A karkashin gini da kuma shirye-shiryen megaprojects. Manyan abubuwa masu tsada da za su ba duniya mamaki

Kwanaki sun shuɗe lokacin da ayyuka na miliyoyin suka burge. Ko daruruwan miliyoyin mutane ba sa motsi kuma. A yau, wannan yana buƙatar biliyoyin, kuma farashin manyan ayyuka ya kai ɗaruruwan biliyoyin. Hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki har zuwa wani lokaci ne ke da alhakin hakan, amma ba shi ne dalilin da ya fi muhimmanci ga wadannan adadi mai yawa ba. Manyan ayyuka da tsare-tsare na karni na XNUMX suna da girman gaske.

Wani yanki na gargajiya don ayyukan megaprojects shine hangen nesa na manyan gadoji da tunnels. An gina gine-gine masu ban sha'awa na irin wannan nau'in kuma ana gina su a cikin duniya, kamar yadda matashin Technician ya rubuta game da sau da yawa. Fantasies, duk da haka, har yanzu ba a gamsu ba. Suna zana ayyukan ba "mega", amma har ma "giga". Ɗayan irin wannan ra'ayi shine, misali, gada ta haye mashigin Bering (1), watau hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Asiya, kaɗan kaɗan amma har yanzu babbar gada don ketare Isthmus na Darien tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka, wanda a halin yanzu babu abin hawa da za a iya wucewa kuma dole ne ya motsa ta cikin ruwa. gada da rami tsakanin Gibraltar da Afirka, Ramin da ya hada kasashen Sweden da Finland ba tare da yin amfani da jirgin ruwa ba ko kuma ya ketare mashigin tekun Bothnia, ramukan da suka hada Japan da Koriya, da China zuwa Taiwan, Masar zuwa Saudiyya a karkashin tekun Bahar Maliya, da Ramin Sakhalin-Hokkaido da ke hade Japan da Rasha.

Waɗannan ayyuka ne waɗanda za a iya rarraba su a matsayin giga. A halin yanzu galibin su ne fantasy. Ƙananan ma'auni, watau. Archipelago na wucin gadi da aka gina a Azerbaijan, wani katafaren aikin gyaran Turkiyya a Istanbul da kuma gina sabon masallaci a Makka Masjid al-Haram a Saudiyya ya haura dala biliyan dari. Duk da matsaloli masu yawa tare da aiwatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin masu ƙarfin zuciya jerin megaprojects a maimakon haka, zai yi tsayi da tsayi. Akwai dalilai daban-daban da ya sa aka yarda da su.

Daya daga cikinsu shine girma na birni. Yayin da mutane ke ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa birane da cibiyoyin jama'a suna girma, buƙatar babban jari a cikin abubuwan more rayuwa na haɓaka. Kamata ya yi su magance harkokin sufuri da sadarwa, sarrafa ruwa, magudanar ruwa, samar da makamashi. Bukatun al'ummar da ke tattare a birane sun zarce bukatun jama'ar da ke warwatse a yankunan karkara. Ba wai kawai game da buƙatun asali ba, har ma game da buri, alamomin babban birni. Akwai sha'awar ficewa da burge sauran duniya. Megaprojects sun zama abin alfahari na kasa kuma alamar matsayi ga kasashe masu tasowa. Ainihin, wannan ƙasa ce mai albarka don manyan kamfanoni.

Tabbas, akwai kuma gungun wasu dalilai na tattalin arziki masu ma'ana. Manyan ayyuka suna nufin sabbin ayyuka da yawa. Magance matsalolin rashin aikin yi da warewar mutane da yawa yana da mahimmancimasu tasowa mafaka. Manyan zuba jari a tunnels, gadoji, madatsun ruwa, manyan tituna, filayen jirgin sama, asibitoci, skyscrapers, gonakin iska, rijiyoyin mai na bakin teku, masana'antar aluminium, tsarin sadarwa, wasannin Olympics, ayyukan iska da sararin samaniya, masu haɓaka barbashi, sabbin birane, da sauran ayyuka da yawa. . habaka tattalin arzikin kasa baki daya.

Don haka, 2021 shekara ce ta ci gaba da jerin manyan saka hannun jari kamar aikin London Crossrail, babban haɓaka tsarin metro na yanzu, aikin gini mafi girma da aka taɓa gudanarwa a Turai, faɗaɗa LNG a Qatar, aikin LNG mafi girma a cikin Duniya mai karfin tan miliyan 32 a kowace shekara, da kuma kaddamar da wasu manyan ayyuka, kamar aikin gina a shekarar 2021 na babbar tashar kawar da ruwan teku a birnin Agadir na kasar Maroko.

Jan hankali

A cewar wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke mai dabarun duniya, Paraga Khanna, muna zama wayewar da ke da alaƙa a duniyasaboda abin da muke ginawa ke nan. "Muna rayuwa ne daga albarkatun ababen more rayuwa da aka tsara don mutane biliyan uku yayin da yawan mutanenmu ke kusan biliyan tara," in ji Hanna a cikin wata hira. "Mahimmanci, dole ne mu kashe kusan dala tiriliyan daya kan kayayyakin more rayuwa ga kowane biliyan biliyan a doron kasa."

An yi kiyasin cewa kamar yadda dukkanin manyan ayyukan da aka tsara a halin yanzu kuma suka fara ci gaba, mai yiwuwa za mu kashe kuɗi da yawa kan abubuwan more rayuwa a cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa fiye da na shekaru 4 da suka gabata.

Misalai masu ƙarfin gani suna da sauƙin samu. Megaprojects kamar Grand Canal Nicaragua, Hanyar jirgin kasa ta Tokyo-Osaka a Japan, Duniya Gwajin Fusion Reactor [ITER] a Faransa, gini mafi tsayi a duniya a Azerbaijan, Hanyar Masana'antu ta Delhi-Mumbai a Indiya, da Sarki Abdullah a Saudi Arabia. Wata tambaya - yaushe kuma a cikin waɗanne yanayi - waɗannan wahayin za su zama gaskiya kwata-kwata. Koyaya, yawanci kawai sanarwar megaproject yana da tasirin farfaganda mai mahimmanci da tasirin tattalin arziƙi na gaske wanda ya taso daga ƙarin sha'awar tattara hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a kusa da birni, yanki da jiha.

Da fatan jawo hankali, tabbas Indiya ta fara shekaru da yawa da suka wuce gina mutum-mutumi mafi tsayi a duniya, wani mutum-mutumi mai tsayin mita 182 na Sardar Patel, wanda shi ne ministan cikin gida na farko kuma mataimakin firaministan Indiya mai cin gashin kansa. Idan aka kwatanta, mutum-mutumi na Crazy Horse a South Dakota, wanda aka shafe shekaru da yawa ana gininsa, yakamata ya wuce mita 170 kawai. Duk waɗannan gine-ginen an san su a duniya kuma an ambace su a cikin littattafai da yawa. Don haka wani lokacin babban mutum-mutumi ya isa, kuma ba lallai ba ne a gama shi.

Cewar Bent Flivbjerg, farfesa na gudanarwa a Jami'ar Oxford, rabon tattalin arzikin da ke cikin manyan ayyukan a halin yanzu shine 8% na babban kayan cikin gida na duniya. Duk da cewa da yawa megaprojects ya zarce farashi, kuma yawancinsu suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don ginawa fiye da yadda aka tsara, su ne wani muhimmin sashi na tattalin arzikin duniya a yau.

Flivbjerg ya kuma lura cewa masu gudanar da ayyuka sun fi kintata fa'idojin da ake sa ran, da yin la'akari da farashi, da kuma wuce gona da iri na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na gaba. Duk da haka, ko da a lokacin da abubuwa ba daidai ba, mutane yawanci ba su damu ba. Ba su damu da da'awar fa'idar tsadar da ba a ƙididdige su ba, batar da kuɗi, ko rigimar siyasa da ake buƙata don samun haske. Suna son wani abu mai ma'ana ya faru a cikin al'ummarsu ko yankinsu, wani abu da ke jan hankalin duniya.

Koyaya, megalomania mara komai a wannan yanki yana raguwa kuma yana raguwa. Megaprojects na tarihiKamar dala a Masar da babbar katangar kasar Sin sun kasance suna jure wa shaidar nasarar dan Adam, musamman saboda yawan ayyukan da dan Adam ya yi a cikin halittarsu. A yau ya wuce girman, kudi da mahimmancin aikin. Megaprojects suna ƙara samun girman tattalin arziki na gaske. Idan duniya ta kara yawan kudaden da ake kashewa na ababen more rayuwa zuwa dala tiriliyan 9 a shekara, kamar yadda Parag Khanna ya ba da shawara a sama, muhimmancin manyan ayyuka ga tattalin arzikin zai karu daga kashi 8 na yanzu. GDP na duniya zuwa kusan kashi 24%, la'akari da duk illolin. Don haka, aiwatar da manyan ra'ayoyi na iya ɗaukar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na tattalin arzikin duniya.

Yana yiwuwa a ƙara wasu, ban da siyasa da zamantakewa, fa'idodin da ba na tattalin arziki ba daga aiwatar da manyan ayyuka. Wannan fage ne gabaɗayan ilhama na fasaha wanda ya taso daga ƙididdigewa, rationalization, da dai sauransu. Ga injiniyoyi a cikin ayyukan irin wannan, akwai dakin fariya, da ƙirƙirar iyakokin iyakoki na fasaha da sanin yadda. Kada a manta cewa da yawa daga cikin irin wannan gagarumin kokari na kai ga samar da kyawawan abubuwa, dawwamammen gadon al'adun abin duniya.

Fantasy daga zurfin teku zuwa zurfin sarari

Bugu da ƙari, manyan gadoji, ramuka, manyan gine-gine, gine-ginen gine-ginen da suka girma zuwa ma'auni na dukan sababbin birane, kafofin watsa labaru suna yaduwa a yau. gaba zanewadanda ba su da iyakacin iyaka. Sun dogara ne akan takamaiman ra'ayi na fasaha kamar ayyukan gina layin dogo da yawa a cikin ramukan ruwa na HyperloopYawancin lokaci ana tunanin wannan a yanayin jigilar fasinja. Suna ƙarfafa sabbin dabaru kamar hanyar sadarwa ta duniya don watsawa da rarraba wasiku, fakiti da fakiti. An riga an san tsarin gidan waya na pneumatic a cikin karni na XNUMX. Me zai faru idan, a zamanin ci gaban kasuwancin e-commerce, don ƙirƙirar abubuwan sufuri ga duk duniya?

2. Hangen hawan sararin samaniya

Ana samuwa Ra'ayin Siyasa. Shugaban kasar Sin Xi Jinping ya sanar da aikin kusan shekaru goma da suka gabata. Hanyar siliki, wanda ya kamata a sake fayyace hanyoyin kasuwanci na kasar Sin da kasashen Eurasia, inda kusan rabin al'ummar duniya ke rayuwa. An gina tsohuwar hanyar siliki a zamanin Romawa tsakanin Sin da kasashen yamma. Ana daukar wannan sabon aikin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da aka kiyasta kudin da ya kai dala biliyan 900. Duk da haka, babu wani takamaiman aikin da za a iya kira Sabuwar hanyar siliki. Yana da wani hadadden hadaddun zuba jari da ke jagorantar ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Sabili da haka, ana ɗaukar shi fiye da shirin siyasa fiye da ingantaccen aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa.

Akwai wasu buri da kwatance, ba takamaiman ayyuka ba mafi kyawun hangen nesa na gaba. Manyan ayyukan sararin samaniya sun kasance a fagen tattaunawa, ba aiwatarwa ba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, alal misali, wuraren shakatawa na sararin samaniya, hako ma'adinai akan asteroids, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta orbital, hawa sama (2), balaguron balaguron ƙasa, da sauransu. Yana da wuya a yi magana game da waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin wani abu mai ganewa. Maimakon haka, a cikin tsarin nazarce-nazarcen kimiyya daban-daban, akwai sakamakon da ke haifar da yuwuwar yanayi don tabbatar da waɗannan hangen nesa na kan aiki. Misali, wahayin baya-bayan nan game da nasarar isar da makamashi daga sararin samaniyar sararin samaniya zuwa duniya.

3. Manufar tsarin zama mai iyo mai dogaro da kai daga Zaha Hadid Architects.

A fagen ban sha'awa, amma ya zuwa yanzu kawai abubuwan gani hangen nesa na ruwa daban-daban (3) da kuma karkashin ruwa, tsibirai masu iyo - wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido, gonaki masu iyo don tsire-tsire na ƙasa da kiwo na teku, watau. noman tsire-tsire da dabbobin ruwa a karkashin ruwa, tukin jirgin ruwa ko wuraren zama na karkashin ruwa, birane har ma da kasashe duka.

A fagen futurism, akwai kuma megaclimate da ayyukan yanayimisali, kula da matsanancin yanayi na yanayi kamar guguwa da guguwa, ƙanƙara da guguwa, da sarrafa girgizar ƙasa. Madadin haka, muna gudanar da manyan ayyuka don "sarrafa" kwararowar hamada, kamar yadda "Great Green Wall" ke misalta a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (4). Wannan aiki ne da aka shafe shekaru da dama ana yi. Da wane tasiri?

4. Babban aikin bangon kore a Afirka

Kasashe XNUMX ne ke fuskantar barazanar fadada yankin Sahara - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chadi, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Mauritania da Senegal sun amince da dasa itatuwa domin dakile asarar filayen noma.

A shekara ta 2007, Tarayyar Afirka ta gabatar da shawarar samar da shinge kusan kilomita dubu bakwai a fadin nahiyar. Wannan aikin ya kamata ya samar da ayyuka sama da 350. ayyukan yi da kuma ceton hekta miliyan 18 na fili. Duk da haka, ci gaba ya kasance a hankali. A shekara ta 2020, kasashen Sahel sun kammala kashi 4 kawai. aikin. Wannan ya fi kyau a Habasha, inda aka shuka iri biliyan 5,5. An shuka tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire miliyan 16,6 a Burkina Faso, yayin da miliyan 1,1 kawai aka shuka a Chadi. Mafi muni, kusan kashi 80 na itatuwan da aka dasa sun mutu.

Bugu da ƙari, cewa ƙasashen da ke shiga wannan babban aikin ba su da talauci kuma galibi suna fama da tashe-tashen hankula, wannan misali ya nuna yadda ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba game da yanayin duniya da ayyukan injiniyan muhalli suke. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'auni da ra'ayi mai sauƙi bai isa ba, saboda yanayi da yanayi suna da wuyar gaske kuma suna da wuyar sarrafa tsarin. Shi ya sa, idan aka yi la’akari da ci gaban manyan ayyuka na muhalli, ya kamata a kiyaye.

Race Birki na Skyscraper

Yawancin lokaci ana la'akari da haka mafi zamani megaprojects, wanda aka riga aka gina ko aka tsara kuma ana kan gina shi, yana cikin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya ko Gabas Mai Nisa. Akwai wata gaskiya a cikin wannan, amma ana haifuwar hangen nesa a wani wuri. Misali - ra'ayin ginawa tsibirin crystal, babban mega-tsarin tare da halayyar doguwar hasumiya mai tsayi tare da yanki na 2 m² a Moscow (500). Tare da tsayin mita 000, zai kasance daya daga cikin gine-gine mafi tsayi a duniya. Ba wani gini ba ne kawai. An ɗauki aikin a matsayin birni mai zaman kansa a cikin birni, tare da gidajen tarihi, gidajen sinima da gidajen sinima. An yi zaton cewa wannan shi ne mai rai, crystal zuciyar Moscow.

5. Vision na Crystal Island a Moscow

Wataƙila akwai aikin Rasha. Wataƙila a'a. Misalin kasar Saudiyya, wanda a karshe ginin da ya wuce kilomita daya a duniya wanda aka fi sani da Tower Tower, ya nuna cewa zai iya bambanta, ko da an riga an fara ginin. A yanzu haka an dakatar da saka hannun jarin kasashen Larabawa kan wani gini mafi tsayi a duniya. Dangane da aikin, ginin ya wuce kilomita 1 kuma yana da yanki mai amfani na 243 m866. Babban makasudin ginin shine ya zama otal Four Seasons. An kuma shirya sararin ofis da gidajen alfarma na alfarma. Hasumiyar kuma yakamata ta kasance mafi girma (na ƙasa) mai lura da taurari.

Yana da matsayi na ɗaya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa, amma har yanzu a karkashin ayyukan gine-gine. Birnin Falcon na abubuwan al'ajabi A Dubai. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce kasuwancin 12 m² kasuwanci da hadadden nishaɗi zai ƙunshi ƙarin abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na duniya, gami da Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal, dala, jingina hasumiya na pisa, Lambunan Rataye na Babila, babban bangon kasar Sin (6). Bugu da ƙari, za a sami wuraren kasuwanci, wurin shakatawa, wuraren iyali, wuraren wasanni, cibiyoyin ilimi, da fiye da wuraren zama na 5 daban-daban na ƙira, wuri, da girma.

6. Tarin abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya a cikin aikin Falcon City of Wonders a Dubai

A halin yanzu ana gini Burj KhalifaDuk da sanarwar da aka yi mai ƙarfi, tseren tsayin daka ya ragu kaɗan. Gine-ginen da aka ba da izini a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hatta a kasar Sin, wanda a yanzu ya kasance wani babban bene a tsakiyar duniya, ya dan yi kasa kadan. Misali, ginin Hasumiyar Shanghai da aka kaddamar a baya-bayan nan, wanda shi ne gini mafi tsayi ba a birnin Shanghai kadai ba, har ma a duk fadin kasar Sin, yana da tsayin mita 632, kuma fadinsa ya kai murabba'in mita 380. A tsohon babban birnin kasar na manyan gine-gine, New York, shekaru bakwai da suka gabata, an gina cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya ta farko (wanda ake kira da Freedom Tower) a tsayin mita 000 a wurin cibiyar cinikayya ta duniya da aka lalata a shekarar 1. Kuma har yanzu babu wani abu mafi girma da aka gina a Amurka.

Gigantomania daga wannan ƙarshen duniya zuwa wancan

Su ne suka mamaye jerin manyan ayyukan da ake yi a kan kudaden da aka kashe a kansu. ayyukan more rayuwa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin aikin gini mafi girma a duniya da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu. Al Maktoum International Airport a Dubai (7). Bayan kammala shi, filin jirgin zai iya karbar jirage masu fadi da yawa guda 200 a lokaci guda. An kiyasta kudin kashi na biyu na fadada filin jirgin sama da ya haura dala biliyan 32. Tun a shekarar 2018 ne aka shirya kammala ginin, amma an jinkirta aikin karshe na fadada aikin kuma babu takamaiman ranar kammala aikin.

7. Kallon babban filin jirgin sama na Al Maktoum a Dubai.

Gina a makwabciyar kasar Saudiyya. Jabayl II An ƙaddamar da aikin masana'antu a cikin 2014. Bayan kammala aikin, zai hada da masana'antar sarrafa ruwa mai kubik 800, da masana'antu akalla 100, da matatar mai mai karfin samar da akalla mita 350. ganga a kowace rana, da kuma mil na layin dogo, hanyoyi da manyan hanyoyi. Ana sa ran kammala dukkan aikin a cikin 2024.

Yana faruwa a yanki ɗaya na duniya Hadaddiyar nishadi da nishadantarwa Dubailand. Aikin dala biliyan 64 yana kan wani wuri mai nisan kilomita 278 kuma zai kunshi sassa shida: wuraren shakatawa, wuraren wasanni, yawon shakatawa, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren kimiyya da otal. Har ila yau, rukunin zai hada da otel mafi girma a duniya mai dakuna 2 da cibiyar kasuwanci da ta mamaye kusan murabba'in miliyon. An shirya kammala aikin a shekarar 6,5.

Kasar Sin tana kara yawan manyan ayyukan gine-gine da kayayyakin more rayuwa da ake ci gaba da aiwatar da aikin mika ruwan sha na kudu da arewa (8), kasar Sin. Kashi 50% na mutanen suna zaune ne a arewacin kasar Sin. na yawan al'ummar kasar, amma wannan adadin ya kai kashi 20 cikin dari. Albarkatun ruwa na kasar Sin. Domin samun ruwa a inda ake bukata, kasar Sin na gina manyan magudanan ruwa guda uku masu tsawon kusan kilomita 48, domin samar da ruwa a arewacin manyan kogunan kasar. Ana sa ran kammala aikin a cikin shekaru 44,8 kuma zai samar da ruwa mai kubik biliyan XNUMX a duk shekara.

8. Aikin Arewa-Kudu na kasar Sin

Ana kuma gina shi a kasar Sin. katon filin jirgin sama. Da zarar an kammala aikin, ana sa ran filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Beijing zai zarce filin jirgin sama na Dubai Al Maktoum, wanda kuma har yanzu ba a gina shi ta fuskar tsadar gine-gine, sararin benaye, fasinjoji da jiragen sama. An kammala kashi na farko na aikin a shekarar 2008, tare da kara fadada aikin da ake shirin kammalawa nan da shekarar 2025.

Da alama sauran kasashen Asiya suna kishin irin wannan gagarumin ma'auni na yankin Larabawa da kasar Sin kuma suna gudanar da manyan ayyuka. Hanyar masana'antu ta Delhi-Mumbai tabbas tana cikin wannan gasar, tare da gundumomin masana'antu sama da ashirin, birane masu kaifin baki guda takwas, filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda biyu, ayyukan makamashi guda biyar, tsarin zirga-zirga cikin sauri guda biyu da kuma cibiyoyin dabaru guda biyu da za a gina. Kashi na farko na aikin, titin jigilar kaya da ke hade manyan biranen Indiya biyu, an jinkirta shi kuma maiyuwa ba za a shirya shi ba har sai shekarar 2030, tare da shirin kammala matakin karshe a shekarar 2040.

Karamin kuma ya halarci gasar a bangaren manyan ayyuka. Sri Lanka. Za a gina Colombo kusa da babban birnin jihar. Tashar jirgin ruwa, sabuwar cibiyar hada-hadar kudi wacce ke adawa da Hong Kong da Dubai. Ginin wanda masu zuba jari na kasar Sin ne suka dauki nauyin ginawa, wanda kuma aka shirya kammala shi ba a farkon shekarar 2041 ba, zai kai dala biliyan 15.

A daya hannun kuma, kasar Japan, wadda ta dade ta shahara da hanyoyin jiragen kasa masu sauri, na gina wani sabon salo. Chuo Shinkansen Magnetic Railroadwanda zai ba ku damar yin tafiya da sauri. Ana sa ran jirgin zai yi tafiyar kilomita 505 a cikin sa'a guda kuma zai dauki matafiya daga Tokyo zuwa Nagoya, ko kilomita 286, cikin mintuna 40. Ana shirin kammala aikin nan da shekarar 2027. Kimanin kashi 86 cikin XNUMX na Sabon Layin Tokyo-Nagoya zai gudana a karkashin kasa, yana bukatar gina sabbin dogayen tituna.

Amurka, wacce, tare da tsarin babbar hanyarta, ba tare da shakka ba, tana kan gaba a jerin manyan manyan ayyukan da suka fi tsada, ba a kwanan nan aka san su da irin waɗannan sabbin manyan ayyukan ba. Duk da haka, ba za a iya cewa babu abin da ke faruwa a wurin ba. Gina layin dogo mai sauri a California, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2015 kuma ana sa ran kammala shi nan da shekarar 2033, ya kamata ya hada takwas daga cikin manyan biranen California guda goma, tabbas a gasar.

Za a gudanar da ginin a matakai biyu: mataki na farko zai haɗu da Los Angeles tare da San Francisco, kuma mataki na biyu zai mika layin dogo zuwa San Diego da Sacramento. Jiragen kasan za su kasance masu amfani da wutar lantarki, wanda ba a saba gani ba a Amurka, kuma za a yi amfani da su gaba daya ta hanyoyin samar da makamashi. Gudu ya kamata ya yi kama da manyan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na Turai, watau. har zuwa 300 km/h. Ƙididdigar baya-bayan nan ita ce sabuwar hanyar layin dogo ta California za ta ci dala biliyan 80,3. Za a rage lokacin tafiya daga Los Angeles zuwa San Francisco zuwa sa'o'i biyu da mintuna 40.

Hakanan za'a gina shi a Burtaniya. Megaproject Koleiova. Gwamnati ta amince da aikin HS2. Zai ci dala biliyan 125. Kashi na farko, wanda zai kammala a shekarar 2028-2031, zai hada London zuwa Birmingham, kuma zai bukaci gina sabbin layukan kilomita kusan 200, sabbin tashoshi da yawa da kuma sabunta tashoshin da ake da su.

A Afirka, Libya ta fara aiwatar da aikin kogin Great Man Made (GMR) tun daga 1985. A bisa ka'ida, shi ne aikin noman rani mafi girma a duniya, inda ake ban ruwa fiye da hekta 140 na filayen noma da kuma kara yawan samar da ruwan sha a mafi yawan cibiyoyin biranen kasar Libya. GMR yana karɓar ruwan sa daga Nubian Sandstone aquifer karkashin kasa. Shirin shine don kammala aikin a cikin 2030, amma tun lokacin da fada da rikici ke faruwa a Libya tun daga 2011, ba a san makomar aikin ba.

A Afirka, wasu kuma ana shirin yin su ko kuma ana kan gina su manyan ayyukan ruwawanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da cece-kuce, ba wai kawai na muhalli ba. An fara aikin gina babban madatsar ruwa a kogin Nilu a kasar Habasha a shekara ta 2011, kuma a yau ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka masu ban sha'awa a Afirka. Ana sa ran wannan tashar samar da wutar lantarki za ta samar da wutar lantarki kusan gigawatts 2022 idan aka kammala aikin a cikin 6,45. Ginin dam din ya ci kusan dala biliyan 5 don gina shi. Matsalolin aikin ba wai kawai rashin isassun diyya ga mutanen yankin da suka rasa matsugunansu ba, har ma da tashe-tashen hankula a kogin Nilu, a Masar da Sudan, kasashen da suka damu da yadda wani madatsar ruwa na Habasha ke barazanar kawo cikas ga harkokin ruwa.

Sauran rigima Babban aikin samar da ruwa na Afirka, Dam Inga 3 a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Idan aka gina shi, zai zama madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Afirka. Duk da haka, kungiyoyin kare muhalli da wakilan jama'ar yankin na adawa da shi, wadanda dole ne a mayar da su wurin aiwatar da aikin.

Kiyaye tsoffin garuruwa - gina sababbin birane

Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa akan sikelin gida suna faruwa a wurare da yawa a duniya. Koyaya, waɗannan galibi misalan injiniyoyi ne na ban mamaki da tsara tsoro waɗanda ke haifar da sha'awar duniya. Misalai Tsarin da ke kare Venice daga ambaliya. Don magance wannan barazanar, an fara aiki a cikin 2003 akan MOSE, babban tsarin shinge na dala biliyan 6,1. Babban aikin, wanda ya kamata a fara shi a cikin 2011, ba zai ƙare ba har sai 2022.

A wani bangare na duniya, babban birnin Indonesia, Jakarta, na fama da matsalolin nutsewa cikin teku a hankali, wanda ya yi kama da Venice. Kamar Venice, birnin yana mayar da martani ga wannan barazanar ta wanzuwa ta hanyar gina manyan tudu. Wannan hadadden, mai tsawon kilomita 35, ana kiransa Great Garuda (9) ana sa ran kammalawa ta 2025 akan kudi dala biliyan 40. Sai dai masana sun yi sabani kan ko wannan gagarumin aikin zai yi karfin da zai iya ceto babban birnin Indonesiya daga ruwan tekun…

9. Aikin Garuda a Jakarta

Great Garuda wani abu kamar sabon babban birnin Indonesia ya kamata. Masar kuma tana son gina sabon babban birnin kasar. Kimanin kilomita arba'in daga gabas mai girma da cunkoson jama'a a birnin Alkahira, za a gina sabon birni mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2022 kan kudi dala biliyan 45. An tsara shi cikin tsanaki da kuma ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar makamashin hasken rana, zai burge tare da dogayen benaye, gine-ginen gidaje irin na Paris, sararin kore mai ban sha'awa sau biyu girman filin shakatawa na New York, da wurin shakatawa mai girman girman Disneyland sau huɗu. A daya bangaren na Tekun Bahar Maliya, Saudiyya na son gina sabon birni mai wayo wanda zai samar da makamashi gaba daya ta hanyar makamashi mai sabuntawa nan da shekarar 2025 ta hanyar wani aiki mai suna Neom (10).

10. Shirya babban birnin NEOM akan Bahar Maliya

Fusion thermonuclear da matsanancin na'urar hangen nesa

Daga Fr.Tsawa mai girman kwarin jita-jita, zuwa sansanonin polar a gefen Duniya da kuma mafi kyawun kayan aiki waɗanda ke taimaka mana shiga sararin samaniya - wannan shine abin da ayyukan kimiyyar mega suka yi kama. Anan akwai bayyani na ayyukan kimiyya masu gudana waɗanda suka cancanci a kira su manyan ayyukan.

Bari mu fara da aikin California Mai kunna wuta na kasa, wanda ke dauke da Laser mafi girma a duniya, ana amfani da shi don zafi da damfara man hydrogen, yana farawa da halayen haɗin gwiwar nukiliya. Injiniyoyi da ƴan kwangilar sun gina ginin a saman filayen ƙwallon ƙafa uku, inda suka tono ƙasa mai girman mita 160 55 tare da cika sama da mita 2700 na baya. cubic mita na kankare. Fiye da shekaru goma na aiki akan wannan kayan aiki, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje fiye da XNUMX, godiya ga wanda muka kusanci. makamashi ingantaccen kira.

A halin yanzu ana kan gina wani gini na dala biliyan 1,1 wanda ke a tsayin sama da kilomita uku sama da matakin teku a cikin hamadar Atacama ta kasar Chile. Babban na'urar hangen nesa, ELT (11) ya zama mafi girma na gani hangen nesakamar yadda aka taba gina shi.

Wannan na'urar za ta fitar da hotuna sau goma sha shida fiye da waɗannan. Na'urar hangen nesa mai girman gaske, wanda cibiyar lura da kudanci ta Turai ke sarrafawa, wanda tuni yake aiki da ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa na sararin samaniya a na'urar hangen nesa mai girma sosai (VLT), zai yi nazarin exoplanets. Wannan tsarin zai kasance mafi girma fiye da Roman Colosseum kuma zai zarce duk kayan aikin falaki da ke duniya. Babban madubinsa, wanda aka yi da ƙananan madubai 798, zai sami diamita mai ban mamaki na mita 39. An fara ginin ne a cikin 2017 kuma ana sa ran za a dauki shekaru takwas. A halin yanzu an tsara hasken farko don 2025.

11 Babban Na'urar hangen nesa

Ana kuma gina shi a Faransa. ITERko Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Thermonuclear. Wannan babban aikin da ya shafi kasashe 35 ne. An kiyasta kudin wannan aikin kusan dala biliyan 20 ne. Wannan ya kamata ya zama ci gaba wajen samar da ingantattun hanyoyin samar da makamashin thermal.

Tushen Rarraba Turai (ESS), wanda aka gina a cikin 2014 a Lund, Sweden, zai zama cibiyar bincike mafi ci gaba a fagen. neutrons a duniya lokacin da aka shirya ta 2025. An kwatanta aikinsa da na'urar gani da ido da ke aiki akan sikelin subatomic. Sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar a ESS ya kamata ya kasance ga duk masu sha'awar - wurin zai zama wani ɓangare na aikin Buɗaɗɗen Kimiyya na Turai.

Yana da wuya ba a ambaci aikin magaji a nan ba Babban Hadron Collider a Geneva, da ake kira Future Circular Collider, da kuma na'ura mai sauri na kasar Sin Circular Electron Positron Collider ya ninka girman LHC sau uku. Ya kamata a kammala na farko a shekara ta 2036, na biyu kuma nan da 2030. Duk da haka, waɗannan manyan ayyukan kimiyya, ba kamar waɗanda aka kwatanta a sama ba (kuma ana kan gina su), suna wakiltar wani kyakkyawan fata.

Ana iya musayar Megaprojects ba tare da ƙarewa ba, saboda jerin mafarkai, tsare-tsaren, ayyukan gine-gine da abubuwan da aka riga aka gina, wanda, ba shakka, sau da yawa yana da ayyuka masu amfani, amma a sama da duka, yana ci gaba da girma. Kuma za ta ci gaba ne saboda muradin kasashe da birane da ’yan kasuwa da ’yan siyasa ba su taba raguwa ba.

Ayyukan mega mafi tsada a cikin duniya na kowane lokaci, duka waɗanda suke da kuma waɗanda ba a ƙirƙira su ba tukuna

(Lura: Farashin yana cikin farashin dalar Amurka na yanzu)

• Ramin Channel, Birtaniya da Faransa. An karɓa a 1994. Kudin: $12,1 biliyan.

• Kansai International Airport, Japan. An karɓa a 1994. Farashin: $24 biliyan.

• Big Dig, aikin rami na hanya a cikin garin Boston, Amurka. An karɓa a cikin 2007. Kudin: $24,3 biliyan.

• Layin Toei Oedo, babban layin jirgin karkashin kasa na Tokyo tare da tashoshi 38, Japan. An karɓa a cikin 2000. Kudin: $27,8bn.

• Hinckley Point C, NPP, Birtaniya. A cikin tasowa. Farashin: har zuwa dala biliyan 29,4.

• Filin jirgin sama na Hong Kong, China. An fara aiki a 1998. Farashin: $32bn.

• Tsarin bututun mai na Trans-Alaska, Amurka. An karɓa a 1977. Kudin: $34,4bn.

• Fadada filin jirgin saman duniya na Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. A cikin tasowa. Farashin: $36 biliyan

• Babban aikin noman rani na kogin da mutum ya yi, Libya. Har yanzu ana kan gini. Farashin: sama da dala biliyan 36.

• Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Duniya Smart City Songdo, Koriya ta Kudu. A cikin tasowa. Farashin: $39 biliyan

• Babban titin dogo na Beijing-Shanghai, kasar Sin. An karɓa a 2011 Kudin: $40 biliyan

• Uku Gorges Dam, China. An karɓa a 2012 Kudin: $42,2 biliyan

• Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay. An karɓa a cikin 1984. Kudin: $49,1 biliyan.

• Ayyukan sufuri na Jamus da ke haɗa layin dogo, tituna da ruwa a ƙarƙashin sunan gama gari Unity, Jamus. Har yanzu ana kan gini. Farashin: $50 biliyan.

• Rijiyar mai na Kashagan, Kazakhstan. An fara aiki a cikin 2013. Farashin: $50 biliyan.

• AVE high-gudun dogo cibiyar sadarwa, Spain. Har yanzu yana faɗaɗa. Darajar ta 2015: $51,6 biliyan

• Aikin Fadada Rail na Birnin Seattle, Sauti na Sauti 3, Amurka. A cikin shiri. Farashin: $53,8bn

• Dubailand theme park da hadadden nishadi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. A cikin shiri. Farashin: $64,3 biliyan.

• Gadar Honshu-Shikoku, Japan. An karɓa a 1999. Farashin: $75 biliyan.

• California High-Speed ​​​​Rail Network Project, Amurka. A cikin shiri. Farashin: $77 biliyan.

• Aikin Canja Ruwa Daga Kudu Zuwa Arewa, Kasar Sin. Ana kai. Farashin: $79 biliyan.

• Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, Indiya. A cikin shiri. Farashin: $100 biliyan.

• King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia. A cikin tasowa. Farashin: $100 biliyan

• Garin dake tsibiran wucin gadi na Garin daji, Malaysia. A cikin shiri. Farashin: $100 biliyan

• Babban Masallacin Makkah, Masjid al-Haram, Saudi Arabia. Ana kai. Farashin: $100 biliyan.

• London-Leeds High Speed ​​Rail, High Speed ​​​​2, UK. A cikin shiri. Farashin: $128bn.

• Tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa, aikin kasa da kasa. Farashin: $165 biliyan

• Aikin birnin Neom akan Tekun Maliya, Saudi Arabia. A cikin shiri. Farashin: dala biliyan 230-500.

• Titin dogo na Tekun Fasha, ƙasashen Gulf. A cikin tasowa. Farashin: $250bn.

• Tsarin Babbar Hanya tsakanin Jiha, Amurka. Har yanzu yana faɗaɗa. Kudin: $549 biliyan