Babban tanki mai nauyi K-Wagen

Model tank K-Wagen, gaban view. Dome na hasumiya na masu lura da bindigogi biyu na iya gani a saman rufin, yana kara fitar da bututu daga injin guda biyu.

Zai zama alama cewa zamanin manyan tankuna masu nauyi a cikin tarihi sun zo daidai da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu - sannan a cikin Reich na uku, an haɓaka ayyukan don yawan motocin yaƙi da nauyinsu ya kai ton ɗari ko fiye, kuma wasu ma an aiwatar da su (E-100, Maus, da sauransu .d.). Duk da haka, sau da yawa ana yin watsi da cewa Jamusawa sun fara aiki a kan tankuna masu waɗannan halaye a lokacin babban yakin, jim kadan bayan fara fara wannan sabon nau'in makami a fagen daga a bangaren kawancen. Sakamakon ƙarshe na ƙoƙarin injiniya shine K-Wagen, tanki mafi girma da nauyi na yakin duniya na farko.

Lokacin da Jamusawa suka fara cin karo da tankuna a Yammacin Gaba a watan Satumba na 1916, sabon makamin ya haifar da jita-jita guda biyu: tsoro da sha'awa. Da alama injunan da ba za a iya tsayawa ba sun yi kama da sojoji da kwamandojin masarautar da suka yi yaki a fagen daga a matsayin wani babban makami, ko da yake da farko jaridun Jamus da wasu manyan hafsoshi sun mayar da martani ba tare da yin watsi da wannan kirkiro ba. Duk da haka, da rashin gaskiya, rashin girmamawa hali da sauri maye gurbinsu da wani ainihin lissafi da kuma sober kima na yuwuwar yaki sa ido motocin, wanda ya kai ga fitowan na sha'awa daga Jamus Babban Command na Ground Forces (Oberste Heersleitung - OHL). wanda yake so ya sami kwatankwacin sojojin Burtaniya a cikin ma'ajiyar makamansa.Taimaka masa ya ba da ma'aunin nasara a gare shi.

Model K-Wagen, wannan lokacin daga baya.

Ƙoƙarin da Jamusanci don ƙirƙirar tankuna na farko ya ƙare (ba tare da ƙidayar ƙirar cart ɗin da aka bari a kan allunan zane ba) tare da gina motoci guda biyu: A7V da Leichter Kampfwagen nau'ikan I, II da III (wasu masana tarihi da masu sha'awar soja sun ce ci gaban LK III ya tsaya a matakin zane) . Na'ura ta farko - jinkirin motsi, ba ta da motsi sosai, wanda aka samar a cikin adadin kwafin ashirin kawai - ya sami damar shiga sabis kuma ya shiga cikin tashin hankali, amma rashin gamsuwa da ƙirarsa gaba ɗaya ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an yi watsi da ci gaban na'urar har abada. a cikin Fabrairu 1918. Ƙari mai ban sha'awa, har ma saboda mafi kyawun halaye, ko da yake ba tare da lahani ba, ƙirar gwaji ya kasance. Rashin samar da sojojin Jamus masu sulke cikin gaggawa da tankunan da aka kera a cikin gida na nufin samar da kayan aikin da aka kama. Sojoji na sojojin daular sun yi "farauta" da motocin kawance, amma ba tare da nasara ba. An kama tankin mai aiki na farko (Mk IV) ne kawai a safiyar ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1917 a Fontaine-Notre-Dame bayan wani aiki da wata kungiya karkashin jagorancin kofur (ba kwamishina) Fritz Leu daga Armee Kraftwagen Park 2 (XNUMX) Tabbas, kafin wannan lokacin, Jamusawa sun yi nasarar samun adadin tankunan na Burtaniya, amma sun lalace ko sun lalace ta yadda ba za a iya gyara su da amfani da su wajen yaƙi ba). Bayan da aka kawo karshen yakin Cambrai, wasu tankunan yaki na Burtaniya saba'in da daya na wasu fasahohin fasaha daban-daban sun fada hannun Jamusawa, duk da cewa barnar da aka yi wa talatin daga cikin su ba ta da matsala. Ba da jimawa ba adadin motocin Birtaniyan da aka kama ya kai matsayin da suka yi nasarar tsarawa tare da samar da bataliyoyin tankokin yaki da dama, wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen yaki.

Baya ga tankunan da aka ambata a sama, Jamusawa kuma sun sami damar kammala kusan kashi 85-90% na kwafin biyu na K-Wagen (Colossal-Wagen) mai nauyin tan 150 (wani sunan gama gari, misali, Grosskampfwagen), wanda shine wanda bai yi daidai da girmansa da nauyi ba kafin yakin duniya na biyu.

Model K-Wagen, kallon gefen dama tare da shigar nacelle na gefe.

Model K-Wagen, kallon gefen dama tare da nacelle na gefe an wargaje.

Tarihin tankin take watakila shine mafi ban mamaki daga cikin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da motocin yaƙi da Jamusawa ke bin diddigin lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Duk da yake ana iya gano tarihin abubuwan hawa irin su A7V, LK II/II/III ko ma Sturm-Panzerwagen Oberschlesien da ba a taɓa ginawa ba daidai gwargwado godiya ga kayan tarihin rayuwa da ɗimbin wallafe-wallafe masu mahimmanci, dangane da tsarin mu suna sha'awar, yana da wuya . An ɗauka cewa OHL ya ba da umarnin ƙirar K-Wagen a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1917 ta kwararru daga sashin soja na Sashen Sufuri na 7 (Abteilung 7. Verkehrswesen). Abubuwan da aka tsara na dabara da buƙatun fasaha sun ɗauka cewa motar da aka ƙera za ta karɓi sulke daga kauri daga 10 zuwa 30 mm, za ta iya shawo kan ramuka har zuwa faɗin 4 m, kuma babban kayan aikin sa ya kamata ya ƙunshi SK / L ɗaya ko biyu. Bindigogi 50, da makaman kariya za su ƙunshi bindigu guda huɗu. Bugu da ƙari, an bar yiwuwar sanya masu flamethrowers "a kan jirgin" don la'akari. An shirya cewa takamaiman nauyin matsin da aka yi a ƙasa zai kasance 0,5 kg / cm2, injin za a gudanar da shi da injuna biyu na 200 hp kowace, kuma akwatin gear zai samar da gear uku gaba daya baya. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, ma'aikatan motar ya kamata su kasance mutane 18, kuma yawan jama'a ya kamata ya canza zuwa tan 100. An kiyasta kudin mota daya ya kai maki 500, wanda farashin falaqi ne, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da yadda farashin LK II ya kai maki 000-65. Lokacin da aka lissafta matsalolin da za su iya tasowa sakamakon buƙatar jigilar motar a cikin nisa mai nisa, an yi la'akari da yin amfani da na'ura mai mahimmanci - ko da yake ba a ƙayyade adadin abubuwan gine-gine masu zaman kansu ba, an buƙaci kowannen su ya kamata. nauyi bai wuce tan 000 ba. Sharuɗɗan sharuɗɗan sun yi kama da wauta ga Ma'aikatar Yaƙi (Kriegsministerium) cewa da farko ta dena nuna goyon baya ga ra'ayin gina mota, amma da sauri ya canza ra'ayinsa dangane da labarin ci gaban nasarar Allied. motoci masu sulke. motoci daga gaba.

Halayen aikin injin, a wancan lokacin sabon abu kuma wanda ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a wancan lokacin, tare da megalomania, yanzu ya tayar da tambaya mai ma'ana game da manufarsa. A halin yanzu, an yi imani da yawa, watakila ta hanyar kwatankwacin ayyukan jiragen ruwa na R.1000 / 1500 na yakin duniya na biyu, cewa Jamusawa sun yi niyya don amfani da K-Vagens a matsayin "sandunan hannu", yana jagorantar su don yin aiki a kan. yankunan da suka fi hatsarin gaba. Ta mahangar ma'ana, wannan ra'ayi yana kama da daidai, amma batutuwa na Sarki Wilhelm na biyu suna da alama sun gan su a matsayin makami mai ban tsoro. Aƙalla, an tabbatar da wannan kasida ta gaskiyar cewa a lokacin rani na 1918 an yi amfani da sunan Sturmkraftwagen schwerster Bauart (K-Wagen) don tachanka aƙalla sau ɗaya, wanda ke nuna a sarari cewa ba a la'akari da shi azaman kariya kawai. makami.

Duk da fatan alheri, ma'aikatan Abteilung 7. Verkehrswesen ba su da kwarewa wajen kera tankin da OHL ta ba da izini, don haka shugabancin sashen ya yanke shawarar "hayar" wani baƙo don wannan dalili. A cikin wallafe-wallafen, musamman a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafe, akwai ra'ayi cewa zabi ya fadi a kan Josef Vollmer, babban injiniya na Jamus Automobile Society, wanda a cikin 1916, godiya ga aikinsa a kan A7V, ya zama sananne a matsayin mai zane tare da daidai hangen nesa. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a ambata cewa wasu wallafe-wallafen daga baya sun ƙunshi bayanai cewa gagarumin ƙoƙarin da aka yi a cikin ƙirar K-Wagen shi ma: babban jami'in sufuri na hanya (Chef des Kraftfahrwesens-Chefkraft), kyaftin (Hauptmann) Wegner (Wegener?) da kuma kyaftin Muller wanda ba a san shi ba. A halin yanzu, ba zai yuwu ba a tabbatar da ko a zahiri haka lamarin yake.

7,7 cm Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz gun, babban makamai na Grosskampfagen babban tanki mai nauyi

Ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1917, Ma'aikatar Yaƙi ta ba da oda don K-Wagens goma. An ƙirƙiri takaddun fasaha a shukar Riebe-Kugellager-Werken a Berlin-Weissensee. A can, a ƙarshe a cikin Yuli 1918, an fara aikin gina tankuna biyu na farko, wanda aka katse bayan ƙarshen yaƙi (a cewar wasu majiyoyin, an kammala aikin gina samfura biyu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1918). Wataƙila an katse taron na kekunan tun da wuri, tun a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1918 aka ba da rahoton cewa K-Wagen ba ya cikin muradun Sojin Imperial, don haka ba a haɗa samar da su a cikin shirin ginin yaƙi ba. motocin da aka sa ido (tare da sunan aiki Großen Programm). Bayan rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Versailles, dukkan tankunan da ke wurin ne hukumar kawancen za ta zubar da su.

Binciken takardun zane, hotuna na samfurori da aka ƙera, da kuma kawai hoton tarihin K-Wagen da ba a gama ba a tsaye a cikin taron samar da Riebe ya ba mu damar ƙaddamar da cewa farkon dabara da bukatun fasaha sun kasance kawai a cikin motocin. Yawancin canje-canje na asali sun faru, tun daga maye gurbin injunan asali da na'urori masu ƙarfi, ta hanyar ƙarfafa makamai (daga bindigogi biyu zuwa hudu da kuma daga bindigogi hudu zuwa bakwai) da kuma ƙarewa tare da kauri. Sun haifar da karuwa a cikin nauyin tanki (har zuwa kimanin tan 150) da farashin naúrar (har zuwa maki 600 a kowace tanki). Duk da haka, an aiwatar da tsarin tsarin da aka tsara don sauƙaƙe sufuri; tankin ya kunshi akalla manyan abubuwa hudu - watau. kayan saukarwa, fuselage da injin nacelles guda biyu (Erkern).

A wannan gaba, tabbas akwai tushen bayanin da K-Wagen ya auna "kawai" ton 120. Wataƙila wannan taro ya kasance sakamakon ninka adadin abubuwan da aka haɗa ta matsakaicin nauyin su (kuma an yarda da ƙayyadaddun bayanai).

7,7 cm Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz gun, babban makaman Grosskampfagen babban tanki mai nauyi kashi 2

Wannan rabuwar ta sa aka sassauƙa harhada motar zuwa sassa (wanda aka yi da crane) da loda su cikin motocin jirgin ƙasa. Bayan isowar tashar saukar kaya, sai an sake hada keken motar (kuma tare da taimakon crane) a tura shi yaki. To ko da yake ana ganin an warware hanyar safarar K-Wagen a bisa ka'ida, amma abin tambaya a nan shi ne, yaya hanyarsa ta gaba za ta kasance idan har aka samu nasarar shawo kan lamarin, misali kilomita goma a fagen karkashin kasa. ikonsa da kuma ta hanyarsa?

Bayanin fasaha

Dangane da halaye na ƙirar gabaɗaya, K-Wagen ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu zuwa: kayan saukarwa, fuselage da nacelles injin guda biyu.

Ma'anar gina ƙananan tanki a cikin mafi yawan sharuddan ya yi kama da na Mk. IV, wanda aka fi sani da siffar lu'u-lu'u. Babban sashin mai motsin katapillar, karusai talatin da bakwai ne. Kowane keken yana da tsayin 78 cm kuma ya ƙunshi ƙafafu huɗu (biyu a kowane gefe), waɗanda ke motsawa a cikin furrows ɗin da aka sanya a cikin sarari tsakanin farantin sulke waɗanda ke da firam ɗin motar. An haɗa farantin karfe mai haƙora zuwa waje (wanda ke fuskantar ƙasa) gefen kurayen, girgiza-ƙara da maɓuɓɓugan maɓuɓɓuka na tsaye (dakatar da su), wanda aka haɗa haɗin aikin caterpillar (an raba hanyar haɗin kai daga kusa da ɗaya). ). An yi amfani da karusan da ƙafafun tuƙi guda biyu waɗanda ke bayan tankin, amma ba a san yadda aiwatar da wannan tsari ya kasance daga ɓangaren fasaha ba (hanyar kinematic).

Tsare-tsare da ke nuna rarrabuwar kwandon K-Wagen.

An raba jikin injin gida hudu. A gaba akwai ɗakin tuƙi tare da kujeru na direbobi biyu da wuraren bindiga (duba ƙasa). Bayan haka kuma sai bangaren fada, wanda ke dauke da manyan makamai na tankin a cikin nau'in bindigogin Sockel-Panzerwagengeschűtz guda hudu masu girman cm 7,7, wadanda ke cikin bibbiyu a cikin nassoshin injin guda biyu da aka dora a bangarorin motar, daya a kowane gefe. Ana kyautata zaton cewa wadannan bindigogin wani katafaren sigar da aka yi amfani da su a ko'ina cikin su ne 7,7 cm FK 96, wanda saboda haka suna da karami, kawai 400 mm. Sojoji uku ne ke sarrafa kowace bindiga, kuma harsashin da ke ciki harsasan ya kai 200 a kowace bindiga. Har ila yau, Tankin yana da bindigogin mashina guda bakwai, uku daga cikinsu suna gaban sashin kulawa (da sojoji biyu) sai kuma wasu guda hudu a cikin naceles din injin (biyu a kowane gefe; daya mai kibiyoyi biyu, an sanya su a tsakanin bindigogin, dayan kuma). a ƙarshen gondola, kusa da injin bay). Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsayin daka na faɗa (ƙidaya daga gaba) matsayi ne na masu sa ido na bindigogi biyu, suna duba wuraren da ke kewaye don neman hari daga wani turret na musamman da aka dora a kan rufi. Bayan su akwai wurin kwamandan, wanda ke kula da aikin dukan ma'aikatan. A cikin daki na gaba a jere, an sanya injunan motoci guda biyu, wanda injiniyoyi biyu ke sarrafa su. Babu cikakkiyar yarjejeniya a cikin wallafe-wallafe game da wannan batu game da wane nau'i da iko waɗannan masu haɓakawa suke. Bayanin da aka fi sani shine cewa K-Wagen yana da injunan jirgin Daimler guda biyu masu karfin 600 hp kowace. kowanne. Sashe na ƙarshe (Getriebe-Raum) ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan da ke cikin watsa wutar lantarki. An ba da kariya ga goshin kwandon da sulke na 40 mm, wanda a zahiri ya ƙunshi faranti 20 mm sulke da aka sanya a ɗan ɗan gajeren nesa da juna. Hannun (da kuma mai yiwuwa na baya) an rufe su da makamai 30 mm lokacin farin ciki, da rufi - 20 mm.

Taƙaitawa

Idan aka dubi kwarewar yakin duniya na biyu, to, tankunan Jamus masu nauyin tan 100 ko sama da haka sun zama, a takaice, rashin fahimta. Misali shine tankin Mouse. Duk da cewa yana da sulke da manyan makamai, amma ta fuskar motsi da motsi, ya yi kasa sosai da gyare-gyare masu sauki, wanda sakamakon haka, da ba don makiya ba ne suka hana shi, to da dabi'a ce ta yi ta, domin wani fadama ne. yanki ko ma tudun da ba a iya gani ba zai iya zama masa sauyi ba zai yiwu ba. Ƙirar ƙira ba ta sauƙaƙe samarwa ko kiyayewa a cikin filin ba, kuma babban taro shine ainihin gwaji don ayyukan dabaru, saboda jigilar irin wannan colossus, har ma da ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana buƙatar albarkatun sama-matsakaici. Rufin sulke mai kauri yana nufin cewa yayin da kaurin sulke masu kauri da ke kare goshi, tarnaƙi da turret suna ba da kariya ta dogon zango daga mafi yawan zagayen bindigogin tanka a lokacin, motar ba ta da kariya daga gobarar iska cewa duk wani roka ko fashewar bam. zai yi masa barazana ta mutuwa.

Wataƙila duk abubuwan da ke sama na Maus, waɗanda a zahiri sun fi yawa, kusan tabbas za su dame K-Wagen idan ya sami damar shiga sabis (tsarin na yau da kullun kawai partially ko ma da alama yana magance matsalar jigilar injin). Don halaka shi, ba ma zai kunna jirgin sama ba (a zahiri, zai haifar masa da wata babbar barazana, domin a lokacin babban Yaƙin ba zai yiwu a kera jirgin da zai iya kai hari kan ƙananan maƙasudi ba). saboda sulke da ke hannun sa kadan ne da za a iya kawar da shi da bindigar fage, banda haka kuma, tana da matsakaicin matsayi. Don haka, akwai alamu da yawa da ke nuna cewa K-Wagen ba za ta taɓa samun nasara a fagen fama ba, duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da shi daga tarihin haɓakar motocin sulke, ya kamata a bayyana cewa lallai abin hawa ne mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke wakiltar. in ba haka ba mai nauyi - ba a ce - sifili darajar amfanin yaƙi ba.