Scanners da dubawa

Na'urar daukar hoto ita ce na'urar da ake amfani da ita don ci gaba da karantawa: hoto, lambar lamba ko lambar maganadisu, raƙuman radiyo, da sauransu. cikin sigar lantarki (yawanci dijital). Na'urar daukar hotan takardu tana duba jerin jerin bayanan bayanai, karantawa ko yin rijistar su.

40's Na'urar farko da za a iya kira mai suna fax / scanner an haɓaka shi a farkon XNUMXs ta wani mai ƙirƙira ɗan Scotland. Aleksandra Ammawanda aka fi sani da wanda ya kirkiro agogon lantarki na farko.

A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1843, Bain ya karɓi haƙƙin mallaka na Biritaniya (Lamba 9745) don haɓaka masana'antu da tsari. wutar lantarki Oraz inganta lokaci, NS hatimin lantarki kuma, sannan ya yi wasu gyare-gyare zuwa wani haƙƙin mallaka da aka bayar a cikin 1845.

A cikin bayanin haƙƙin mallaka, Bain ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk wani saman, wanda ya ƙunshi kayan aiki da marasa ƙarfi, ana iya kwafi ta amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin. Koyaya, tsarin sa ya samar da hotuna marasa inganci kuma bai dace da amfani da shi ba, musamman saboda mai watsawa da mai karɓa ba su taɓa daidaitawa ba. Bain fax ra'ayi An ɗan inganta shi a cikin 1848 ta masanin ilimin lissafin Ingilishi Frederica Bakewellamma na'urar Bakewell (1) ita ma ta haifar da rashin inganci.

1861 Na'urar fax ta farko da ke aiki a zahiri ana kiranta "pantograph(2) wani masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Italiya ne ya kirkiro shi Giovannigo Casellego. A cikin XNUMXs, pantelegraph ya kasance na'ura don watsa rubutun hannu, zane da sa hannu akan layin telegraph. An yi amfani da shi ko'ina azaman kayan aikin tabbatar da sa hannu a ma'amalolin banki.

Injin da aka yi da ƙarfen simintin gyare-gyare kuma tsayinsa sama da mita biyu, a gare mu a yau ba ta da ƙarfi, amma sosai inganci a lokacinya yi haka ne ta hanyar sa wanda ya aika ya rubuta saƙon a kan takardar da ba ta dace ba. Sannan an makala wannan takardar zuwa farantin karfe mai lanƙwasa. Salon mai aikawa ya duba ainihin takardar, yana bin layikan layi daya (layi uku a kowace millimita).

An aika da sigina ta hanyar telegraph zuwa tashar, inda aka yi wa saƙon alama da tawada blue Prussian, wanda aka samu a sakamakon wani nau'i na sinadarai, tun da takarda a cikin na'urar karba tana da ciki da potassium ferrocyanide. Don tabbatar da cewa duka alluran suna yin gwajin sauri guda ɗaya, masu zanen sun yi amfani da madaidaitan agogo guda biyu waɗanda ke tuka pendulum, wanda kuma an haɗa su da gears da bel waɗanda ke sarrafa motsin allurar.

1913 tashi belinographwanda zai iya duba hotuna tare da photocell. Ra'ayi Eduard Belin (3) ba da izinin watsawa ta kan layukan tarho kuma ya zama tushen fasaha don sabis na AT&T Wirephoto. Belinograph wannan ya ba da damar aika hotuna zuwa wurare masu nisa ta hanyar sadarwar tarho da tarho.

A cikin 1921, an inganta wannan tsari ta yadda za a iya watsa hotuna ta amfani da su igiyoyin rediyo. A cikin yanayin belinograph, ana amfani da na'urar lantarki don auna ƙarfin haske. Ana watsa matakan ƙarfin haske zuwa mai karɓainda tushen hasken zai iya sake haifar da ƙarfin da aka auna ta hanyar watsawa ta hanyar buga su a kan takarda na hoto. Na'urorin daukar hoto na zamani suna amfani da ka'ida mai kama da ita wacce hasken na'urori masu sarrafa kwamfuta ke ɗaukar haske kuma buga ta dogara ne akan. fasahar laser.

3. Eduard Belin tare da belinographer

1914 Tushen amfanin gona fasahar gane halayen gani (Gano harafi na gani), ana amfani da su don gane haruffa da gabaɗayan rubutu a cikin fayil mai hoto, sigar bitmap, kwanan wata tun farkon yakin duniya na farko. Sai wannan Emanuel Goldberg i Edmund Fournier d'Albe da kansa ya haɓaka na'urorin OCR na farko.

Goldberg ya ƙirƙiro na'ura mai iya karanta haruffa da canza su zuwa lambar telegraph. A halin yanzu, d'Albe ya ƙera na'urar da aka sani da optophone. Na'urar daukar hoto ce mai šaukuwa wacce za a iya motsa ta gefen rubutun da aka buga don samar da sautuka daban-daban, kowanne ya yi daidai da takamaiman hali ko harafi. Hanyar OCR, ko da yake an haɓaka ta cikin shekaru da yawa, tana aiki bisa ƙa'ida kamar na'urorin farko.

1924 Richard H. Ranger ƙirƙira mara waya ta hoto (4). Yana amfani da shi wajen aika hoton shugaban kasa Calvin Coolidge daga New York zuwa London a cikin 1924, hoton farko da aka fara aika fax akan rediyo. An yi amfani da ƙirar Ranger ta kasuwanci a cikin 1926 kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ita don watsa jadawalin yanayi da sauran bayanan yanayi.

4. Sake bugawa na farko photoroentgenogram na Richard H. Ranger.

1950 An ƙera ta Benedict Cassin na'urar daukar hotan takardu na likita wanda ya rigaya ya sami nasarar ci gaba na mai gano scintillation na jagora. A cikin 1950, Cassin ya haɗu da na'ura mai sarrafa kansa ta farko, wanda ya ƙunshi inji mai sarrafa scintillation detector an haɗa zuwa firinta na relay.

An yi amfani da wannan na'urar daukar hoto don ganin glandar thyroid bayan gudanar da iodine radioactive. A cikin 1956, Kuhl da abokan aikinsa sun ƙera na'urar daukar hotan takardu ta Cassin wanda ya inganta hankalinsa da ƙudurinsa. Tare da haɓaka takamaiman kayan aikin radiopharmaceuticals, samfurin kasuwanci na wannan tsarin an yi amfani dashi sosai tun daga ƙarshen 50s zuwa farkon 70s don bincika manyan gabobin jiki.

1957 tashi na'urar daukar hoto ta drum, na farko da aka ƙera don yin aiki tare da kwamfuta don yin scanning na dijital. Tawagar karkashin jagorancin ne suka gina ta a Ofishin Ma'auni na Ƙasar Amurka Russell A. Kirsch, yayin da yake aiki akan kwamfuta na farko na Amurka (wanda aka adana a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya), Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC), wanda ya ba ƙungiyar Kirsch damar yin gwaji tare da algorithms waɗanda suka kasance masu tasowa don sarrafa hoto da kuma ganewar ƙira.

Russell da Kirshovi ya juya cewa ana iya amfani da kwamfuta na gaba ɗaya don kwaikwayi dabaru da yawa na tantance halayen da aka yi niyyar aiwatarwa a cikin kayan aiki. Wannan zai buƙaci na'urar shigarwa wanda zai iya canza hoton zuwa sigar da ta dace. adanawa a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta. Ta haka aka haifi na'urar daukar hoto na dijital.

CEAC Scanner yayi amfani da ganga mai jujjuyawa da mai ɗaukar hoto don gano tunani daga ƙaramin hoto da aka ɗora akan ganga. An gwada abin rufe fuska da aka sanya tsakanin hoton da mai daukar hoto, watau. raba hoton zuwa grid polygonal. Hoton farko da aka leka akan na'urar daukar hoto hoto ne mai girman 5×5 na dan Kirsch mai wata uku, Walden (5). Hoton baki da fari yana da ƙudurin 176 pixels a kowane gefe.

60s-90s karni na ashirin Fasahar sikanin 3D ta farko an halicce shi a cikin 60s na karni na karshe. Na'urorin daukar hoto na farko sun yi amfani da fitulu, kyamarori, da majigi. Saboda gazawar kayan aiki, bincika daidaitattun abubuwa sau da yawa yana ɗaukar lokaci da ƙoƙari mai yawa. Bayan 1985, an maye gurbinsu da na'urorin daukar hoto waɗanda za su iya amfani da farin haske, lasers, da shading don kama wani wuri da aka ba. terrestrial matsakaici-kewaye Laser scanning (TLS) an haɓaka shi daga aikace-aikace a sararin samaniya da shirye-shiryen tsaro.

Babban tushen samar da kudade don waɗannan manyan ayyuka ya fito ne daga hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka irin su Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Bincike na Tsaro (DARPA). Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa 90s, lokacin da aka gane fasahar a matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don aikace-aikacen masana'antu da kasuwanci. Ci gaba idan ya zo ga aiwatar da kasuwanci 3D Laser scanning (6) shine fitowar tsarin TLS dangane da triangulation. Xin Chen ne ya kirkiro na'urar juyin juya hali ta Mensi, wacce Auguste D'Aligny da Michel Paramitioti suka kafa a shekarar 1987.

5. Hoton farko da na'urar daukar hoto ta SEAC ta duba

6. Nunin hangen nesa na TLS Laser na binciken ƙasa

1963 Mawallafin Jamusanci Rudolf Ad yana wakiltar wani sabon ci gaba, chromograph, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin binciken a matsayin "na'urar daukar hotan takardu ta farko a tarihi" (ko da yake ya kamata a fahimci shi a matsayin na'urar kasuwanci ta farko a cikin masana'antar bugawa). A 1965 ya ƙirƙira kit tsarin bugu na farko na lantarki tare da ƙwaƙwalwar dijital (kayan kwamfuta) ya kawo sauyi ga harkar bugu a duniya.. A cikin wannan shekarar, an gabatar da "mawallafin dijital" na farko - Digiset. Rudolf Hella's DC 300 na'urar daukar hotan takardu ta kasuwanci daga 1971 an yaba da matsayin ci gaban na'urar daukar hotan takardu.

7. Mai ƙirƙira na'urar karatun Kurzweil.

1974 Fara Na'urorin OCRkamar yadda muka sani a yau. An kafa shi a lokacin Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. Daga baya aka sani da ɗan gaba kuma mai tallata "fasaha ɗaya", ya ƙirƙiri aikace-aikacen juyin juya hali na dabarar dubawa da sanin alamomi da alamomi. Ra'ayinsa shine gina injin karantawa ga makafi, wanda ke ba masu nakasa damar karanta littattafai ta hanyar kwamfuta.

Ray Kurzweil da tawagarsa suka kirkira Injin karatun Kurzweil (7) da kuma Omni-Font OCR Technology Software. Ana amfani da wannan software don gane rubutu a kan wani abu da aka bincika kuma a canza shi zuwa bayanai ta hanyar rubutu. Ƙoƙarinsa ya haifar da haɓaka fasahohi guda biyu waɗanda suka kasance daga baya kuma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Magana akan kalma synthesizer i lebur na'urar daukar hotan takardu.

Kurzweil flatbed na'urar daukar hotan takardu daga 70s. ba shi da fiye da 64 kilobytes na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Bayan lokaci, injiniyoyi sun inganta ƙudurin na'urar daukar hotan takardu da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, suna barin waɗannan na'urori su ɗauki hotuna har zuwa 9600 dpi. Duban hoto na gani, rubutu, takardun da aka rubuta da hannu ko abubuwa da canza su zuwa hoto na dijital ya zama yaɗuwa a farkon 90s.

A cikin karni na 5400, na'urar daukar hoto mai kwance ta zama kayan aiki marasa tsada kuma abin dogaro, na farko don ofisoshi kuma daga baya don gidaje (mafi yawan haɗawa da injin fax, kwafi, da firintocin). Wani lokaci ana kiransa dubawa mai gani. Yana aiki ta hanyar haskaka abin da aka leƙa tare da farin haske da karanta ƙarfi da launi na hasken da ke fitowa daga gare ta. An tsara su don bincika kwafi ko wasu lebur, kayan da ba su da kyau, suna da saman daidaitacce, wanda ke nufin za su iya sauƙin ɗaukar manyan littattafai, mujallu, da ƙari. .

1994 3D Scanners suna ƙaddamar da wani bayani da ake kira MAFITA. Wannan tsarin ya ba da damar yin bincike da sauri da daidaitattun abubuwa yayin kiyaye babban matakin daki-daki. Bayan shekaru biyu, wannan kamfani ya ba da Fasahar ModelMaker (8), wanda aka zayyana a matsayin farkon irin wannan ingantaccen dabara don "kama ainihin abubuwan XNUMXD".

2013 Apple ya shiga Taɓa ID na sikanin yatsa (9) ga wayoyin komai da ruwan da yake kerawa. An haɗa tsarin sosai tare da na'urorin iOS, yana ba masu amfani damar buɗe na'urar, da kuma yin sayayya daga shagunan dijital na Apple (iTunes Store, Store Store, iBookstore) da kuma tabbatar da biyan kuɗin Apple Pay. A cikin 2016, kyamarar Samsung Galaxy Note 7 ta shiga kasuwa, ba kawai tare da na'urar daukar hotan yatsa ba, har ma da na'urar daukar hotan takardu.

8. Daya daga cikin ModelMaker 3D na'urar daukar hotan takardu

9. Touch ID Scanner a kan iPhone

Rarraba Scanner

Na'urar daukar hoto ita ce na'urar da ake amfani da ita don ci gaba da karantawa: hoto, lambar lamba ko lambar maganadisu, raƙuman radiyo, da sauransu. cikin sigar lantarki (yawanci dijital). Na'urar daukar hotan takardu tana duba jerin jerin bayanan bayanai, karantawa ko yin rijistar su.

Don haka ba karatu ba ne na al'ada, amma mai karatu mataki-mataki ne (misali, na'urar daukar hoto ba ta daukar hoton gaba daya a lokaci guda kamar yadda kyamara ke yi, a maimakon haka sai ya rubuta layin hoton da ya biyo baya - don haka na'urar daukar hoto ta karanta. kai yana motsi, ko kuma a duba matsakaicin ƙasa).

na'urar daukar hotan takardu

Na'urar daukar hoto na gani a cikin kwamfutoci na'urar shigar da bayanai ta gefe wacce ke juyar da siffa ta zahiri ta wani abu na gaske (misali, ganye, saman duniya, kwayar ido ta mutum) zuwa nau'i na dijital don ci gaba da sarrafa kwamfuta. Fayil ɗin kwamfuta da ke fitowa daga binciken hoto ana kiransa scan. Ana amfani da na'urar daukar hoto na gani don shirye-shiryen sarrafa hoto (DTP), gane rubutun hannu, tsaro da tsarin sarrafawa, adana takardu da tsoffin littattafai, binciken kimiyya da likitanci, da sauransu.

Nau'in na'urar daukar hoto na gani:

• na'urar daukar hoto ta hannu
• lebur na'urar daukar hotan takardu
• na'urar daukar hoto ta drum
• na'urar daukar hotan takardu
• na'urar daukar hoton fim
• Barcode Scanner
• Na'urar daukar hotan takardu ta 3D (Spatial)
• na'urar daukar hotan takardu
• madubi na'urar daukar hotan takardu
• na'urar daukar hotan takardu
• fiber optic scanner

Magnetic

Waɗannan masu karatu suna da kawuna waɗanda ke karanta bayanai galibi ana rubuta su akan igiyar maganadisu. Wannan shine yadda ake adana bayanai, misali, akan yawancin katunan biyan kuɗi.

Dijital

Mai karatu yana karanta bayanan da aka adana a wurin ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tare da tsarin a wurin. Don haka, a cikin wasu abubuwa, an ba mai amfani da kwamfuta izini ta amfani da katin dijital.

Rediyo

Mai karatu ta rediyo (RFID) yana karanta bayanan da aka adana a cikin abun. Yawanci, kewayon irin wannan mai karatu yana daga ƴan santimita kaɗan zuwa da yawa, kodayake masu karatu da ke da kewayon dubun santimita kuma sun shahara. Saboda sauƙin amfani da su, suna ƙara maye gurbin mafita na karatun maganadisu, misali a cikin tsarin sarrafa damar shiga.