Terraforming - gina sabuwar Duniya a sabon wuri

Wata rana yana iya zama cewa idan bala'i ya faru a duniya, ba zai yiwu a dawo da wayewa a doron kasa ba ko kuma komawa matsayin da yake a gaban barazanar. Yana da kyau a sami sabuwar duniya a ajiye da gina komai a can - mafi kyau fiye da yadda muka yi a duniyarmu ta gida. Duk da haka, ba mu san gawarwakin sama da ke shirye don sasantawa nan take ba. Dole ne mutum yayi la'akari da cewa za a buƙaci wasu ayyuka don shirya irin wannan wuri.

1. Murfin labarin "Karo a Orbit"

Gyaran duniya, wata, ko wani abu shine hasashe, babu inda kuma (kamar yadda muka sani) tsarin canza yanayin yanayi, yanayin zafi, yanayin yanayin sama, ko ilimin halittu na duniya ko sauran sararin samaniya don kama da yanayin duniya kuma ya sa ya dace. domin rayuwar duniya.

Tunanin terraforming ya samo asali a cikin fage da kuma a kimiyyar gaske. An gabatar da kalmar da kanta Jack Williamson (Will Stewart) a cikin ɗan gajeren labari "Collision Orbit" (1), wanda aka buga a 1942.

Venus tana da sanyi, Mars tana da dumi

A wata kasida da aka buga a mujallar Kimiyya a 1961, masanin falaki Karl Sagan shawara. Ya yi tunanin shuka algae a cikin yanayinsa wanda zai canza ruwa, nitrogen, da carbon dioxide zuwa gabobin halitta. Wannan tsari zai cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya, wanda zai rage tasirin greenhouse har sai yanayin zafi ya ragu zuwa matsayi mai dadi. Ƙarfin carbon zai kasance a cikin ƙasa a saman duniya, misali, a cikin nau'i na graphite.

Abin baƙin ciki, daga baya binciken game da yanayin Venus ya nuna cewa irin wannan tsari ba zai yiwu ba. Idan kawai saboda gizagizai a wurin sun ƙunshi bayani mai mahimmanci na sulfuric acid. Ko da algae zai iya bunƙasa a zahiri a cikin mahallin maƙiyi na yanayi na sama, yanayin da kansa yana da yawa sosai - matsanancin matsa lamba na yanayi zai samar da iskar oxygen mai tsabta, kuma carbon zai ƙone, yana sakin COXNUMX.₂.

Koyaya, galibi muna magana ne game da terraforming a cikin mahallin yuwuwar daidaitawar Mars. (2). A cikin wata kasida mai suna "Planetary Engineering on Mars" da aka buga a mujallar Icarus a shekara ta 1973, Sagan ya ɗauki Red Planet a matsayin wuri mai yuwuwar zama ga ɗan adam.

2. hangen nesa don matakai na gaba na terraforming Mars

Shekaru uku bayan haka, NASA a hukumance ta magance matsalar injiniyan duniya, ta amfani da kalmar "duniyar ecosynthesis". Wani binciken da aka buga ya kammala cewa Mars na iya tallafawa rayuwa kuma ta zama duniyar da za a iya rayuwa. A cikin wannan shekarar, an shirya zaman farko na taron kan terraforming, wanda aka fi sani da "planetary modeling", a lokacin.

Duk da haka, sai a shekara ta 1982 aka fara amfani da kalmar “terraforming” a ma’anarta ta zamani. masanin ilimin taurari Christopher McKay (7) ya rubuta "Terraforming Mars", wanda ya bayyana a cikin Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. Takardar ta tattauna abubuwan da za a yi don sarrafa kansa na biosphere na Martian, kuma kalmar da McKay yayi amfani da ita ta zama wacce aka fi so. A shekarar 1984 James Lovelock i Michael Allaby ya buga littafin Greening Mars, ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya bayyana sabuwar hanyar dumama duniyar Mars ta amfani da chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da aka ƙara zuwa sararin samaniya.

Gabaɗaya, an riga an gudanar da bincike da yawa da tattaunawa ta kimiyya game da yuwuwar dumama wannan duniyar da canza yanayinta. Abin sha'awa shine, wasu hanyoyin da ake zato don canza duniyar Mars na iya kasancewa cikin iyawar fasahar ɗan adam. Koyaya, albarkatun tattalin arzikin da ake buƙata don wannan zai fi kowace gwamnati ko al'umma da take son warewa don irin wannan manufa a halin yanzu.

Hanyar hanya

Bayan terraforming ya shiga cikin wurare dabam dabam na ra'ayoyi, ikonsa ya fara tsari. A shekarar 1995 Martin J. Fog (3) a cikin littafinsa "Terraforming: Engineering the Planetary Environment" ya ba da ma'anoni masu zuwa ga bangarori daban-daban da suka shafi wannan fanni:

• injiniyan duniya - amfani da fasaha don yin tasiri ga abubuwan duniya na duniya;
• aikin injiniya - Injiniyan duniyar da aka yi amfani da su musamman ga Duniya. Ya ƙunshi kawai waɗannan dabarun injiniyan macro da suka haɗa da canza wasu sigogi na duniya kamar tasirin greenhouse, abun da ke cikin yanayi, hasken rana, ko girgizar girgiza;
• terraforming - wani tsari na aikin injiniya na duniya, wanda aka yi niyya, musamman, don ƙara ƙarfin yanayi na sararin samaniya don tallafawa rayuwa a cikin sanannen jihar. Nasarar ƙarshe a wannan yanki ita ce ƙirƙirar buɗaɗɗen yanayin halittu na duniya wanda ke kwaikwayi duk ayyukan da ke cikin ƙasa, wanda ya dace da mazaunin ɗan adam.

Fogg ya kuma ɓullo da ma'anar taurari masu ma'ana daban-daban dangane da rayuwar ɗan adam akan su. Ya bambanta taurari:

• zama () - duniyar da ke da yanayi mai kama da Duniya wanda mutane za su iya rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali da walwala;
• m (BP) – duniyoyi masu sigogi na zahiri waɗanda ke ba da damar rayuwa ta bunƙasa a saman su. Ko da a farkon ba su da shi, za su iya ƙunsar wani hadadden biosphere ba tare da buƙatar terraforming ba;
• sauƙi terraformed (ETP) - duniyoyin da za su iya zama masu jituwa ko ma'amala kuma za su iya samun goyan bayan ƙaramin tsari na fasahar injiniyan duniya da albarkatun da aka adana a kan wani jirgin sama na kusa ko aikin riga-kafi na mutum-mutumi.

Fogg ya ba da shawarar cewa a cikin ƙuruciyarsa, Mars ta kasance duniya mai jituwa ta ilimin halitta, kodayake a halin yanzu ba ta dace da kowane ɗayan nau'ikan uku ba - terraforming ya wuce ETP, yana da wahala, kuma yana da tsada sosai.

Samun tushen makamashi shine cikakkiyar buƙatu don rayuwa, amma ra'ayin duniyar nan da nan ko yuwuwar yuwuwar ta dogara ne akan wasu ma'auni na geophysical, geochemical, da astrophysical.

Wani abin sha'awa shine saitin abubuwan da, baya ga mafi saukin halittu a duniya, suna tallafawa hadaddun kwayoyin halitta masu yawa. dabbobi. Bincike da ka'idoji a wannan yanki wani bangare ne na kimiyyar taurari da ilimin taurari.

Kuna iya amfani da thermonuclear koyaushe

A cikin taswirar ta na ilimin taurari, NASA ta bayyana babban ma'auni don daidaitawa da farko "isasshen albarkatun ruwa na ruwa, yanayi masu dacewa da tara hadaddun kwayoyin halitta, da hanyoyin makamashi don tallafawa metabolism." Lokacin da yanayi a duniya ya dace da rayuwar wani nau'in nau'in, shigo da rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta na iya farawa. Yayin da yanayi ke kusa da ƙasa, ana iya gabatar da rayuwar shuka a can. Wannan zai hanzarta samar da iskar oxygen, wanda a ka'idar zai sa duniya ta iya tallafawa rayuwar dabbobi.

A duniyar Mars, rashin aikin tectonic ya hana sake zagayowar iskar gas daga sediments na gida, wanda ke da kyau ga yanayi a duniya. Abu na biyu, ana iya ɗauka cewa rashin cikakken magnetosphere a kewayen Red Planet ya haifar da lalatar yanayi a hankali ta hanyar iskar rana (4).

4 Raunan Magnetosphere Baya Kare Yanayin Martian

Convection a cikin tsakiyar duniyar Mars, wanda galibi baƙin ƙarfe ne, asalinsa ya haifar da filin maganadisu, duk da haka dynamo ya daɗe yana daina aiki kuma filin Mars ya ɓace gabaɗaya, mai yiyuwa ne saboda asarar zafi da ƙarfi. A yau, filin maganadisu tarin ƙananan filaye ne masu kama da laima, galibi a kewayen yankin kudu. Ragowar magnetosphere yana rufe kusan kashi 40% na saman duniya. Sakamakon Bincike na Ofishin Jakadancin NASA Kwararre nuna cewa ana share yanayin da farko ta hanyar fitar da iska mai yawa daga hasken rana wanda ke jefa bam a duniya da protons masu ƙarfi.

Tsarin duniyar Mars dole ne ya ƙunshi manyan matakai guda biyu - ƙirƙirar yanayi da dumamasa.

Mafi girman yanayi na iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide zai dakatar da hasken rana mai shigowa. Tun da yawan zafin jiki zai ƙara yawan iskar gas zuwa yanayi, waɗannan matakai guda biyu zasu ƙarfafa juna. Duk da haka, carbon dioxide kadai ba zai isa ba don kiyaye zafin jiki sama da wurin daskarewa na ruwa - wani abu kuma za a buƙaci.

Wani Binciken Martian Wanda Kwanan Nan Ya Samu Suna Dagewa kuma za a kaddamar da wannan shekara, za a dauka kokarin samar da iskar oxygen. Mun san cewa yanayin da ba kasafai ba ya ƙunshi 95,32% carbon dioxide, 2,7% nitrogen, 1,6% argon, da kusan 0,13% oxygen, da sauran abubuwa da yawa a cikin ƙananan adadi. Gwajin da aka sani da gaisuwa (5) shine a yi amfani da carbon dioxide da fitar da iskar oxygen daga gare ta. Gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa wannan gabaɗaya mai yiwuwa ne kuma mai yuwuwa a fasaha. Dole ku fara wani wuri.

5. Samfuran rawaya don gwajin MOXIE akan rover Perseverance.

Spacex shugaba, Elon Musk, ba zai zama kansa ba idan bai sanya cents biyu a cikin tattaunawa game da ta'addancin Mars ba. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin Musk shine sauka zuwa sandunan Martian. hydrogen bam. Babban tashin bama-bamai, a ra'ayinsa, zai haifar da makamashi mai yawa ta hanyar narkar da kankara, kuma wannan zai saki carbon dioxide, wanda zai haifar da tasirin greenhouse a cikin yanayi, yana kama zafi.

Filin maganadisu da ke kusa da duniyar Mars zai kare marsonauts daga haskoki na sararin samaniya kuma ya haifar da yanayi mai laushi a saman duniyar duniyar. Amma ba shakka ba za ku iya sanya ƙaton ƙarfe na ruwa a ciki ba. Saboda haka, masana suna ba da wani bayani - saka w libration point L1 a cikin tsarin Mars-Sun babban janareta, wanda zai haifar da ingantaccen filin maganadisu mai ƙarfi.

An gabatar da ra'ayin ne a taron bitar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Planetary Vision 2050 wanda Dr. Jim Green, darektan Sashen Kimiyya na Duniya, sashen binciken duniyar NASA. Bayan lokaci, filin maganadisu zai haifar da haɓakar matsa lamba na yanayi da matsakaicin yanayin zafi. Haɓaka kawai 4°C zai narke ƙanƙara a cikin yankunan polar, yana sakin CO da aka adana₂wannan zai haifar da tasiri mai karfi na greenhouse. Ruwa zai sake gudana a wurin. A cewar masu yin aikin, ainihin lokacin aiwatar da aikin shine 2050.

Bi da bi, mafita da aka gabatar a watan Yulin bara da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Harvard suka yi ba ta yi alkawarin ba da tazara a duniya gaba ɗaya ba, amma zai iya zama hanyar da aka yanke. Masana kimiyya sun zo da gina gidaje Ya sanya daga bakin ciki yadudduka na silica airgel, wanda zai zama m kuma a lokaci guda samar da kariya daga UV radiation da dumi surface.

A lokacin simintin, ya juya cewa wani bakin ciki, 2-3 cm Layer na airgel ya isa ya ɗora saman sama da 50 ° C. Idan muka zaɓi wuraren da suka dace, za a ƙara yawan zafin jiki na gutsuttsuran Mars zuwa -10 ° C. Har yanzu zai kasance ƙasa, amma a cikin kewayon da za mu iya ɗauka. Bugu da ƙari, zai iya kiyaye ruwan da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna a cikin yanayin ruwa duk shekara, wanda, tare da samun damar yin amfani da hasken rana akai-akai, ya kamata ya isa ga ciyayi don aiwatar da photosynthesis.

Ecological terraforming

Idan ra'ayin sake ƙirƙirar Mars ya yi kama da Duniya yana da ban mamaki, to yuwuwar terraforming na sauran sassan sararin samaniya yana ɗaga matakin ban mamaki zuwa digiri na nth.

An riga an ambaci Venus. Ƙananan sanannun abubuwan la'akari terraforming wata. Geoffrey A. Landis daga NASA da aka ƙididdigewa a cikin 2011 cewa samar da yanayi a kewayen tauraron dan adam tare da matsa lamba na 0,07 daga oxygen mai tsabta zai buƙaci samar da iskar oxygen ton biliyan 200 daga wani wuri. Mai binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar amfani da halayen rage iskar oxygen daga duwatsun wata. Matsalar ita ce saboda ƙananan nauyi, zai yi sauri ya rasa shi. Dangane da batun ruwa, shirin da aka yi a baya na jefa bam a saman duniyar wata da tauraro mai wutsiya ba zai yi tasiri ba. Ya bayyana cewa akwai H mai yawa a cikin ƙasan wata₂0, musamman a kusa da Pole ta Kudu.

Sauran masu yuwuwar 'yan takara don terraforming - watakila kawai bangare - ko paraterraforming, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙirƙira akan jikin sararin samaniya. rufaffiyar wuraren zama ga mutane (6) waɗannan su ne: Titan, Callisto, Ganymede, Europa da ma Mercury, Saturn's Moon Enceladus da dwarf planet Ceres.

6. Artistic hangen nesa na m terraforming

Idan muka ci gaba, zuwa exoplanets, daga cikin abin da muka ƙara zuwa fadin duniya tare da babban kama da Duniya, sa'an nan za mu shiga wani gaba daya sabon matakin tattaunawa. Za mu iya gano taurari kamar ETP, BP da watakila ma HP a can a nesa, watau. wadanda ba mu da su a tsarin hasken rana. Sa'an nan cimma irin wannan duniyar ya zama matsala mafi girma fiye da fasaha da farashi na terraforming.

Yawancin shawarwarin injiniya na duniya sun haɗa da amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara. Gary King, Masanin ilimin halittu na Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana wanda yayi nazarin mafi girman kwayoyin halitta a Duniya, ya lura cewa:

"Synthetic ilmin halitta ya ba mu kayan aiki masu ban mamaki da za mu iya amfani da su don ƙirƙirar sababbin nau'o'in halittu waɗanda aka keɓance musamman ga tsarin da muke son tsarawa."

Masanin kimiyya ya zayyana abubuwan da za a yi don yin tauraro, yana bayyana:

"Muna so mu yi nazarin ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta da aka zaɓa, mu nemo kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da alhakin rayuwa da kuma amfani ga terraforming (kamar juriya ga radiation da rashin ruwa), sa'an nan kuma amfani da wannan ilimin ga injiniyoyin kwayoyin halitta da aka tsara musamman."

Masanin kimiyya yana ganin manyan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da iya zaɓe ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta da daidaita ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu dacewa, yana ganin cewa zai iya ɗaukar "shekaru goma ko fiye" don shawo kan wannan cikas. Ya kuma lura cewa mafi kyawun fare shine haɓaka "ba kawai nau'in microbe ɗaya ba, amma da yawa waɗanda ke aiki tare."

Maimakon yin ta'addanci ko ban da yin katsalandan a yanayin baƙon, masana sun ba da shawarar cewa ɗan adam zai iya daidaitawa da waɗannan wuraren ta hanyar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, fasahar kere-kere, da haɓaka fasahar Intanet.

Lisa Nip na MIT Media Lab's Molecular Machines Team, ya ce ilmin halitta na roba zai iya ba wa masana kimiyya damar canza dabi'un mutane, tsire-tsire, da kwayoyin cuta don daidaita kwayoyin halitta zuwa yanayi a wata duniyar.

Martin J. Fogg, Carl Sagan oraz Robert Zubrin i Richard L.S. TyloNa yi imanin cewa sanya sauran duniyoyin zama wurin zama - a matsayin ci gaba na tarihin rayuwa na yanayi mai canzawa a duniya - ba abin yarda ba ne. halin ɗabi'a na ɗan adam. Har ila yau, sun nuna cewa duniyarmu za ta daina zama mai araha ko ta yaya. A cikin dogon lokaci, dole ne ku yi la'akari da buƙatar motsawa.

Ko da yake masu goyon bayan sun yi imanin cewa babu wani abu da ya shafi tauraruwar taurarin da ba su da tushe. al'amurran da'a, akwai ra'ayoyin cewa a kowane hali zai zama rashin da'a don tsoma baki tare da yanayi.

Idan aka yi la’akari da yadda dan Adam ya yi tun da farko a duniya, zai fi kyau kada a fallasa sauran duniyoyi ga ayyukan dan Adam. Christopher McKay yayi jayayya cewa terraforming daidai ne a cikin ɗabi'a kawai lokacin da muke da cikakkiyar tabbacin cewa baƙon duniya ba ya ɓoye rayuwar ɗan ƙasa. Kuma ko da mun sami nasarar gano shi, bai kamata mu yi ƙoƙari mu canza shi don amfanin kanmu ba, amma mu yi ta hanyar da ta dace. daidaita da wannan baƙon rayuwa. Ba haka yake ba.

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