proton sirrin. Har yanzu ba a san shekaru da girmansu ba
Sanannen abu ne cewa akwai quarks guda uku a cikin proton. A haƙiƙa, tsarinsa ya fi rikitarwa (1), kuma ƙari ga gluons masu ɗaure ƙuƙuka tare ba shine ƙarshen al'amarin ba. Ana ɗaukar proton a matsayin tabbataccen teku na quarks da antiquarks masu zuwa da tafiya, wanda baƙon abu ne ga irin wannan barbashi na kwayoyin halitta.
Har kwanan nan, ko da ainihin girman proton ba a san shi ba. Na dogon lokaci, masana kimiyyar lissafi suna da darajar 0,877. femtometer (fm, inda femtometer yayi daidai da mita 100 quintillion). A cikin 2010, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta gudanar da wani sabon gwaji a Cibiyar Paul Scherrer a Switzerland kuma ta sami ɗan ƙaramin darajar 0,84 fm. A cikin 2017, masana kimiyyar lissafi na Jamus, bisa ma'aunin su, sun ƙididdige radiyon proton na 0,83 fm kuma, kamar yadda aka zata tare da daidaiton kuskuren auna, zai dace da ƙimar 0,84 fm da aka ƙididdige a cikin 2010 bisa ga m "muonic hydrogen radiation". ."
Shekaru biyu bayan haka, wani rukunin masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Amurka, Ukraine, Rasha, da Armeniya, waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar PRad a Lab ɗin Jefferson da ke Virginia, sun bincika ma'auni tare da sabon gwaji akan watsawar protons akan electrons. Masana kimiyya sun sami sakamakon - 0,831 femtometers. Marubutan takarda na Nature akan wannan ba su yarda an warware matsalar gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan shi ne iliminmu na barbashi, wanda shine "tushen" kwayoyin halitta.
A fili muke cewa proton - barbashi mai tsayayye daga rukunin baryon tare da cajin +1 da sauran taro na kusan raka'a 1. Protons da neutrons su ne nucleons, abubuwa na nuclei atomic. Adadin protons a cikin tsakiya na kwayar zarra da aka bayar daidai yake da lambar atomic, wanda shine tushen yin odar abubuwan da ke cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci. Su ne babban bangaren na farko cosmic haskoki. A cewar Standard Model, proton wani hadadden barbashi ne wanda aka lasafta shi azaman hadrons, ko kuma daidai, baryon. yana da kwarkwata uku - Biyu sama "u" da ɗaya ƙasa "d" quarks da ke da alaƙa da ƙaƙƙarfan hulɗar da gluons ke yadawa.
Dangane da sabon sakamakon gwaji, idan proton ya lalace, to, matsakaicin rayuwar wannan ƙwayar ya wuce 2,1 · 1029 shekaru. A cewar Standard Model, proton, a matsayin baryon mafi sauƙi, ba zai iya ruɓe ba da wuri. Babban haɗe-haɗen ka'idoji waɗanda ba a gwada su yawanci suna hasashen ruɓar proton tare da tsawon rayuwa na aƙalla shekaru 1 x 1036. Ana iya canza proton, alal misali, a cikin tsarin kamawa na lantarki. Wannan tsari ba ya faruwa ba zato ba tsammani, amma kawai a sakamakon samar da karin makamashi. Wannan tsari mai jujjuyawa ne. Misali, lokacin rabuwa beta neutron ya koma proton. Neutrons kyauta ba tare da bata lokaci ba (lokacin rayuwa kamar mintuna 15), suna samar da proton.
Kwanan nan, gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa protons da maƙwabtansu suna cikin tsakiyan kwayar zarra. neutrons ze fi girma fiye da yadda ya kamata. Masana kimiyyar lissafi sun fito da ka'idoji guda biyu masu gasa da juna suna kokarin bayyana wannan lamari, kuma masu goyon bayan kowannensu sun yi imanin cewa ɗayan bai dace ba. Don wasu dalilai, protons da neutrons a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna nuna hali kamar sun fi girma fiye da lokacin da suke wajen tsakiya. Masana kimiyya suna kiransa tasirin EMC daga Ƙungiyar Muon Haɗin gwiwar Turai, ƙungiyar da ta gano shi da gangan. Wannan cin zarafi ne ga waɗanda suke.
Masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa quarks da ke cikin nucleons suna yin hulɗa tare da wasu quarks na wasu protons da neutrons, suna lalata bangon da ke raba sassan. Quars da suka zama daya proton i kwarkwasa kafa wani proton, suka fara mamaye wuri guda. Wannan yana haifar da protons (ko neutrons) don shimfiɗawa da blur. Suna girma da ƙarfi sosai, kodayake cikin ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci. Duk da haka, ba duk masana kimiyyar lissafi ne suka yarda da wannan kwatancin lamarin ba. Don haka da alama rayuwar zamantakewar proton a cikin kwayar zarra ba ta da ɗan asiri fiye da shekarunsa da girmansa.
