Mannheim, Jamus (1844-1929), ya gabatar da wani abin ban mamaki ga jama'a. abin hawa mai ƙafafu uku tare da injin konewa na ciki mai bugun jini tare da girma na 954 cm3 da ƙarfin 0,9 hp. Patent-Motorvagen No. 1 yana da wutar lantarki, kuma ana gudanar da sarrafawa ta hanyar lever wanda ke juya motar gaba. An dora benci na direba da fasinja akan firam ɗin bututun ƙarfe na lanƙwasa, kuma ƙullun da ke kan titin ya jike da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ganye da aka sanya a ƙarƙashinsa. Benz ya gina motar farko a cikin tarihi, tare da kuɗi daga sadakin matarsa ​​Berta, wanda, yana so ya tabbatar da cewa ginin mijinta yana da tasiri kuma ya yi nasara, a 1888 da ƙarfin hali ya ci nasara tare da nau'i na uku. Patent-Motorvagen Hanyar kilomita 106 daga Mannheim zuwa Pforzheim.

Carl da Bertha Benz tare da Benz-Victoria, an haife su a 1894

Abin da Benz bai sani ba shi ne, a lokaci guda, mai nisan kilomita 100, kusa da Stuttgart, ƙwararrun masu zanen kaya biyu sun gina wata mota da za a iya la'akari da ita mota ta farko: Wilhelm Maybach ne adam wata (1846-1929) i Gottlieb Daimler ne adam wata (1834-1900).

Maybach ya samu kuruciya mai wahala (ya rasa iyayensa yana dan shekara 10), amma ya yi sa’a da mutanen da ya hadu da su a hanya. Na farko shi ne darektan makarantar, wanda ya lura da iyawar Maybach na musamman kuma ya ba shi tallafin karatu. Na biyu shine Gottlieb Daimler ne adam wata, ɗan mai yin burodi daga Schorndorf, wanda, godiya ga fasahar fasahar Maybach-kamar. ya yi aiki mai sauri a cikin masana'antar injiniya. Masu zanen biyu sun fara saduwa da juna a cikin 1865 lokacin da Daimler, wanda ke gudanar da masana'antar injina a Reutilingen, ya ɗauki matashin Maybach. Daga nan har zuwa mutuwar Daimler a cikin 1900, koyaushe suna aiki tare. Bayan hayar Nikolaus Otto a cikin kamfanin, sun kammala shi Injin gassannan suka kirkiro nasu taron bitar da nufin kirkirowa ƙaramin injin mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfiwanda zai maye gurbinsa injunan gas. An yi nasara bayan shekara guda kuma matakai na gaba shine gina ɗayan babura na farko a duniya (1885) da mota (1886). Mutanen sun yi umarni da wani abin hawa, suka kara da cewa injin na gida. Ga yadda aka halicce ta motar dizal ta farko mai ƙafa huɗu. Bayan shekara guda, a wannan karon gaba ɗaya da kansu kuma daga karce, sun sake yin wata mota mai ci gaba da fasaha.

Mota ta farko daga Daimler da Maybach

Maybach kuma ta ƙirƙira bututun ƙarfe na carburetor, bel drive tsarin da sabon injin sanyaya tsarin. Talata 1890 Daimler ya canza kamfanin zuwa Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG). Na dogon lokaci, ya yi gasa tare da kamfanin Benz, wanda, bayan nasarar farko, ya biyo baya kuma a cikin 1894 ya samar da mota na farko da aka samar - Velo tun 1894 (1200 sayar), da dambe engine (1896), da kuma a 1909 na musamman wasanni mota. walƙiya (Blyskawitz) tare da injin 200 hp. tare da ƙarar lita 21,5, yana haɓaka kusan 227 km / h! A cikin 1926, kamfaninsa na Benz & Cie ya haɗu da DMG. An kirkiro masana'antar Daimler-Benz AG, wadanda suka fi shahara da motocin Mercedes. A lokacin, Benz ya yi ritaya, Daimler ya mutu, kuma Maybach ya kafa kamfanin mota na alfarma. Abin sha'awa shine, na ƙarshe bai taɓa samun motarsa ​​ba, kuma ya fi son tafiya da ƙafa ko ta tram.

Motoci masu ƙima sun kasance irin sabbin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire wanda nan take suka samu karbuwa a duk fadin duniya. A kan Seine, mafi mahimmancin ci gaba da sababbin abubuwa sun samo asali ne a cikin tarurrukan Panhard & Levassor, kamfanin farko na duniya ya ƙirƙira don kera motoci na musamman. Sunan ya fito daga sunan wadanda suka kafa - Rene Panharda i Emile Levassorawadanda suka fara kasuwancin mota a 1887 tare da mota mai lasisin Daimler (mafi daidai, abin hawa).

Yawancin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire da suka samar da injina na zamani ana iya danganta su ga mazan biyu. A cikin motocinsu ne ake amfani da mashin da ke haɗa injin da watsawa; clutch pedal, lever motsi tsakanin kujeru, radiator na gaba. Amma mafi yawa, sun ƙirƙira ƙirar da ta mamaye bayan shekaru da yawa, wato, mota mai ƙafafu huɗu, mai injin gaba da ke tuka ta ta baya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai sarrafa da hannu da ake kira. Panara tsarin.

Ingin Panhard da Levassor, waɗanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin lasisi daga Daimler, wani injiniyan ɗan Faransa ne ya siya. Arman Peugeot kuma a cikin 1891 ya fara sanya su a kan motoci na ƙirar kansa, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Peugeot. A 1898 ya kera motarsa ​​ta farko. Louis Renault. Ga wannan mutumi mai hazaka wanda ya koyar da kansa, wanda asalinsa yana aiki a wani ƙaramin bita da ke cikin rumfar da ke cikin lambun gidan danginsa a Billancourt, muna bin bashin, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, watsa kayan zamiya mai sauri da sauri da sauri. Drive shaftwanda ke canja wurin wuta daga injin gaba zuwa ƙafafun baya.

Bayan nasarar ƙirƙirar motar farko da aka kira SiyayyaLouis ya kafa kamfanin Renault Freres (Renault Brothers) a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1899, tare da 'yan uwansa Marcel da Fernand. Aikin haɗin gwiwar su shine, musamman, motar farko mai rufaffiyar jiki birki birki. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Louis kuma ya gina ɗaya daga cikin na farko tankuna - shahararre Bayani na FT17.

Har ila yau, a Amurka, injiniyoyi da dama da suka koyar da kansu, sun yi ƙoƙarin kera motocinsu, amma a wannan lokacin na hidimar majagaba, yawancinsu sun yi amfani da fasahar kere-kere a cikin motocinsu, kamar sitiya mai siffar ƙafar ƙafa maimakon tila. . , “H” tsarin gear, totur ko injin silinda 12 na farko da aka sanya a cikin motar fasinja (Twin Six daga 1916).

Wasannin Gasar Wasanni

Duk da cewa nasarorin da injiniyoyi irin su Benz, Levassor, Renault da Peugeot suka samu a fagen motocin motsa jiki na da matuƙar mahimmanci, amma hakan ya kasance kawai. Ettore Bugatti (1881-1947), ɗan Italiyan da aka haife shi a Milan amma yana aiki a Jamusanci sannan Alsace na Faransanci, ya ɗaga su zuwa matakin injiniyoyi da ayyukan fasaha. Kamar motocin alfarmasaboda motoci masu tsere da limousines sune ƙwararrun Bugatti de la maison. Tuni yana da shekaru 16 ya kafa Motoci guda biyu a cikin babur mai tricycle kuma ya halarci gasar tseren motoci guda 10, inda ya lashe takwas. Babban Nasarar Bugatti Nau'in 35 Samfura, Nau'in 41 Piano i Nau'in 57SC Atlantic. Tsohuwar ita ce ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun motocin tsere a tarihi, a cikin rabin na biyu na 20s wannan kyakkyawar motar gargajiya ta lashe tsere sama da 1000. An sake shi a cikin kwafi bakwai, 41 Royale ya ninka sau uku fiye da mota mafi tsada a lokacin. Rolls-Royce... A daya bangaren Atlantic daya ne daga cikin mafi kyawun motoci da hadaddun motoci a tarihin kera motoci.

Bugatti, tare da Alfa Romeo, sun mamaye gangami da tsere na dogon lokaci. A cikin 30s sun haɗu da haɓakar sojojin Auto Union da Mercedes. Na karshen, godiya ga farko "Arrow Arrow", wato W25 model. Duk da haka, bayan ƴan shekaru, wannan mahaya ya fara rasa matsayinsa a kan masu fafatawa. Daga nan sai sabon shugaban sashen tsere na Mercedes ya shiga wurin. Rudolf Uhlenhout (1906-1989), ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zanen wasan tsere da na motsa jiki a tarihin mota. A cikin shekara guda, ya ɓullo da sabuwar Azurfa Arrow (W125), sa'an nan, tare da wani canji a cikin ka'idojin iyakance ikon engine, da W154. Na farko model yana da 5663-lita engine karkashin kaho, wanda raya 592 km / h, kara zuwa 320 km / h, kuma ya kasance mafi iko. ta Grand Prix mota zuwa 80s!

Bayan shekaru na hargitsin soja, Mercedes ya koma motorsport godiya ga Uhlenhaut, babban zanen da ya yi a kan studs hudu, watau. mota W196. Makamashi da sabbin fasahohi da yawa (ciki har da jikin alloy na magnesium, dakatarwa mai zaman kanta, 8 silinda, in-line engine tare da kai tsaye allura, desmodromic lokaci, i.e. daya wanda budewa da rufe bawul din ke sarrafa ta camshaft cams) ba a yi nasara ba a 1954-55.

Amma wannan ba ita ce kalma ta ƙarshe na ƙwararren mai zane ba. Lokacin da muka tambayi wane mota daga Stuttgart ya fi shahara, da yawa za su ce: 300 SL Gullwing na 1954, ko watakila 300 SLR, wanda Sterling Moss ya kira "motar tsere mafi girma da aka gina". Duk motocin biyu an gina su Ulenhauta.

Dole ne “reshen gull” ya kasance da haske sosai, don haka an yi firam ɗin bututun ƙarfe. Tunda suka ɗaure motar gaba ɗaya, mafita ɗaya ita ce a yi amfani da na asali. madaidaicin kofaI. Uhlenhaut yana da gwanintar tsere, amma hukumomi ba su ba shi damar shiga gasa ba, saboda yana da haɗari ga damuwa - ba zai iya maye gurbinsa ba. A bayyane, duk da haka, a lokacin gwajin gwaji, wani lokaci ya "jawo" mafi kyawun lokuta fiye da almara Manuel Fangiokuma sau ɗaya, a ƙarshen wani muhimmin taro, ya kori sanannen 300-horsepower "Uhlenhaut Coupé" (hanyar sigar SLR) daga Munich zuwa Stuttgart a cikin sa'a ɗaya kawai, wanda har yau yana ɗaukar tsawon lokaci sau biyu. .

Manuel Fangio ya lashe gasar Grand Prix ta Argentina a shekarar 1955 a cikin wata mota kirar Mercedes W196R.

Mafi kyawun mafi kyau

A cikin 1999, juri na 33 'yan jarida na motoci sun ba da lakabi na "Injiniya Automotive Century Century". Ferdinand Porsche (1875-1951). Mutum zai iya, ba shakka, yin jayayya game da ko wannan zanen Jamus ya cancanci matsayi mafi girma a kan podium, amma gudunmawarsa ga ci gaban masana'antar kera motoci ba shakka yana da girma, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da busassun bayanai - ya tsara fiye da 300 motoci daban-daban kuma ya karbi kimanin 1000. ikon mallakar mota. Muna danganta sunan Porsche da farko da Alamar wasan motsa jiki na wasanni da 911, amma sanannen mai zanen kawai ya sami damar kafa harsashi don nasarar kasuwa na wannan kamfani, saboda aikin ɗansa Ferry ne.

Porsche kuma shine uban nasara Volkswagen Beetlewanda ya tsara baya a cikin 30s bisa buƙatar sirri na Hitler. Bayan shekaru, ya zama cewa ya yi amfani da zane na wani babban mai zane ta hanyoyi da yawa. Hansa LedwinkiAn shirya don Czech Tatras. Halinsa a lokacin yaƙin kuma ya kasance abin shakku game da ɗabi'a, yayin da ya ba da kansa don haɗa kai da Nazis kuma ya yi amfani da aikin bauta a matsayin ma'aikatan tilastawa a masana'antar da yake gudanarwa.

Koyaya, Porsche yana da ƙira da ƙirƙira da yawa "tsabta". Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai zanen mota yana aiki da Lohner & Co. a Vienna. Nasarorinsa na farko sune samfurin abin hawa lantarki Na farko daga cikin waɗannan, wanda aka fi sani da Semper Vivus, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1900, wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaya ne - wanda aka ɗora a cikin cibiyoyi, tare da injin mai da ke aiki azaman janareta. Na biyu kuwa ita ce motar injina guda hudu Lohner-Porsche - mota mai tuƙi ta farko a duniya.

A cikin 1906, Porsche ya shiga Austro-Daimler a matsayin shugaban sashen zane, inda ya yi aiki a kan motocin tsere. Duk da haka, ya nuna cikakken m kawai a Daimler-Benz, wanda ya halitta daya daga cikin mafi kyau pre-yaki wasanni motoci. Mercedes SSK, kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar Auto Union - a cikin 1932 ya gina musu wani sabon abu Motar tseren P-Wagen, tare da injin bayan direban. A 1931, mai zanen ya buɗe wani kamfani da aka sanya hannu tare da sunansa. Bayan shekaru biyu, don cika burin Hitler, ya fara aiki a kan "mota ga mutane" (Volkswagen a Jamus).

Ferdinand Porsche, wanda haifaffen Austro-Hungary ne, zai jagoranci yin irin wannan mota. A cikin rumbun adana bayanai na Mercedes, zane-zane da zane-zane na motar da aka gina akan firam ɗin tubular da da injin dambeyayi kama da na baya Kabewa. Marubucin su dan kasar Hungary ne, Farin Barony (1907-1997), kuma ya zana su a cikin 20s a lokacin karatunsa, shekaru biyar kafin Porsche ya fara aiki a kan irin wannan aikin.

Bela Barenyi ta tattauna da abokan aikinta na nasarar gwajin hatsarin Mercedes

Barenyi ya danganta aikinsa na ƙwararru da Mercedes, amma ya sami gogewa a cikin kamfanonin Austro-Daimler, Steyr da Adler. Daimler ya ki amincewa da bukatar aikinsa na farko. A shekara ta 1939, ya bayyana a wata hira ta biyu, inda dan kwamitin kungiyar Wilhelm Haspel ya tambaye shi abin da yake son ganin an inganta a layin motar Mercedes-Benz a wancan lokacin. "A gaskiya ... komai," Barenyi ya amsa ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma wata guda kafin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, ya karbi sabon sashen tsaro na kungiyar.

Barenyi bai wuce gona da iri ba, domin ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa daya daga cikin fitattun masu kirkira da hazaka a tarihi. Ya yi rajista fiye da dubu 2,5. takardun shaida (a hakikanin gaskiya, an samu kadan daga cikinsu, tun da a wasu lokuta aikin daya ne da aka yi rajista a kasashe daban-daban), sau biyu. Thomas Edison. Yawancin su an ƙirƙira su don Mercedes kuma sun damu da aminci. Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da Barenyi ya kirkira shine sashin fasinja mai jurewa nakasu i yankunan nakasa da aka sarrafa (patent 1952, da farko cikakken amfani da W111 a 1959) da amintaccen rugujewar tuƙi (patent 1963, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1976 don jerin W123). Ita ce kuma ta farko a gwajin hadarin. Ya taimaka wajen yada birkin diski da tsarin birki mai kewayawa biyu. Ba tare da shakka ba, abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira sun ceci (kuma suna ceton) rayukan miliyoyin mutane.

Gwajin yankin murkushe na farko

Wurin fasinja mai jure lalacewa

Faransanci kwatankwacin Ferdinand Porsche ya kasance Andre Lefebvre ne adam wata (1894-1964), babu shakka daya daga cikin mafi hazaka masu zanen kaya a cikin tarihin masana'antar kera motoci. Citroen Traction Avant, 2 hpu, DS, HY Waɗannan su ne motocin da suka gina martabar masana'anta na Faransa da kuma wasu motoci masu mahimmanci da ban sha'awa da aka taɓa yi. Shi ne ya dauki nauyin gina su. Lefebvre, tare da goyon bayan wani fitaccen injiniya daidai gwargwado Paula Magesa kuma fitaccen mai salo Flaminio Bertonego.

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan motocin sun kasance masu ban sha'awa kuma na zamani. Jan hankali Avant (1934) - na farko serial motar gaba, Samun jiki mai ɗaukar nauyin juzu'i ɗaya, dakatarwar dabaran mai zaman kanta (wanda Ferdinand Porsche ya tsara) da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa birki. 2 hpu (1949), mai sauqi qwarai a cikin ƙira, amma mai yawan gaske, mai amfani da mota a Faransa, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama motar al'ada da na zamani. DS ya kasance na musamman ta kowace hanya lokacin da ya shiga kasuwa a 1955. Shekaru masu haske ne gabanin gasar godiya ga ci gaban fasaharta, kamar sabon dakatarwar hydro-pneumatic wanda ke ba da ta'aziyya mara kyau. A daya bangaren Akwatin jigilar kaya HY (1947) ya burge ba kawai tare da bayyanarsa (kwarya ba), har ma da amfaninsa.

Mota "allah", ko Citroën DS