Masu kashe masu ɗaukar kaya Vol. daya
Jirgin ruwa na makami mai linzami Moskva (tsohon Slava), flagship na jirgin ruwan Bahar Black na Tarayyar Rasha, ra'ayi na yanzu. Girman naúrar, musamman "batura" na harba roka na Bazalt, yana burge waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba ne, amma ba wani sirri bane ga kowa cewa jirgin da tsarin makamansa an tsara su don amfani da su a zahiri daban-daban fiye da na zamani. Tare da tsarin tsaro na iska na zamani, jiragen ruwa na Project 1164 da manyan kayan aikin su a yau kawai "damisa takarda".
Sojojin ruwa na Tarayyar Rasha a yanzu sun zama inuwar tsohon karfin sojan ruwan Soviet. Duk da ƙoƙarin da masana'antar kera jiragen ruwa da masana'antun kera makamai na ruwa, yanzu Moscow na iya samun matsakaicin yawan ginin corvettes, kodayake ba mafi inganci ba. Takunkumin tattalin arziki, yankewa daga masu haɗin gwiwa da rushewar sarkar samar da kayayyaki daga tsohuwar jamhuriyar Soviet - galibi Ukraine, ƙwarewar da aka rasa na bureaus ƙira, rashin tashar jiragen ruwa tare da tushen fasahar da ta dace, ko kuma, a ƙarshe, rashin kuɗi. tilastawa hukumomin Kremlin kula da wadannan manyan jiragen ruwa na zamanin da, suna rayuwa ta hanyar mu'ujiza a halin yanzu.
Jiragen ruwa na zamani sun yi nisa daga jiragen ruwa na ajin cruising. Hatta sojojin ruwan Amurka sun janye wasu daga cikin rukunin Ticonderoga-class, waɗanda har yanzu ba su da girma zuwa sabbin bambance-bambancen rugujewar ajin Arleigh Burke. Wani ɗan “bazuwar” manyan rugujewar ajin Zumwalt uku na ton 16 za a iya ƙidaya su a matsayin jirgin ruwa, amma hakan bai faru ba. Alkalumansa kawai sun tabbatar da kasida a faɗuwar rana na manyan ƙungiyoyin yaƙi (ba muna magana ne game da masu ɗaukar jirgin sama ba, saboda babu).
A cikin yanayin Rasha, wanda ke riƙe da ɓangarori na wannan rukunin, aikin nukiliya mai ƙarfi 1144 Orlan, ko takwarorinsu na injin turbin gas tare da ƙaramin ƙaura, Project 1164 Atlant mai girman girman irin wannan, mafi kyau duka don ayyukan teku da tuta. Sabili da haka, ana aiwatar da babban aikin zamani na "Admiral Nakhimov" (tsohon Kalinin) bisa ga aikin 11442M, wanda ya rigaya ya zama wani gyare-gyaren da ake bukata don motsi na naúrar a kan kansa ... Tabbas, sababbin kayayyaki. na makamai da na'urorin lantarki, gami da tsarin makami mai linzami "kafofin watsa labaru" 3K14 "Caliber-NK". A gefe guda, jiragen ruwa guda uku na Project 1164 suna cikin mafi kyawun tsari kuma, suna da rahusa don aiki da kulawa, har yanzu suna jawo hankalin abokan adawar da za su iya, amma riga saboda girman su, kuma ba ainihin ƙimar gwagwarmaya ba.
Bayyanar a cikin Navy na makamai masu linzami na Tarayyar Soviet, dauke da makamai masu linzami anti-jirgin da shiryar da shi, yana da alaka da bukatar yadda ya kamata a cika daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka - bukatar da halakar da jiragen sama dako da sauran manyan saman jiragen ruwa "maƙiyi mai yiwuwa". “Da sauri idan ana yaki, kalmar da ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta Amurka da kawayenta na NATO.
Wannan fifiko ne aka kafa a tsakiyar shekarun 50 lokacin da shugaban Soviet na lokacin Nikita Khrushchev ya kira masu jigilar jiragen sama na Amurka "filayen tashin hankali masu iyo." Tun da USSR ba zai iya ba, saboda raunin tattalin arziki da koma bayan fasaha da masana'antu, ya yaƙe su tare da taimakon jirgin sama, an zaɓi amsa mai asymmetric a cikin nau'i na ci gaba da makamai masu linzami na teku masu nisa da kuma saman su. da masu dako na karkashin ruwa.
Varyag (tsohon Krasnaya Ukraina) ya harba makami mai linzami na P-4 Bazalt mai karfin 80K500, babban makamin "masu kashe masu jigilar jiragen sama". A cewar wasu bincike, Wariaga na da makamai da sabon tsarin P-1000 Wulkan.
Hanyar Soviet zuwa jirgin ruwan makami mai linzami
Abubuwan da ke sama, da kuma tabbatar da jagorancin Soviet soja-siyasa na ikon makamai masu linzami, sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa sun fara haɓaka sosai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 50-60s. An ƙirƙiri sabbin ofisoshin ƙira da masana'antar samarwa, waɗanda suka fara haɓaka sabbin tsarin makami mai linzami tare da aikace-aikacen da yawa, gami da, ba shakka, don VMU.
Sai dai a shekarar 1955 da aka sake yin amfani da na'ura mai linzami samfurin artillery cruiser design 68bis Admiral Nakhimov karkashin aikin 67EP a cikin wani jirgin gwaji sanye take da na'urar harba na gwaji da ke ba ka damar harba jirgin saman makami mai linzami na KSS, jirgin saman Soviet na farko dauke da kariyar makamai masu linzami. - wanda ya lalata aikin ya kasance makamin yaki da jiragen ruwa da ke jagoranta.56
An canza wannan jirgin a cikin 1958 zuwa sashin makami mai linzami a karkashin aikin 56E, sannan 56EM, a filin jirgin ruwa mai suna bayan. 61 Sanarwa a Nikolaev. A shekara ta 1959, rundunar ta sami karin wasu masu lalata makamai masu linzami guda uku, wanda aka sake gina su bisa ga aikin 56M da aka gyara.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin Bedovs, babban kayan aikin su shine na'urar harba rotary guda SM-59 (SM-59-1) tare da layin dogo don harba makami mai linzami 4K32 "Pike" (KSSzcz, "Ship projectile pike") R. -1. tsarin Strela da kantin sayar da makamai masu linzami shida (a cikin yanayin yaƙi, ana iya ɗaukar ƙarin biyu - ɗayan a cikin sito, ɗayan a farkon ƙaddamar da KP, yana yarda da lalacewar aminci da yanayin shirya makamai masu linzami don harbawa) .
Bayan ƙaddamar da aikin a cikin 1960-1969 na manyan masu lalata Project 57bis guda takwas, waɗanda aka gina daga karce azaman masu jigilar makami mai linzami, tare da harba SM-59-1 guda biyu da ƙarfin makami mai linzami na Project 56E/EM/56M sau biyu, Navy na Soviet ya ƙunshi masu lalata makamai masu linzami 12. (tun daga Mayu 19, 1966 - manyan jiragen ruwa na makami mai linzami) masu iya kai hari ga manyan makiya a waje da yankin lalata makamansa na wuta (hakika, banda jirgin sama).
Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba - saboda saurin tsufa na makamai masu linzami na KSSzcz (wanda aka aro daga ci gaban Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu), ƙananan wuta, ƙananan makamai masu linzami a cikin salvo, rashin haƙuri na kayan aiki, da dai sauransu A 57bis jerin. an dakatar da jiragen ruwa. Yin la'akari da ci gaba mai ƙarfi a cikin Amurka da ƙasashen NATO na tsarin tsaro na jiragen ruwa na zamani, ciki har da tsaro na makami mai linzami, babban KSSzch mai girma da kuma tsufa, yana buƙatar sake saukewa na minti tara na ƙaddamarwa da kuma shirya shi don sake kunna wuta (kafin kaddamarwa. , taron reshe, mai mai, saitin jagora, da dai sauransu d.), babu wata dama ta samun nasarar bugun manufa a yanayin fama.
Wani jerin jiragen saman saman da aka tsara don yaƙar masu jigilar jiragen su ne Project 58 Grozny masu lalata makamai masu linzami (tun 29 ga Satumba, 1962 - jiragen ruwa na makami mai linzami), dauke da makamai masu linzami guda biyu SM-70 P-35 anti-ship missiles quad launchers, wanda kuma ruwa mai turbojet engine ke tukawa. , amma mai ikon adana dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin mai mai. Kan yakin ya kunshi makamai masu linzami 16, takwas daga cikinsu na cikin masu harba, sauran kuma a cikin shaguna (hudu a kowace na'ura).
Lokacin da aka harba a cikin salvo na makamai masu linzami na R-35 guda takwas, yiwuwar bugun akalla daya daga cikinsu a kan babban manufa a cikin rukunin jiragen ruwa da aka kai hari (jigon jirgin sama ko wani jirgin ruwa mai mahimmanci) ya karu sosai. Duk da haka, saboda gazawar da yawa, gami da raunin tsaro na jiragen ruwa na Project 58, jerin sun iyakance ga jiragen ruwa huɗu (daga cikin 16 da aka shirya da farko).
Raka'a daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan suma sun sha wahala daga ɗayan, amma babban koma baya - ikon cin gashin kansu ya yi ƙanƙanta don dogon lokaci na bin diddigin ƙungiyar yajin aiki tare da mai ɗaukar jirgin sama yayin sintiri, musamman idan ya zama dole don raka mai ɗaukar jirgin na nukiliya da yawa. kwanaki a jere suna yin ja da baya. . Wannan ya wuce ƙarfin jiragen ruwa masu girman ɓarna.
Babban yanki na kishiya tsakanin rundunar jiragen ruwa na USSR da NATO a cikin 60s shine Bahar Rum, inda 14th Operational Squadron na VMP (Mediterranean) ya yi aiki daga Yuli 1967, 5, wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 70-80 daga cikin jiragen ruwa na Bahar Maliya, Baltic da Arewa. Daga cikin wadannan, kimanin jiragen ruwa 30: jiragen ruwa na nukiliya 4-5 da kuma jiragen ruwa na diesel-lantarki har zuwa 10, ƙungiyoyin jiragen ruwa 1-2 (idan yanayin ya tsananta ko fiye), ƙungiyar trawl, sauran na jami'an tsaro ne. (bita, tankuna, tudun ruwa, da dai sauransu) .
Sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun hada da jirgin ruwa na 6 a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda aka kirkira a watan Yuni 1948. A cikin 70-80s. wanda ya kunshi jiragen yaki 30-40: jiragen yaki guda biyu, jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, jiragen ruwa masu linzami guda biyu, jiragen rakiya masu amfani da dama 18-20, jiragen ruwa na samar da kayayyaki na duniya 1-2 da jiragen ruwa na karkashin kasa har guda shida. Yawanci, ƙungiyar masu yajin aiki ɗaya ta yi aiki a yankin Naples, ɗayan kuma a Haifa. Idan ya cancanta, Amurkawa sun tura jiragen ruwa daga wasu gidajen wasan kwaikwayo zuwa Bahar Rum. Ban da su, akwai kuma jiragen ruwa na yaki (da suka hada da jiragen yaki da jiragen ruwa na nukiliya), da kuma jiragen sama daga wasu kasashen NATO da suka hada da Burtaniya, Faransa, Italiya, Girka, Turkiyya, Jamus da Netherlands. aiki sosai a wannan yanki.
