Tsibiri ba dole ba ne soyayya

Rahotanni daga dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kokarin tantance abin da ke cikin kwakwalwar dan adam tabbas yana damun mutane da yawa. Idan aka kalli waɗannan fasahohin da kyau, zaku kwantar da hankali kaɗan.

A cikin 2013, masana kimiyya na Japan daga Jami'ar Kyoto sun yi nasara da daidaito na 60% "karanta mafarki »ta hanyar yanke wasu sigina a farkon yanayin bacci. Masanan kimiyya sun yi amfani da hoton maganadisu don sa ido kan batutuwa. Sun gina ma'ajin bayanai ta hanyar haɗa abubuwa zuwa manyan nau'ikan gani. A cikin sabon zagaye na gwaje-gwajen, masu binciken sun iya gano hotunan da masu aikin sa kai suka gani a cikin mafarkinsu.

Kunna yankunan kwakwalwa a lokacin binciken MRI

A cikin 2014, ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Jami'ar Yale, jagorancin Alan S. Cowen, daidai sake ƙirƙirar hotunan fuskokin mutane, dangane da rikodin kwakwalwar da aka samo daga masu amsawa don mayar da martani ga hotunan da aka nuna. Daga nan masu binciken suka tsara taswirar ayyukan kwakwalwar mahalarta sannan suka kirkiro dakin karatu na kididdiga na martanin da aka yi wa mutane.

A wannan shekarar, Millennium Magnetic Technologies (MMT) ya zama kamfani na farko da ya ba da sabis "tunanin rikodi ». Amfani da namu, haƙƙin mallaka, abin da ake kira. , MMT yana gano tsarin tunani wanda ya dace da aikin kwakwalwar mai haƙuri da tsarin tunani. Wannan fasaha tana amfani da hoton maganadisu na maganadisu (fMRI) da kuma nazarin bidiyo na biometric don gane fuskoki, abubuwa, har ma da gano gaskiya da karya.

A cikin 2016, masanin kimiyyar neuroscientist Alexander Huth na Jami'ar California a Berkeley tare da tawagarsa sun ƙirƙira "atlas na ma'ana" don karkatar da tunanin ɗan adam. Tsarin ya taimaka, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, gano wuraren da ke cikin kwakwalwa wanda ya dace da kalmomi masu ma'ana iri ɗaya. Masu binciken sun gudanar da binciken ne ta hanyar amfani da fMRI, kuma mahalarta taron sun saurari watsa shirye-shiryen da ke ba da labarai daban-daban yayin binciken. MRI na aiki ya bayyana canje-canje masu sauƙi a cikin jini a cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar auna ayyukan jijiyoyi. Gwajin ya nuna cewa aƙalla kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta sun shiga cikin matakan harshe.

Bayan shekara guda, a cikin 2017, masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon (CMU), karkashin jagorancin Marcel Just, sun haɓaka. hanyar gano tunani mai wuyar gaskemisali, "Shaidan ya yi kururuwa a lokacin shari'a." Masanan kimiyyar sun yi amfani da algorithms na koyon inji da fasahar daukar hoto don nuna yadda bangarori daban-daban na kwakwalwa ke da hannu wajen gina irin wannan tunani.

A cikin 2017, masu binciken Jami'ar Purdue sun yi amfani da karatun hankali Ilimin Artificial. Sun sanya rukuni na batutuwa akan na'urar fMRI, waɗanda suka duba kwakwalwarsu kuma suna kallon bidiyo na dabbobi, mutane, da yanayin yanayi. Wannan nau'in shirin ya sami damar yin amfani da bayanan akan ci gaba. Wannan ya taimaka wa koyonsa, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya koyi fahimtar tunani, tsarin halayyar kwakwalwa don takamaiman hotuna. Masu binciken sun tattara jimlar sa'o'i 11,5 na bayanan fMRI.

A watan Janairu na wannan shekara, Rahoton Kimiyya ya buga sakamakon wani bincike da Nima Mesgarani ta Jami’ar Columbia da ke New York ta yi, wanda ya sake haifar da yanayin kwakwalwa – wannan karon ba mafarki, kalmomi da hotuna ba, amma. ji sautuna. An tsaftace bayanan da aka tattara kuma an tsara su ta hanyar algorithms na hankali na wucin gadi waɗanda ke kwaikwayi tsarin jijiya na kwakwalwa.

Abinda ya dace shine kawai da ƙididdiga

Jerin rahotannin da ke sama na ci gaban da aka samu a hanyoyin karatun hankali yana kama da ɗimbin nasara. Duk da haka, ci gaba fasahar neuroformation yana fama da manyan matsaloli da iyakoki waɗanda ke sa mu hanzarta daina tunanin cewa suna kusa da sarrafa su.

Da farko, taswirar kwakwalwa zolaya tsari mai tsawo da tsada. Wadanda aka ambata a baya "masu karatun mafarki" na Japan suna buƙatar kusan zagaye na gwaji ɗari biyu ga kowane ɗan takara. Na biyu, a cewar masana da dama, rahotannin nasarorin da aka samu a “karance-karance” na wuce gona da iri da kuma yaudarar jama’a, saboda lamarin ya fi rikitarwa kuma bai yi kama da yadda ake bayyana shi a kafafen yada labarai ba.

Russell Poldrack, masanin kimiyyar neuroscientist na Stanford kuma marubucin The New Mind Readers, yanzu yana daya daga cikin masu sukar lamirin sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai don neuroimaging. Ya rubuta a fili cewa aiki a wani yanki na kwakwalwa baya gaya mana ainihin abin da mutum yake fuskanta.

Kamar yadda Poldrack ya nuna, hanya mafi kyau don kallon kwakwalwar ɗan adam a aikace, ko fMRI, ita ce kawai hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar auna ayyukan neurons, yayin da suke auna magudanar jini, ba su kansu ba. Bayanan da aka samu yana da matukar rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar aiki mai yawa don fassara shi zuwa sakamakon da zai iya nufin wani abu ga mai kallo na waje. kuma babu samfuri na gama-gari - kowane kwakwalwar ɗan adam ya ɗan bambanta kuma dole ne a samar da wani tsari na musamman ga kowannensu. Binciken ƙididdiga na bayanai ya kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya, kuma an yi muhawara da yawa a cikin ƙwararrun fMRI game da yadda ake amfani da bayanai, fassarar, da kuma batun kuskure. Shi ya sa ake bukatar gwaje-gwaje da yawa.

Nazarin shine don fahimtar menene ma'anar ayyuka na takamaiman wurare. Alal misali, akwai wani yanki na kwakwalwa da ake kira "ventral striatum". Yana aiki lokacin da mutum ya karɓi lada kamar kuɗi, abinci, alewa, ko ƙwayoyi. Idan lada ita ce kawai abin da ya kunna wannan yanki, za mu iya tabbatar da ko wane irin kuzari ya yi aiki da wane tasiri. Koyaya, a zahiri, kamar yadda Poldrak ya tunatar da mu, babu wani yanki na kwakwalwa da za a iya danganta shi da wani yanayi na musamman na hankali. Don haka, bisa la’akari da ayyuka a wani yanki da aka bayar, ba zai yuwu a kammala cewa a zahiri wani yana fuskantar ba. Mutum ba zai iya cewa tun da yake "muna ganin karuwar ayyuka a tsibirin kwakwalwa (tsibirin), to wanda aka lura ya kamata ya fuskanci ƙauna."

A cewar mai binciken, daidaitaccen fassarar duk binciken da aka yi la'akari da shi ya kamata ya zama bayanin: "mun yi X, kuma wannan shine daya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ayyukan tsibirin." Tabbas, muna da maimaitawa, kayan aikin ƙididdiga da koyan injina a hannunmu don ƙididdige dangantakar wani abu zuwa wani, amma galibi suna iya cewa, alal misali, yana fuskantar jihar X.

"Tare da ingantaccen daidaito, zan iya gano hoton cat ko gida a cikin tunanin wani, amma duk wani tunani mai rikitarwa da ban sha'awa ba za a iya warware shi ba," Russell Poldrack bai bar wani rudani ba. "Duk da haka, ku tuna cewa ga kamfanoni, har ma da haɓakar 1% a cikin amsawar talla na iya nufin babban riba. Don haka, ba dole ba ne wata dabara ta zama cikakke don ta kasance mai amfani ta wata ma’ana, kodayake ba ma san girman fa’idar ba.

Tabbas, abubuwan da ke sama ba su aiki. al'amuran da'a da shari'a hanyoyin neuroimaging. Duniyar tunanin ɗan adam wataƙila ita ce mafi zurfin duniyar rayuwa ta sirri da za mu iya tunanin. A wannan yanayin, yana da kyau a ce kayan aikin karanta hankali har yanzu ba su cika cika ba.

Binciken ayyukan kwakwalwa a Jami'ar Purdue: