Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV, kuma Pz. IV), Sd.Kfz.161
Samar da wannan tanki, wanda Krupp ya kirkira, ya fara ne a cikin 1937 kuma ya ci gaba a duk lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Kamar tankin T-III (Pz.III), tashar wutar lantarki tana a baya, kuma wutar lantarki da ƙafafun tuƙi suna gaba. Sashin kula da na'urar na dauke da direban da ma'aikacin gidan rediyon bindiga, suna harbin bindiga daga mashin din da aka saka a cikin wata kwallo. Bangaren fada yana tsakiyar rumfar. A nan ne aka dora wata hasumiya mai waldadi da yawa, inda aka ba ma’aikatan jirgin uku masauki tare da sanya makamai.
An kera tankunan T-IV da makamai masu zuwa:
gyare-gyaren AF, tankin hari tare da 75-mm howitzer;
gyara G, tanki tare da igwa 75-mm tare da tsayin ganga na caliber 43;
N-K gyare-gyare, tanki mai 75-mm cannon tare da tsayin ganga na caliber 48.
Saboda karuwar kauri na sulke na yau da kullun, nauyin abin hawa yayin samarwa ya karu daga ton 17,1 (gyara A) zuwa ton 24,6 (gyara H-K). Tun daga 1943, don haɓaka kariyar sulke, an shigar da allon sulke a ɓangarorin ƙwanƙwasa da turret. Bindigar mai tsayin tsayi da aka gabatar akan gyare-gyare G, HK ya ba da damar T-IV don jure tankunan abokan gaba masu nauyi daidai (wani nau'in 75-mm sub-caliber projectile ya huda sulke 1000-mm a nesa na mita 110), amma iyawar sa, musamman ma. na sabbin gyare-gyaren da aka yi kiba, bai gamsar ba. A cikin duka, an samar da tankunan T-IV kusan 9500 na duk gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun yaƙi.
Lokacin da babu tankin Pz.IV tukuna
Tank PzKpfw IV. Tarihin halitta.
A cikin 20s da farkon 30s, ka'idar yin amfani da sojojin injiniyoyi, musamman tankuna, ta samo asali ne ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure, ra'ayoyin masana sun canza sau da yawa. Magoya bayan tankunan da dama sun yi imanin cewa bayyanar motoci masu sulke zai sa yakin da ake yi na matsayi a cikin salon yakin 1914-1917 ba zai yiwu ba ta hanyar dabara. Bi da bi, Faransawa sun dogara da gina ingantattun matakan tsaro na dogon lokaci, kamar layin Maginot. Masana da dama sun yi imanin cewa babban makamin tankin ya kamata ya zama bindigar mashina, kuma babban aikin motocin da ke dauke da makamai shi ne yakar sojojin sa-kai da na makiya, wakilan wannan makaranta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi la'akari da yakin da ake yi tsakanin tankunan yaki da makamai masu linzami. zama mara ma'ana, tunda, wai, babu wani bangare da zai iya yin illa ga daya. Akwai ra'ayi cewa bangaren da zai iya lalata mafi yawan tankokin makiya ne zai yi nasara a yakin. A matsayin babbar hanyar tankunan yaki, an yi la'akari da makamai na musamman tare da harsashi na musamman - bindigogin anti-tanki tare da harsashi masu sulke. A gaskiya ma, babu wanda ya san yadda yanayin tashin hankali zai kasance a yakin da za a yi a nan gaba. Kwarewar yakin basasar Spain kuma bai fayyace lamarin ba.
Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta haramtawa Jamus yaƙi da motocin da ake bin diddigin su, amma ba za ta iya hana ƙwararrun Jamus yin aikin nazarin ka'idoji daban-daban na amfani da motoci masu sulke ba, kuma a ɓoye ne Jamusawan suka yi aikin kera tankunan yaƙi. Lokacin da a cikin Maris 1935 Hitler ya watsar da hane-hane na Versailles, matasa "Panzerwaffe" sun riga sun sami duk nazarin ka'idoji a fagen aikace-aikacen da tsarin tsari na tsarin tsarin tanki.
Akwai nau'ikan tankokin yaki masu haske guda biyu PzKpfw I da PzKpfw II wajen samar da jama'a a karkashin sunan "taraktocin noma".
An dauki tankin PzKpfw I a matsayin motar horo, yayin da PzKpfw II aka yi niyya don bincike, amma ya zama cewa "biyu" ya kasance mafi girman tanki na sassan panzer har sai an maye gurbinsa da matsakaicin tankuna PzKpfw III, dauke da makamai 37. -mm igwa da bindigogi uku.
Farkon ci gaban tankin PzKpfw IV ya samo asali ne a watan Janairu 1934, lokacin da sojojin suka ba masana'antar ƙayyadaddun sabon tankin tallafi na wuta wanda bai wuce tan 24 ba, abin hawa na gaba ya sami sunan hukuma Gesch.Kpfw. (75 mm) (Vskfz.618). A cikin watanni 18 masu zuwa, kwararru daga Rheinmetall-Borzing, Krupp da MAN sun yi aiki a kan ayyukan gasa guda uku don motar kwamandan bataliyar ("battalionführerswagnen" da aka rage a matsayin BW). Aikin VK 2001/K, wanda Krupp ya gabatar, an gane shi a matsayin mafi kyawun aikin, siffar turret da hull yana kusa da tanki na PzKpfw III.
Duk da haka, na'urar VK 2001 / K ba ta shiga cikin jerin ba, saboda sojojin ba su gamsu da goyon baya shida na goyon baya tare da matsakaicin diamita a kan dakatarwar bazara, yana buƙatar maye gurbin shi da mashaya torsion. Dakatar da sandar torsion, idan aka kwatanta da dakatarwar bazara, ya ba da motsi mai sauƙi na tanki kuma yana da tafiya mai girma a tsaye na ƙafafun hanya. Injiniyoyin Krupp, tare da wakilan Hukumar Kula da Siyan Makamai, sun amince da yiwuwar yin amfani da ingantacciyar dakatarwar bazara a kan tankin tare da ƙananan ƙafafun hanyoyi guda takwas a cikin jirgin. Koyaya, dole ne Krupp ya sake fasalin ƙirar asali da aka tsara. A cikin sigar ƙarshe, PzKpfw IV haɗe ne na hull da turret na motar VK 2001/K tare da chassis wanda Krupp ya haɓaka.
Lokacin da babu tankin Pz.IV tukuna
An ƙera tankin PzKpfw IV bisa ga shimfidar wuri mai kyau tare da injin baya. Wurin da kwamandan ya kasance yana tare da kutuwar hasumiya kai tsaye a karkashin kwamandan kwamandan, maharbin yana gefen hagu na breech na bindigar, mai lodi yana hannun dama. A cikin sashin kulawa, wanda ke gaban tankin tanki, akwai ayyuka ga direba (a gefen hagu na axis na abin hawa) da gunner na ma'aikacin rediyo (a dama). Tsakanin kujerar direba da kibiya aka watsa. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na zane na tanki shine ƙaura daga hasumiya ta kusan 8 cm zuwa hagu na axis na motar, da kuma injin - ta 15 cm zuwa dama don wuce shingen da ke haɗa injin da watsawa. Irin wannan bayani mai mahimmanci ya sa ya yiwu a ƙara yawan adadin da aka keɓe na ciki a gefen dama na ƙwanƙwasa don sanyawa na farko na harbi, wanda mai ɗaukar kaya zai iya samun sauƙi. Juyawar hasumiya lantarki ne.
Dakatar da dakon kaya ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙafafun titi guda takwas da aka haɗa zuwa cikin kuloli masu ƙafafu biyu da aka rataye a kan maɓuɓɓugan ganye, ƙafafun tuƙi da aka sanya a ƙarshen tankin sloth da rollers huɗu masu goyan bayan katapillar. A cikin tarihin aikin tankunan PzKpfw IV, jigilar su ba ta canza ba, ƙananan ci gaba ne kawai aka gabatar. An kera samfurin tankin ne a masana'antar Krupp a Essen kuma an gwada shi a cikin 1935-36.
Bayanin tanki na PzKpfw IV
kariya daga makamai.
A cikin 1942, injiniyoyi masu ba da shawara Mertz da McLillan sun gudanar da cikakken bincike na tankin PzKpfw IV Ausf.E da aka kama, musamman, sun yi nazari a hankali a hankali.
- An gwada farantin sulke da yawa don taurin, dukkansu an yi su da injina. Taurin faranti na sulke a waje da ciki shine 300-460 Brinell.
- Filayen sulke mai kauri mm 20, waɗanda ke ƙarfafa sulke na ɓangarorin ƙwanƙwasa, an yi su da ƙarfe iri ɗaya kuma suna da taurin kusan 370 Brinell. Arfafan sulke na gefen baya iya "riƙe" majigi 2-pound da aka harba daga yadi 1000.
A gefe guda kuma, wani harin tanka da aka gudanar a Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin watan Yunin 1941 ya nuna cewa ana iya la'akari da nisa na yadi 500 (457 m) a matsayin iyaka don ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa na gaba na PzKpfw IV tare da bindiga 2-pounder. Wani rahoto da aka shirya a Woolwich game da nazarin kariyar sulke na tankin Jamus ya lura cewa “makamai ya fi 10% kyau fiye da Ingilishi da aka sarrafa, kuma a wasu yanayi ma ya fi kama da kamanni.”
A lokaci guda kuma, an soki hanyar haɗa faranti na sulke, wani ƙwararre na Leyland Motors ya yi tsokaci game da binciken da ya yi ta wannan hanyar: “Ingantacciyar walda ba ta da kyau, walda biyu daga cikin faranti uku na sulke da ke yankin da ke wurin. majigin ya bugi majigin ya karkace.”
Canza zane na sashin gaba na kwandon tanki
Ausf.A
Nau'in B
Ausf.D
Ausf.E
Wutar wutar lantarki.
An ƙera injin Maybach don yin aiki a cikin matsakaicin yanayin yanayi, inda aikin sa ya gamsar. A lokaci guda, a cikin wurare masu zafi ko ƙurar ƙura, yana rushewa kuma yana da wuyar yin zafi. Jami’an leken asirin Birtaniya, bayan sun yi nazari kan tankin PzKpfw IV da aka kama a shekarar 1942, sun yi ittifakin cewa gazawar injin ya faru ne sakamakon yashi shiga cikin tsarin mai, mai rarrabawa, dynamo da Starter; iska tace basu isa ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na yashi shiga cikin carburetor.
Littafin injin Maybach yana buƙatar amfani da man fetur kawai tare da ƙimar octane na 74 tare da cikakken canjin mai bayan 200, 500, 1000 da 2000 km na gudu. Gudun injin da aka ba da shawarar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun shine 2600 rpm, amma a cikin yanayin zafi (yankin kudu na USSR da Arewacin Afirka), wannan saurin ba ya samar da sanyaya na yau da kullun. Yin amfani da injin a matsayin birki ya halatta a 2200-2400 rpm, a gudun 2600-3000 wannan yanayin ya kamata a kauce masa.
Babban abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin sanyaya su ne radiators guda biyu da aka sanya a kusurwar digiri 25 zuwa sararin sama. An sanyaya masu radiyo ta hanyar iska da magoya baya biyu suka tilasta; fan drive - bel wanda aka kora daga babban mashin motar. An ba da zagayawa na ruwa a cikin tsarin sanyaya ta hanyar famfo centrifuge. Iskar ya shiga cikin dakin injin ne ta wani rami da aka lullube da sulke mai sulke daga bangaren dama na tarkacen jirgin kuma an jefar da shi ta irin wannan rami a gefen hagu.
Watsa shirye-shiryen synchro-mechanical ya tabbatar da yin tasiri, ko da yake jan wuta a manyan ginshiƙi ya yi ƙasa sosai, don haka gear na 6 kawai aka yi amfani da shi akan babbar hanya. Ana haɗa raƙuman fitarwa tare da birki da tsarin juya zuwa na'ura ɗaya. Don kwantar da wannan na'urar, an shigar da fan a gefen hagu na akwatin kama. Za'a iya amfani da kawar da levers ɗin sarrafa sitiya lokaci guda azaman ingantaccen birki.
A kan tankunan na baya-bayan nan, dakatarwar bazara na ƙafafun titin ya yi nauyi sosai, amma maye gurbin bogi mai ƙafafu biyu da ya lalace kamar aiki ne mai sauƙi. An daidaita tashin hankali na caterpillar ta matsayi na sloth wanda aka ɗora a kan eccentric. A Gabashin Gabas, an yi amfani da na'urorin faɗaɗa waƙa na musamman, waɗanda aka fi sani da "Ostketten", waɗanda suka inganta ƙarfin tankuna a cikin watannin hunturu na shekara.
An gwada na'ura mai sauƙi amma mai tasiri don tufatar da majiyar da aka yi tsalle a kan tankin gwaji na PzKpfw IV. Tef ce da aka yi a masana'anta wanda ke da faɗi ɗaya da waƙoƙin da kuma huɗa don haɗawa da gear gear na motar tuƙi. . Ɗayan ƙarshen tef ɗin an haɗa shi da waƙar da ta tashi, ɗayan kuma, bayan an wuce ta kan rollers, zuwa motar tuƙi. An kunna motar, motar motar ta fara juyawa, tana jan tef ɗin da waƙoƙin da aka ɗaure da shi har gefen motar motar ya shiga ramukan kan waƙoƙin. Duk aikin ya ɗauki mintuna da yawa.
An fara aikin injin ne da na'urar kunna wutar lantarki mai karfin volt 24. Tun lokacin da na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki mai taimako ya ceci ƙarfin baturi, yana yiwuwa a yi ƙoƙari don fara aikin injiniya fiye da "hudu" fiye da tanki na PzKpfw III. A yayin da mai farawa ya gaza, ko kuma lokacin da maiko ya yi kauri a cikin sanyi mai tsanani, an yi amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, wanda aka haɗa maƙallan da injin injin ta hanyar rami a cikin farantin sulke na baya. Mutum biyu ne suka juya hannun a lokaci guda, mafi ƙarancin juyowar abin da ake buƙata don kunna injin shine 60 rpm. Fara injin daga mai kunnawa inertial ya zama ruwan dare a cikin hunturu na Rasha. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na injin, wanda ya fara aiki akai-akai, shine t = 50 ° C lokacin da shaft ɗin ya juya 2000 rpm.
Don sauƙaƙe fara injin a cikin yanayin sanyi na Gabashin Gabas, an ɓullo da wani tsari na musamman, wanda aka sani da "Kuhlwasserubertragung" - mai musayar zafi mai sanyi. Bayan da injin tanki daya ya fara dumi har zuwa yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, an zubar da ruwan dumi daga cikinsa a cikin tsarin sanyaya na tanki na gaba, kuma an ba da ruwan sanyi ga injin da ya riga ya gudana - akwai musayar refrigerants tsakanin masu aiki. da injuna marasa aiki. Bayan ruwan dumi ya dumi motar dan kadan, yana yiwuwa a gwada fara injin tare da na'urar lantarki. Tsarin "Kuhlwasserubertragung" yana buƙatar ƙananan gyare-gyare ga tsarin sanyaya tanki.
An ƙera injin Maybach don yin aiki a cikin matsakaicin yanayin yanayi, inda aikin sa ya gamsar. A lokaci guda, a cikin wurare masu zafi ko ƙurar ƙura, yana rushewa kuma yana da wuyar yin zafi. Jami’an leken asirin Birtaniya, bayan sun yi nazari kan tankin PzKpfw IV da aka kama a shekarar 1942, sun yi ittifakin cewa gazawar injin ya faru ne sakamakon yashi shiga cikin tsarin mai, mai rarrabawa, dynamo da Starter; iska tace basu isa ba. Akwai lokuta da yawa na yashi shiga cikin carburetor.
