Kwafi da liƙa - mataki ɗaya zuwa ƙirar ɗan adam

A cikin shekarun 30, Aldous Huxley, a cikin sanannen littafinsa mai suna Brave New World, ya bayyana abin da ake kira zaɓin jinsin ma'aikata na gaba - takamaiman mutane, bisa maɓalli na kwayoyin halitta, don yin wasu ayyuka na zamantakewa.

Huxley ya rubuta game da "degumming" na yara masu halaye da ake so a cikin bayyanar da halayensu, suna la'akari da ranar haihuwa da kansu da kuma al'adar rayuwa a cikin al'umma mai kyau.

"Samar da mutane mafi kyau yana yiwuwa ya zama masana'antar mafi girma a karni na XNUMX," in ji shi. Yuval Harari, marubucin littafin Homo Deus da aka buga kwanan nan. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi na Isra'ila ya lura, gabobinmu har yanzu suna aiki daidai da kowane 200 XNUMX. shekaru da yawa da suka wuce. Duk da haka, ya kara da cewa mutum mai ƙarfi yana iya kashe kuɗi da yawa, wanda zai kawo rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa zuwa sabon salo. "A karon farko a tarihi, rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki na iya haifar da rashin daidaiton halittu," in ji Harari.

Wani tsohon mafarki na marubutan almarar kimiyya shine haɓaka hanya don sauri da kuma kai tsaye "zazzagewa" ilimi da basira a cikin kwakwalwa. Ya zama cewa DARPA ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike wanda ke da nufin yin haka. Shirin ya kira Koyarwar Neuroplasticity da aka Niyya (TNT) yana nufin hanzarta aiwatar da hanyar samun sabon ilimi ta hankali ta hanyar magudin da ke amfani da filastik synaptic. Masu binciken sunyi imanin cewa ta hanyar neurostimulating synapses, za a iya canza su zuwa wani tsari na yau da kullum da kuma tsari don yin haɗin gwiwa wanda shine ainihin kimiyya.

Misalin samfurin horon neuroplastic da aka yi niyya

CRISPR a matsayin MS Word

Ko da yake a halin yanzu wannan ya zama kamar ba a dogara gare mu ba, har yanzu akwai rahotanni daga duniyar kimiyya cewa karshen mutuwa ya kusa. Ko da ciwace-ciwace. Immunotherapy, ta hanyar samar da sel na tsarin rigakafi na majiyyaci tare da kwayoyin da ke "daidaita" ciwon daji, ya yi nasara sosai. A lokacin binciken, a cikin 94% (!) na marasa lafiya tare da cutar sankarar lymphoblastic mai tsanani, alamun sun ɓace. A cikin marasa lafiya da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na jini, wannan kashi shine 80%.

Kuma wannan shi ne kawai gabatarwa, domin wannan shi ne ainihin hit na 'yan watanni. Hanyar gyara kwayoyin halittar CRISPR. Wannan kadai ya sa tsarin gyaran kwayoyin halitta wani abu ne wanda wasu ke kwatantawa da gyara rubutu a cikin MS Word – aiki mai inganci kuma mai sauki.

CRISPR yana nufin kalmar Ingilishi ("ayyukan da aka tara akai-akai katse gajerun maimaitawa"). Hanyar ta ƙunshi gyara lambar DNA (yanke ɓangarorin da suka karye, maye gurbinsu da sababbi, ko ƙara guntuwar lambar DNA, kamar yadda ake yi da masu sarrafa kalmomi) ta yadda za a maido da ƙwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar kansa, har ma da lalata cutar daji gaba ɗaya, kawar da ita. shi daga sel. An ce CRISPR yana kwaikwayon yanayi, musamman hanyar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke amfani da su don kare kai daga ƙwayoyin cuta. Duk da haka, ba kamar GMOs ba, canza kwayoyin halitta ba ya haifar da kwayoyin halitta daga wasu nau'in.

Tarihin hanyar CRISPR ya fara a 1987. Wasu gungun masu bincike na Japan sun gano wasu gutsuttsura da ba a saba da su ba a cikin kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta. Sun kasance a cikin nau'i guda biyar iri ɗaya, an raba su da sassa daban-daban. Masana kimiyya ba su fahimci wannan ba. Lamarin ya sami ƙarin kulawa ne kawai lokacin da aka sami jerin DNA iri ɗaya a cikin wasu nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta. Don haka, a cikin sel dole ne su yi hidimar wani abu mai mahimmanci. A shekara ta 2002 Ruud Jansen daga Jami'ar Utrecht da ke Netherlands sun yanke shawarar kiran waɗannan jerin sunayen CRISPR. Hakanan ƙungiyar Jansen ta gano cewa jerin abubuwan ɓoye koyaushe suna tare da kwayar halitta mai ɓoye enzyme da ake kira Kasa 9wanda zai iya yanke layin DNA.

Bayan 'yan shekaru, masana kimiyya sun gano menene aikin waɗannan jerin abubuwan. Lokacin da kwayar cuta ta kai hari ga kwayoyin cuta, enzyme na Cas9 ya kama DNA ɗinsa, ya yanke shi kuma yana matsawa tsakanin jerin CRISPR iri ɗaya a cikin kwayoyin halittar kwayan cuta. Wannan samfuri zai zo da amfani lokacin da kwayoyin cutar suka sake kaiwa hari da nau'in kwayar cutar. To nan take kwayoyin cutar za su gane ta su halaka ta. Bayan shekaru na bincike, masana kimiyya sun kammala cewa CRISPR, a hade tare da Cas9 enzyme, za a iya amfani da shi don sarrafa DNA a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Kungiyoyin bincike Jennifer Dudna daga Jami'ar Berkeley da ke Amurka da Emmanuelle Charpentier daga Jami'ar Umeå a Sweden ta sanar a cikin 2012 cewa tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, lokacin da aka gyara, yana ba da izini gyara kowane guntu DNA: zaku iya yanke kwayoyin halitta daga ciki, saka sabbin kwayoyin halitta, kunna su ko kashe su.

Hanyar kanta, da ake kira CRISPR-Cas9, yana aiki ta hanyar gane DNA na waje ta hanyar mRNA, wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar bayanan kwayoyin halitta. Dukkan jerin CRISPR kuma an raba su zuwa guntun guntu (crRNA) mai ɗauke da guntun DNA na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri da kuma jerin CRISPR. Dangane da wannan bayanin da ke cikin jerin CRISPR, an ƙirƙiri tracrRNA, wanda ke makale da crRNA da aka yi tare da gRNA, wanda shine takamaiman rikodin ƙwayar cuta, tantanin halitta yana tunawa da sa hannun sa kuma ana amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta.

A yayin kamuwa da cuta, gRNA, wanda shine samfurin ƙwayar cuta mai kai hari, yana ɗaure da enzyme Cas9 kuma yana yanke maharin guntu, yana mai da su gaba ɗaya mara lahani. Sa'an nan kuma ana ƙara sassan da aka yanke zuwa jerin CRISPR, bayanan barazana na musamman. A cikin ci gaba da ci gaba da fasaha, ya nuna cewa mutum zai iya ƙirƙirar gRNA, wanda zai ba ku damar tsoma baki tare da kwayoyin halitta, maye gurbin su ko yanke tarkace masu haɗari.

A shekarar da ta gabata, masana kimiyyar cutar kanjamau a jami'ar Sichuan da ke Chengdu sun fara gwajin fasahar sarrafa kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da hanyar CRISPR-Cas9. Wannan shine karo na farko da aka gwada wannan hanyar juyin juya hali akan mai ciwon daji. Wani majiyyaci da ke fama da cutar kansar huhu ya sami sel masu ɗauke da gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta don taimaka masa yaƙar cutar. Sun dauki kwayoyin halitta daga gare shi, suka yanke su don wani kwayar halitta da za ta raunana aikin kwayar cutar kansa, kuma a mayar da su cikin majiyyaci. Irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin da aka gyara ya kamata su fi dacewa da ciwon daji.

Wannan dabarar, ban da kasancewa mai arha kuma mai sauƙi, tana da wani babban fa'ida: ana iya gwada sel da aka gyara sosai kafin sake gabatarwa. ana gyara su a wajen majiyyaci. Suna karbar jini daga gare shi, suna aiwatar da magudin da suka dace, zabar kwayoyin da suka dace sannan kawai a yi musu allura. Tsaro ya fi girma idan muka ciyar da irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin kai tsaye kuma muna jira mu ga abin da zai faru.

watau yaro da aka tsara tsarin halitta

Me za mu iya canzawa Injiniyan Halitta? Yana fitowa da yawa. Akwai rahotanni na wannan fasaha da ake amfani da su don canza DNA na shuke-shuke, kudan zuma, alade, karnuka, har ma da embryos na mutum. Muna da bayanai game da amfanin gona da za su iya kare kansu daga harin fungi, game da kayan lambu masu daɗaɗɗen ɗanɗano, ko game da dabbobin gona waɗanda ba su da haɗari ga ƙwayoyin cuta. CRISPR kuma ta ba da damar yin aiki don gyara sauro da ke yada cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Tare da taimakon CRISPR, yana yiwuwa a gabatar da kwayoyin juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin DNA na waɗannan kwari. Kuma ta yadda dukkan zuriyarsu za su gaje ta – ba tare da togiya ba.

Koyaya, sauƙin canza lambobin DNA yana ɗaga ɗimbin ɗabi'a da yawa. Duk da yake ko shakka babu za a iya amfani da wannan hanyar wajen kula da masu fama da ciwon daji, ya ɗan bambanta idan muka yi la’akari da amfani da ita wajen magance kiba ko ma matsalolin gashi. A ina za a sanya iyakar tsangwama a cikin kwayoyin halittar mutum? Canza kwayoyin halittar majiyyaci na iya zama karbuwa, amma canza kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin embryos kuma za a yi ta kai tsaye zuwa ga tsara na gaba, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don kyautatawa, amma kuma don cutar da bil'adama.

A cikin 2014, wani mai bincike na Amurka ya sanar da cewa ya canza ƙwayoyin cuta don allurar abubuwan CRISPR a cikin mice. A can, an kunna DNA ɗin da aka ƙirƙira, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbi wanda ya haifar da ɗan adam kwatankwacin kansar huhu ... Hakazalika, a ka'idar zai yiwu a samar da DNA na halitta wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji a cikin mutane. A shekarar 2015, masu bincike na kasar Sin sun ba da rahoton cewa, sun yi amfani da CRISPR wajen sauya kwayoyin halittar dan Adam a cikin embryos wadanda maye gurbinsu ke haifar da wata cuta da ta gada mai suna thalassaemia. Maganin ya kasance mai jayayya. Mujallun kimiyya biyu mafi muhimmanci a duniya, yanayi da kimiyya, sun ki buga ayyukan Sinawa. A ƙarshe ya bayyana a cikin Mujallar Protein & Cell. Af, akwai bayanai da ke nuna cewa akalla wasu kungiyoyin bincike guda hudu a kasar Sin su ma suna aikin gyara kwayoyin halittar dan adam. An riga an san sakamakon farko na waɗannan binciken - masana kimiyya sun shigar da DNA na tayin a cikin kwayar halittar da ke ba da rigakafi ga kamuwa da cutar HIV.

Yawancin masana sun yi imanin cewa haihuwar yaro tare da gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta abu ne kawai na lokaci.