Rocket Angara
Angara-1.2.
A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, an ƙaddamar da Angara-1.2 tare da lambar serial 1L daga Plesik cosmodrome. Ya harba cikin sararin samaniya (perigee 279 km, apogee 294 km, inclination 96,45 °) tauraron dan adam na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Rasha mai suna Kosmos 2555. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka harba wannan sigar ta roka ta Angara. Babban nau'in roka na Angara zai maye gurbin Protons masu haɗari da muhalli, kuma a cikin sigar haske, bayan da aka dakatar da roka na Dnepr da Rokot, zai dawo da ikon ɗaukar kaya masu sauƙi ga Soyuz-2. Amma shin Angara zai tabbatar da begen da aka yi masa?
Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Sobiet, masana kimiyyar sararin samaniyar kasar Rasha sun sami kansu cikin wani mawuyacin hali. Ya juya cewa manyan masu ƙaddamarwa da kuma wani muhimmin sashi na samarwa suna cikin kusa, amma har yanzu a kasashen waje. An dakatar da shirin makami mai linzami na Energiya kuma an rage odar tsaro sosai. An ceto masana'antar sararin samaniya daga rugujewar gaba ɗaya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa - umarni daga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Amurka, shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin sararin samaniya na Turai da Asiya. An sanya tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya a cikin kewayar duniya ta hanyar amfani da fasahohin tashar sararin samaniyar Soviet Mir. Cosmodrome mai iyo "Sea Launch" ya fara aiki. Duk da haka, a fili yake cewa goyon bayan kasa da kasa ba har abada ba ne, kuma a cikin 90s, an fara aiki don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Rasha.
Aikin ya kasance mai wuyar gaske, tunda duk manyan makaman roka masu nauyi na USSR sun kasance a yankin Kazakhstan. Rasha kawai tana da babban jirgin sama na Plesetsk soja cosmodrome, wanda tun farko an kera shi don harba makamai masu linzami zuwa Amurka kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi don harba tauraron dan adam - galibi na leken asiri - zuwa cikin ƙananan duniya (LEO). An kuma yi la'akari da gina sabon cosmodrome a yankin Svobodny makami mai linzami a Gabas mai Nisa. A halin yanzu, wannan cosmodrome, wanda har yanzu yana cikin jariri, ana kiransa Vostochny. A nan gaba, ya kamata ya zama babban cosmodrome na Rasha kuma ya maye gurbin Baikonur da aka yi hayar daga Kazakhstan. Halin da ya fi dacewa ya ci gaba a cikin ɓangaren rokoki masu nauyi tare da nauyin nauyin + 20. Wadannan roka na jerin Proton sunyi amfani da su a cikin USSR don harba tauraron dan adam sadarwa, ƙananan tashoshin orbital, na'urori don nazarin wata da taurari. , da wasu tauraron dan adam na soja zuwa sararin samaniya. Duk motocin harba Proton sun kasance a Kazakhstan. A lokaci guda, mafita mai sauƙi - gina sabbin wuraren ƙaddamarwa a Rasha - ba a yarda da shi ba saboda dalilai na muhalli.
Protons sun yi aiki da sinadarin hydrazine mai ƙarfi, kuma asararsu da ta haifar da zanga-zangar daga jama'ar yankunan da za a yi amfani da matakai biyu na farko. Lokaci ne da ba za a iya yin watsi da ra'ayin jama'a ba. Yunkurin na'urorin harba na'urorin zuwa Rasha ya kamata a fara ne da samar musu da wani sabon makamin roka mai kare muhalli. Tuni a cikin 1992, an sanar da wata gasa don ƙirƙirar roka na farko na Rasha. An tsara ci gabanta ta hanyar umarnin shugaban kasar Rasha na ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1995. An tsara jirgin farko na 2005. Dangane da wannan yanayin, ƙirƙirar irin wannan roka zai zama ma'ana - godiya ga haɗin kai na kayayyaki, shi zai yiwu (idan har za a samar da makamai masu linzami da yawa a kowace shekara) don samun raguwar farashin ko da dangane da Proton. An yanke shawarar cewa Angara zai zama na zamani: Universal Missile Modules (URMs) za a iya daidaita su daga bambance-bambancen haske (nau'i ɗaya a matakin farko) zuwa bambance-bambancen nauyi (modules bakwai). Ana iya jigilar kowace URM daban ta hanyar dogo, sannan a haɗa su a tashar sararin samaniya. Tsawonsa zai kasance 25,1 m kuma diamita 3,6. A Rasha, inda ake jigilar makamai masu linzami ta jirgin kasa, wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci.
Me yasa Angara ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo haka?
A cikin 1994-1995, duk masana masana'antar roka da masana'antar sararin samaniya sun yarda cewa haɓaka sabbin injunan roka akan makamashin cryogenic mai ƙarfi ba zai yuwu ba (waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin sashin makamashi suna da girma sosai), don haka aikin ya haɗa da amfani da tabbatarwa. fasaha - man fetur injuna da ruwa oxygen (abin da ake kira keroloks). Kuma a sa'an nan wani bakon juyi na halin da ake ciki ya faru - maimakon kwangilar da aka sa ran don roka don NPO Energia, wanda ke da kwarewa mai yawa a fasahar cryogenic da manyan injuna a fasahar Kerolox, ya samu ta ... masana'antun Proton - Khrunichev. Cibiyar. Ya kuma yi alkawarin kera rokar ta hanyar fasahar makamashi, amma mai rahusa wajen samarwa, dabaru da aiki.
Abin takaici, wannan aiki ne mai wuyar gaske ga Khrunichev. Lokaci ya wuce, ƙira ta sami metamorphoses marasa ƙima, ra'ayoyin adadin kayayyaki sun canza. Ya zuwa yanzu rokar dai ta wanzu ne a kan takarda, duk kuwa da cewa ta dauki makudan kudade daga kasafin kudin. Me ya sa ya ɗauki dogon lokaci don ƙirƙirar roka, yayin da a cikin Tarayyar Soviet an warware wannan ayyuka a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci? Mafi m saboda Angara ba a bukata - musamman Khrunichev. "Proton" nasa ya tashi daga Baikonur akan shirye-shiryen soja, kimiyya, farar hula, kasa da kasa da kuma shirye-shiryen kasuwanci. Bangaren Kazakhstan ya koka game da "guba", amma ba za su iya neman rufe irin wannan muhimmin makami mai linzami ga duniya baki daya ba. Ba shi da amfani don canja wurin harba sararin samaniya zuwa Angara Khrunichev, saboda sabon roka ya yi tsada fiye da na baya - bayan haka, ci gaba ya fi tsada.
