Zane-zane na fasaha da injiniya da hangen nesa na aikin - tarihi

Ta yaya zanen fasaha da injiniya ya bunƙasa tsawon tarihi? Sashen Cross daga 2100 BC har zuwa yau.

2100 rubles - Hoton farko da aka adana na abu a cikin tsinkayar rectangular, la'akari da ma'aunin da ya dace. An nuna hoton a jikin mutum-mutumin Gudea (1saurare)) injiniya da mai mulki

Birnin Sumerian-jihar Lagash, dake kan ƙasar Iraki ta zamani.

karni na XNUMX BC – Ana daukar Marcus Vitruvius Pollio a matsayin uban zane, watau. Vitruvius, Roman m, magini

motocin soja a lokacin mulkin Julius Kaisar da Octavian Augustus. Ya halicci abin da ake kira Vitruvian Man - siffar wani tsirara da aka rubuta a cikin da'irar da square (2), alamar motsi (daga baya Leonardo da Vinci ya rarraba nasa sigar wannan zane). Ya shahara a matsayin marubucin littafin akan Architecture na Littattafai Goma, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 20 zuwa 10 BC kuma ba a same shi ba sai 1415 a ɗakin karatu na gidan sufi na St. Gallen a Switzerland. Vitruvius yayi cikakken bayani dalla-dalla duka umarni na gargajiya na Girka da kuma bambancin su na Roman. An ƙara kwatancen da misalai masu dacewa - zane na asali, duk da haka, ba a kiyaye su ba. A cikin zamani na zamani, yawancin mashahuran marubuta sun yi zane-zane don wannan aikin, suna ƙoƙari su sake yin zane-zane da aka rasa.

3. Ɗaya daga cikin zane-zane na Guido da Vigevano

Tsakanin Zamani - Lokacin zayyana gine-gine da lambuna, ana amfani da ka'idodin geometric - ad quadratum da ad triangulum, i.e. zane cikin sharuddan murabba'i ko triangle. Masu ginin babban coci a cikin aikin aiki suna ƙirƙirar zane-zane da zane-zane, amma ba tare da tsauraran dokoki da daidaitawa ba. Littafin zanen injunan siege ta likitan likitan kotu kuma mai kirkiro Guido da Vigevano, 13353) yana nuna mahimmancin waɗannan zane-zane na farko a matsayin kayan aiki don jawo masu tallafawa da abokan ciniki da ke son ba da kuɗin zuba jari na gine-gine.

1230-1235 - Villard de Honnecourt ne ya ƙirƙira wani kundi (4). Wannan rubutun ne wanda ya ƙunshi fakiti 33 da aka haɗa tare, faɗin 15-16 cm kuma tsayi 23-24. An rufe su a bangarorin biyu tare da zane da alamomi da aka yi da alkalami kuma a baya an zana su da sandar gubar. Zane game da gine-gine, abubuwan gine-gine, sassaka, mutane, dabbobi da na'urori suna tare da kwatance.

1335 - Guido da Vigevano yana aiki akan Texaurus Regis Francie, wani yanki na kare yakin crusace da Philip VI ya shelanta. Aikin ya ƙunshi zane-zane da yawa na injunan yaƙi da motoci, da suka haɗa da karusai masu sulke, motocin iska, da sauran na'urori masu hazaƙa. Ko da yake ba a taba yin yakin da Philip ya yi ba saboda yaki da Ingila, da Vigevano kundin soja ya riga ya rigaya ya yi tsammanin yawancin gine-ginen soja na Leonardo da Vinci da sauran masu kirkiro na karni na sha shida.

4. Shafi daga kundi na Villard de Honnecourt.

1400-1600 - Zane-zane na farko na fasaha suna cikin ma'ana kusa da ra'ayoyin zamani, Renaissance ya kawo gyare-gyare da yawa da canje-canje ba kawai a cikin fasahar gine-gine ba, har ma a cikin zane da gabatar da ayyukan.

Karni na XNUMX - An sake gano hangen nesa ta mai zane Paolo Uccello a cikin zane-zane na Renaissance. Filippo Brunelleschi ya fara amfani da hangen nesa na linzamin kwamfuta a cikin zane-zanensa, wanda a karon farko ya ba shi da mabiyansa damar wakiltar gine-ginen gine-gine da na'urorin inji. Bugu da ƙari, zane-zane daga farkon karni na XNUMX na Mariano di Jacopo, mai suna Taccola, ya nuna amfani da hangen nesa don nuna ƙirƙira da injuna daidai. Taccola ta yi amfani da ƙa'idodin zane a sarari ba a matsayin hanyar tattara bayanan da ke akwai ba, amma azaman hanyar ƙira ta amfani da gani akan takarda. Hanyoyinsa sun bambanta da misalai na farko na zane-zane na Villard de Honnecourt, Abbé von Landsberg da Guido da Vigevano a cikin amfani da hangen nesa, girma da shading. Hanyoyin da Taccola suka ƙaddamar an yi amfani da su kuma sun haɓaka daga marubuta daga baya. 

Farkon karni na XNUMX - Alamomin farko na siffofi na zane-zane na fasaha na zamani, irin su ra'ayoyin tsare-tsare, zane-zane na taro da cikakkun bayanai na sashe, sun fito ne daga littattafan zane-zane na Leonardo da Vinci da aka yi a farkon karni na XNUMX. Leonardo ya zana wahayi daga aikin marubutan farko, musamman Francesco di Giorgio Martini, masanin gine-gine da na'ura. Nau'in abubuwa a cikin tsinkaya kuma suna nan a cikin ayyukan babban masanin zanen Jamus daga lokacin Leonhard Albrecht Dürer. Yawancin fasahohin da da Vinci ya yi amfani da su sun kasance masu ƙwarewa ta fuskar ƙa'idodin ƙirar zamani da zanen fasaha. Alal misali, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ba da shawarar yin samfurin katako na abubuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na zane. 

1543 - Farkon horo na yau da kullun akan dabarun zane. An kafa Kwalejin Venetian Arts del Disegno. an koyar da masu zane-zane, sculptors da masu gine-gine don yin amfani da daidaitattun dabarun ƙira da kuma haifar da ƙira a cikin hoto. Makarantar ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaki da rufaffiyar tsarin horarwa a tarurrukan sana'o'i, wadanda galibi ke adawa da amfani da ka'idoji da ka'idoji na zane.

XNUMXth karni - Zane-zane na fasaha na Renaissance sun fi tasiri ta hanyar ka'idodin fasaha da tarurruka, ba fasaha ba. Wannan yanayin ya fara canzawa a cikin ƙarni na gaba. Gerard Desargues ya zana kan aikin mai bincike na farko Samuel Maralois don samar da tsarin na'ura mai kwakwalwa wanda aka yi amfani da shi don wakiltar abubuwa a cikin nau'i uku. Ɗaya daga cikin jigogin farko na ilimin lissafi, wato Desargues' theorem, ana kiransa sunan sa. Dangane da ilimin lissafi na Euclidean, ya ce idan triangles guda biyu suka kwanta a kan jirgin sama ta yadda layin ukun da ma'auni na madaidaicin madaidaicin su ya zo daidai, to, maki uku na tsaka-tsakin madaidaitan bangarorin biyu (ko kari na su). ) zama collinear.

1799 - Littafin "Geometry Descriptive" na masanin lissafin Faransa na karni na XVIII Gaspard Monge (5), wanda aka shirya bisa laccocin da ya gabata. An yi la'akari da bayyani na farko na lissafin lissafi da ƙa'idar nuni a cikin zanen fasaha, wannan ɗaba'ar ta samo asali ne tun lokacin haihuwar zanen fasaha na zamani. Monge ya ɓullo da wata hanya ta lissafi don sanin ainihin sifar haɗin kai na sifofin da aka samar. Duk da yake wannan tsarin yana samar da hotuna masu kama da ra'ayoyin da Vitruvius ya inganta tun zamanin da, fasaharsa ta ba da damar masu zanen kaya don ƙirƙirar ra'ayi mai dacewa daga kowane kusurwa ko hanya, da aka ba da ra'ayi na asali. Amma Monge ya wuce ƙwararren masanin lissafi. Ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar dukkanin tsarin ilimin fasaha da zane, wanda ya dogara da ka'idodinsa. Ci gaban sana'ar zane a wancan lokacin ba kawai ta hanyar aikin Monge ba ne, har ma da juyin juya halin masana'antu gabaɗaya, buƙatar kera kayan gyara da shigar da tsarin ƙira a cikin samarwa. Har ila yau, tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci - saitin zane-zane na zane a mafi yawan lokuta ya sa ba lallai ba ne don gina shimfidar abu mai aiki. 

1822 Daya daga cikin shahararrun hanyoyin wakilcin fasaha, zanen axonometric, Fasto William Farish na Cambridge ne ya tsara shi a farkon karni na 1822 a cikin aikinsa kan ilimin kimiyya. Ya bayyana wata dabarar nuna abubuwa a sararin samaniya mai girma uku, wani nau'in tsinkaya mai kama da juna wanda ke tsara sararin samaniya a kan jirgin sama ta hanyar amfani da tsarin daidaitawa na rectangular. Siffar da ke bambanta axonometry daga sauran nau'ikan tsinkaya mai kama da juna shine sha'awar kula da ainihin girman abubuwan da aka zayyana a cikin aƙalla shugabanci ɗaya da aka zaɓa. Wasu nau'ikan axonometry kuma suna ba ku damar kiyaye girman sasanninta daidai da jirgin da aka zaɓa. Farish yakan yi amfani da samfura don kwatanta wasu ƙa'idodi a cikin laccocinsa. Don bayyana taron samfura, ya yi amfani da dabarar tsinkayar isometric - taswirar sararin samaniya mai girma uku a kan jirgin sama, wanda shine ɗayan nau'ikan tsinkaya iri ɗaya. Ko da yake gaba ɗaya ra'ayi na isometrics ya kasance a baya, Farish ne wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mutum na farko da ya kafa ƙa'idodin zane na isometric. A cikin 120, a cikin labarin "Akan Halayen Isometric," ya rubuta game da "buƙatar ingantattun zane-zane na fasaha, ba tare da ɓarna ba." Wannan ya sa shi ya tsara ka'idodin isometry. Isometric yana nufin "daidai ma'auni" saboda ana amfani da sikelin iri ɗaya don tsayi, faɗi da zurfi. Ma'anar tsinkayar isometric ita ce daidaita ma'auni (XNUMX °) tsakanin kowane nau'i na gatari, don haka ra'ayi na raguwa na kowane axis daidai yake. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na sha tara, isometry ya zama kayan aiki na yau da kullun ga injiniyoyi (6), kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka an haɗa axonometry da isometry cikin shirye-shiryen bincike na gine-gine a Turai da Amurka.

6. Zane na fasaha a cikin isometric view

80's – Sabbin sabbin abubuwa da suka kawo zane-zanen fasaha zuwa tsarin da suke a yanzu, shi ne na’urar kwafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga yin kwafin zuwa kwafi. Shahararren tsarin haihuwa na farko, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 80s, shine cyanotype (7). Wannan ya ba da damar rarraba zane-zane na fasaha har zuwa matakin daidaitattun wuraren aiki. An horar da ma'aikatan don karanta tsarin kuma dole ne su bi ƙa'idodi da juriya sosai. Wannan, bi da bi, yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan ci gaba da samar da yawan jama'a, yayin da ya rage abubuwan da ake bukata don matakin ƙwarewa da kwarewa na mai yin samfurin.

7. Kwafin zane na fasaha

1914 - A farkon karni na 1914, an yi amfani da launuka sosai a cikin zane-zane na fasaha. Koyaya, ya zuwa shekara 100, kusan kashi XNUMX% an yi watsi da wannan al'ada a ƙasashe masu arzikin masana'antu. Launuka a cikin zane-zane na fasaha suna da ayyuka daban-daban - an yi amfani da su don wakiltar kayan gini, an yi amfani da su don bambanta tsakanin gudana da motsi a cikin tsarin, kuma kawai don yin ado da hotuna na na'urori tare da su. 

1963 - Ivan Sutherland, a cikin karatunsa na Ph.D. a MIT, yana haɓaka Sketchpad don ƙira (8). Shi ne shirin farko na CAD (Compute Aid Design) wanda aka sanye shi da na'ura mai hoto - idan za ku iya kiran shi, saboda duk abin da ya yi shi ne ƙirƙirar zane-zane na xy. Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Sketchpad sun fara amfani da shirye-shirye masu dacewa a cikin tsarin CAD na zamani da CAE (Computer Aid Engineering). 

8. Ivan Sutherland ya gabatar da Sketchpad

Shekarun 60. - Injiniyoyi daga manyan kamfanoni irin su Boeing, Ford, Citroën da GM suna haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen CAD. Hanyoyin ƙira na taimakon kwamfuta da hangen nesa na ƙira suna zama hanya don sauƙaƙe ayyukan kera motoci da na jiragen sama, da saurin haɓaka sabbin fasahohin masana'antu, galibi kayan aikin injin tare da sarrafa lambobi, ba tare da mahimmanci ba. Saboda tsananin ƙarancin ƙarfin kwamfuta idan aka kwatanta da injinan yau, ƙirar CAD ta farko tana buƙatar ƙarfin kuɗi da injiniya mai yawa.

9. Porter Pierre Bezier tare da tsarin lissafinsa

1968 – Ƙirƙirar hanyoyin XNUMXD CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) ana ƙididdige shi ga injiniyan Faransa Pierre Bézier.9). Don sauƙaƙe ƙirar sassa da kayan aiki don masana'antar kera motoci, ya haɓaka tsarin UNISURF, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen aiki ga ƙarni na gaba na software na CAD.

1971 - ADAM, Zane-zane na atomatik da Machining (ADAM) ya bayyana. Kayan aikin CAD ne wanda Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty, wanda kamfaninsa na Masana'antu da Ba da Shawarwari (MCS) ke ba da software ga manyan kamfanoni kamar McDonnell Douglas da Computervision.

Shekarun 80. - Ci gaba a cikin haɓaka kayan aikin kwamfuta don ingantaccen ƙirar ƙira. A cikin 1982, John Walker ya kafa Autodesk, babban samfurin wanda shine shahararren shirin 2D na AutoCAD na duniya.

1987 - An saki Pro / ENGINEER, yana ba da sanarwar ƙara yawan amfani da fasahar ƙirar ƙirar aiki da ɗaurin siga na aiki. Wanda ya kera wannan mataki na gaba a cikin ƙira shine kamfanin Amurka PTC (Parametric Technology Corporation). An ƙirƙiri Pro / ENGINEER don Windows/Windows x64/Unix/Linux/Solaris da Intel/AMD/MIPS/UltraSPARC na'urori masu sarrafawa, amma bayan lokaci mai ƙira ya iyakance adadin dandamali masu goyan baya. Tun daga 2011, kawai dandamali masu tallafi sune tsarin daga dangin MS Windows.

10. Zana mutum-mutumi a cikin shirin CAD na zamani

1994 - Autodesk AutoCAD R13 yana bayyana akan kasuwa, i.е. sigar farko na shirin sanannen kamfani wanda ke aiki akan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan uku (10). Ba shine farkon shirin da aka ƙera don ƙirar 3D ba. Ayyukan wannan nau'in an haɓaka su ne a farkon 60s, kuma a cikin 1969 MAGI ta saki SynthaVision, ingantaccen shirin tallan tallace-tallace na farko. A cikin 1989, NURBS, wakilcin lissafin lissafi na ƙirar 3D, ya fara bayyana akan wuraren aikin Silicon Graphics. A cikin 1993, CAS Berlin ta haɓaka shirin NURBS na simulation na PC mai suna NöRBS.

2012 - Autodesk 360, ƙirar tushen girgije da software na ƙirar ƙira, ya shiga kasuwa.