Gudanar da hanyoyin makamashin sinadarai

Halin gama gari a kowane gida shine cewa batir da aka saya kwanan nan ba su da kyau. Ko watakila, kula da yanayin, kuma a lokaci guda - game da dukiyar da ke cikin walat ɗin mu, mun sami batura? Bayan wani lokaci, su ma za su ƙi ba da haɗin kai. Don haka a cikin shara? Babu shakka! Sanin barazanar da kwayoyin halitta ke haifarwa a cikin muhalli, za mu nemi wurin taro.

Tarin

Menene girman matsalar da muke fama da ita? Wani rahoto na 2011 da Babban Infeto na Muhalli ya nuna cewa fiye da haka Kwayoyin da batura miliyan 400. Kusan adadin guda ya kashe kansa.

Shinkafa 1. Matsakaicin abun da ke ciki na albarkatun kasa (kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su) daga tarin jihar.

Don haka muna bukatar ci gaba kimanin tan dubu 92 na datti mai haɗari dauke da nauyi karafa (mercury, cadmium, nickel, azurfa, gubar) da kuma adadin sinadaran mahadi (potassium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, manganese dioxide, sulfuric acid) (Fig. 1). Lokacin da muka jefar da su - bayan rufin ya lalace - suna gurbata ƙasa da ruwa (Fig. 2). Kada mu yi irin wannan "kyauta" ga muhalli, sabili da haka ga kanmu. Daga cikin wannan adadin, 34% na masu sarrafawa na musamman ne aka lissafta su. Saboda haka, akwai sauran abubuwa da yawa da za a yi, kuma ba ta'aziyya ba ne cewa ba kawai a Poland ba?

Shinkafa 2. Rubutun ƙwayoyin cuta.

Bamu da wani uzuri na babu inda zamu sel masu amfani. Ana buƙatar duk wani kanti da ke siyar da batura da masu maye gurbin su karɓe su daga wurinmu (da kuma tsofaffin kayan lantarki da na gida). Hakanan, shaguna da makarantu da yawa suna da kwantena waɗanda za mu iya sanya keji. Don haka kada mu “kira” kuma kada mu jefar da batura da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shara. Tare da ɗan ƙaramin sha'awa, za mu sami wurin taro, kuma hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar kansu suna yin nauyi kaɗan cewa hanyar haɗin yanar gizon ba za ta gajiyar da mu ba.

Tacewa

Kamar yadda yake tare da wasu kayan sake yin amfani da su, ingantaccen canji yana da ma'ana bayan rarrabawa. Sharar gida daga masana'antu yawanci iri ɗaya ne cikin inganci, amma sharar gida daga tarin jama'a cakude ne na nau'ikan tantanin halitta. Don haka, babbar tambaya ta zama wariya.

A Poland ana yin rarrabuwar kawuna da hannu, yayin da sauran ƙasashen Turai tuni suka sami layukan rarrabuwa ta atomatik. Suna amfani da sieves tare da girman raga masu dacewa (ba da izini rabuwa da sel masu girma dabam) da x-ray (nau'in abun ciki). A abun da ke ciki na albarkatun kasa daga tarin a Poland ne kuma dan kadan daban-daban.

Har zuwa kwanan nan, ƙwayoyin mu na Leclanche acidic sun mamaye. Kwanan nan ne fa'idar mafi yawan abubuwan alkaline na zamani, waɗanda suka mamaye kasuwannin Yamma shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, ya zama sananne. A kowane hali, duka nau'ikan sel da za a iya zubarwa suna lissafin sama da kashi 90% na batura da aka tattara. Sauran batir na maɓalli (agogon iko (Fig. 3) ko ƙididdiga), batura masu caji da batir lithium don wayoyi da kwamfyutoci. Dalilin irin wannan ƙananan rabo shine mafi girman farashi da tsawon rayuwar sabis idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da za a iya zubarwa.

Shinkafa 3. Azkar da ake amfani da ita don kunna agogon hannu.

Tsarin aiki

Bayan rabuwa, lokaci ya yi don abu mafi mahimmanci matakin sarrafawa - dawo da albarkatun kasa. Ga kowane nau'in, samfuran da aka karɓa za su ɗan bambanta. Duk da haka, dabarun sarrafawa suna kama.

inji aiki ya ƙunshi sharar gida a cikin niƙa. Abubuwan da aka samu sun rabu ta hanyar amfani da electromagnets (baƙin ƙarfe da kayan haɗin gwiwa) da tsarin sieve na musamman (sauran ƙarfe, abubuwan filastik, takarda, da sauransu). Ambaliyar ruwa Hanyar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa babu buƙatar a hankali warware albarkatun ƙasa kafin sarrafawa, lahani - adadi mai yawa na sharar da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba wanda ke buƙatar zubarwa a cikin wuraren shara.

Hydrometallurgical sake amfani da shine rushewar sel a cikin acid ko tushe. A mataki na gaba na sarrafawa, ana tsaftace hanyoyin da aka samo asali kuma an raba su, alal misali, gishiri na karfe, don samun abubuwa masu tsabta. Babban amfani Hanyar tana da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi da ƙaramin adadin sharar da ke buƙatar zubarwa. Laifi Wannan hanyar sake yin amfani da ita tana buƙatar a tsanake rarrabuwar batura don guje wa gurɓatar samfuran da ke haifarwa.

Thermal sarrafa ya ƙunshi harba sel a cikin tanda na ƙirar da ta dace. A sakamakon haka, an narkar da su oxides kuma ana samun su (raw kayan don masana'antun karfe). Ambaliyar ruwa Hanyar ta ƙunshi yuwuwar yin amfani da batura marasa tsari, lahani da – amfani da makamashi da kuma samar da kayayyakin konewa masu cutarwa.

Bayan haka sake yin amfani da su Ana adana ƙwayoyin sel a cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa bayan kariya ta farko daga shigar abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli. Duk da haka, wannan rabin ma'auni ne kawai, yana jinkirta buƙatar magance irin wannan sharar gida da ɓata yawancin albarkatun kasa masu mahimmanci.

Hakanan zamu iya dawo da wasu abubuwan gina jiki a cikin dakin binciken gidanmu. Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da aka gyara na classic Leclanche abubuwa - high-tsarki tutiya daga kofuna waɗanda kewaye kashi, da graphite lantarki. A madadin, za mu iya raba manganese dioxide daga cakuda a cikin cakuda - kawai tafasa shi da ruwa (don cire datti mai narkewa, yafi ammonium chloride) da kuma tace. Ragowar da ba a iya narkewa (wanda aka gurbata da ƙurar kwal) ya dace da yawancin halayen da suka shafi MnO.₂.

Amma ba kawai abubuwan da ake amfani da su don ƙarfafa kayan aikin gida ba ne ake iya sake yin amfani da su. Tsoffin batir ɗin mota kuma tushen albarkatun ƙasa ne. Ana fitar da gubar daga gare su, sannan a yi amfani da ita wajen kera sabbin na'urori, sannan a zubar da harsashi da na'urar cika su.

Babu wanda ke buƙatar tunawa da lalacewar muhalli da za a iya haifar da shi ta hanyar ƙarfe mai guba mai guba da maganin sulfuric acid. Don wayewar fasahar mu cikin sauri, misalin sel da batura abin ƙira ne. Matsala mai karuwa ba shine samar da samfurin kanta ba, amma zubar da shi bayan amfani. Ina fata masu karanta mujallar “Young Technician” za su zaburar da wasu don su sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar misalinsu.

Gwaji 1 - baturin lithium

kwayoyin lithium Ana amfani da su a cikin ƙididdiga da kuma kula da wutar lantarki zuwa BIOS na katako na kwamfuta (Fig. 4). Bari mu tabbatar da kasancewar sinadarin lithium na ƙarfe a cikinsu.

Shinkafa 4. Tantanin halitta na lithium-manganese da ake amfani da shi don kula da wutar lantarki ga BIOS na mahaifar kwamfuta.

Bayan disassembling kashi (misali, na kowa nau'in CR2032), za mu iya ganin cikakken bayani game da tsarin (Fig. 5): black matsa Layer na manganese dioxide MnO.₂, A porous SEPARATOR electrode impregnated da Organic electrolyte bayani, insulating roba zobe da biyu karfe sassa forming wani gidaje.

Shinkafa 5. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayar lithium-manganese: 1. Ƙasashen jiki tare da Layer na ƙarfe na lithium (mara kyau electrode). 2. Separator impregnated da Organic electrolyte bayani. 3. Matsakaicin manganese dioxide (tabbataccen lantarki). 4. Roben roba (electrode insulator). 5. Babban gidaje (tashar wutar lantarki mai kyau).

Karami (mara kyau electrode) an rufe shi da wani Layer na lithium, wanda da sauri ya yi duhu a cikin iska. Ana gano kashi ta hanyar gwajin harshen wuta. Don yin wannan, ɗauki ƙananan ƙarfe mai laushi a ƙarshen waya na ƙarfe kuma saka samfurin a cikin harshen wuta - launin carmine yana nuna kasancewar lithium (Fig. 6). Muna zubar da ragowar karfe ta hanyar narkar da su cikin ruwa.

Shinkafa 6. Samfurin lithium a cikin harshen wuta.

Sanya na'urar lantarki ta ƙarfe tare da Layer na lithium a cikin baƙar fata kuma a zuba 'yan santimita kaɗan³ ruwa. Wani tashin hankali yana faruwa a cikin jirgin ruwa, tare da sakin hydrogen gas:

Lithium hydroxide tushe ne mai ƙarfi kuma zamu iya gwada shi cikin sauƙi tare da takarda mai nuna alama.

Experience 2 - alkaline bond

Yanke sinadarin alkaline da za'a iya zubarwa, misali, rubuta LR6 ("yatsa", AA). Bayan bude kofin karfe, ana iya ganin tsarin ciki (Fig. 7): A ciki akwai wani taro mai haske wanda ya samar da anode (potassium ko sodium hydroxide da zinc dust), da kuma duhu Layer na manganese dioxide MnO kewaye da shi.₂ tare da graphite ƙura (cell cathode).

Shinkafa 7. Alkaline dauki na anode taro a cikin wani alkaline cell. Tsarin salon salula mai gani: taro mai ƙima mai haske (KOH + ƙura zinc) da duhu manganese dioxide tare da ƙurar graphite azaman cathode.

Ana raba na'urorin lantarki daga juna ta hanyar diaphragm na takarda. Aiwatar da ɗan ƙaramin abu mai haske zuwa wurin gwajin kuma jiƙa shi da digo na ruwa. Launi mai shuɗi yana nuna matakin alkaline na manna anode. Nau'in hydroxide da aka yi amfani da shi ya fi dacewa ta hanyar gwajin harshen wuta. Samfurin girman nau'in poppy da yawa ana manne da waya ta ƙarfe da aka jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma an sanya shi cikin harshen wuta.

Launin rawaya yana nuna amfani da sodium hydroxide ta masana'anta, kuma launin ruwan hoda-purple yana nuna potassium hydroxide. Tunda mahadi na sodium suna gurɓata kusan dukkanin abubuwa, kuma gwajin harshen wuta na wannan sinadari yana da matukar damuwa, launin rawaya na harshen wuta na iya rufe layin bakan na potassium. Magani shine a kalli harshen wuta ta hanyar tace shuɗi-violet, wanda zai iya zama gilashin cobalt ko maganin rini a cikin flask (indigo ko methyl violet da aka samu a cikin maganin rauni, pyoctane). Tace za ta shafe launin rawaya, yana ba ka damar tabbatar da kasancewar potassium a cikin samfurin.

Lambobin ƙira

Don sauƙaƙe gano nau'in tantanin halitta, an gabatar da lambar haruffa ta musamman. Ga mafi yawan nau'ikan gidajenmu, yayi kama da: lamba-wasiƙa-lambar, inda:

- lambobi na farko shine adadin sel; watsi da kwayoyin halitta guda daya.

– harafin farko yana nuna nau’in tantanin halitta. Lokacin da babu, Leclanche zinc-graphite cell (anode: zinc, electrolyte: ammonium chloride, NH).₄Cl, zinc chloride ZnCl₂, cathode: manganese dioxide MnO₂). Sauran nau'ikan tantanin halitta ana yiwa alama kamar haka (ana amfani da mafi arha sodium hydroxide a madadin potassium hydroxide):

A, P - abubuwan zinc-iska (anode: zinc, oxygen na yanayi yana raguwa akan cathode graphite);

B, C, E, F, G - Kwayoyin lithium (anode: lithium, amma ana amfani da abubuwa da yawa azaman cathodes da electrolyte);

H - Ni-MH nickel-metal hydride baturi (karfe hydride, KOH, NiOOH);

K - Ni-Cd nickel-cadmium baturi (cadmium, KOH, NiOOH);

L - sinadarin alkaline (zinc, KOH, MnO₂);

M - sinadarin mercury (zinc, KOH; HgO), ba a amfani da shi;

S - sinadarin azurfa (zinc, KOH; Ag₂GAME DA);

Z - sinadarin nickel-manganese (zinc, KOH, NiOOH, MnO₂).

- wasiƙar da ke gaba tana nuna siffar mahaɗin:

F - lemun tsami;

R - cylindrical;

S - rectangular;

P - nadi na yanzu na sel tare da siffofi ban da cylindrical.

- adadi na ƙarshe ko adadi yana nuna girman ma'anar (ƙimar kasida ko ba da girma kai tsaye).

Alamar misalai:

R03
 - kwayar zinc-graphite mai girman ɗan yatsa. Wani nadi shine AAA ko micro.

LR6 - kwayar alkaline mai girman yatsa. Wani nadi shine AA ko minion.

HR14  – Batir Ni-MH, harafin C kuma ana amfani dashi don girman.

KR20 – Batir Ni-Cd, wanda girmansa kuma aka yi masa alama da harafin D.

Farashin 3LR12 - baturi mai lebur mai ƙarfin lantarki na 4,5 V, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin alkaline guda uku.

6F22 - 9V baturi; Kwayoyin planar guda shida na zinc-graphite an rufe su a cikin akwati na rectangular.

CR2032 - lithium-manganese cell (lithium, Organic electrolyte, MnO₂) tare da diamita na 20 mm da kauri na 3,2 mm.