Babban tankin yaki T-72
Babban tankin yaki T-72Canje-canje ga babban tankin yaƙi na T-72:
T-72 Tank
Uralvagonzavod ya haɓaka MBT T-72 a cikin Nizhny Tagil. Serial samar da tanki aka shirya a wani shuka a Nizhny Tagil. Daga 1979 zuwa 1985, T-72A tank aka samar. A kan tushen da aka samar da wani fitarwa version na T-72M, sa'an nan ta kara gyara - T-72M1 tank. Tun 1985, tankin T-72B da sigar fitarwa ta T-72S suna cikin samarwa. An fitar da tankuna na jerin T-72 zuwa ƙasashen tsohuwar yarjejeniyar Warsaw, da kuma Indiya, Yugoslavia, Iraki, Siriya, Libya, Kuwait, Aljeriya da Finland. A kan tushen T-72 tanki, BREM-1, da tanki Layer Layer MTU-72, da kuma IMR-2 injiniya abin hawa shinge da aka ɓullo da kuma sanya a cikin serial samar. Tarihin halittar tanki T-72A farkon aiwatar da samar da tanki T-72 aka dage farawa da umurnin Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet na Agusta 15, 1967 "A kan ba da Tarayyar Soviet Army da sabon T-64 matsakaici tankuna da kuma bunkasa capacities domin su samar" , bisa ga abin da aka shirya don tsara serial samar na T-64 tankuna ba kawai a Kharkov Plant of Transport Engineering mai suna bayan Malyshev (KhZTM), amma kuma a sauran Enterprises a cikin masana'antu, ciki har da Uralvagonzavod (UVZ), inda. An samar da matsakaicin tankin T-62 a lokacin. Amincewa da wannan ƙuduri an tsara shi ta hanyar haɓaka ginin tankin Soviet a cikin shekarun 1950-1960. A cikin wadannan shekarun ne manyan jagororin soja da fasaha na kasar D.F. Ustinov, L.V. Smirnov, S.A. girma Zverev da P.P. Poluboyarov (Marshal na Armored Forces, daga 1954 zuwa 1969 - shugaban na sulke sojojin na Soviet Army) yi wani uncontested fare a kan tanki T-64, ci gaba a KB-60 (tun 1966 - Kharkov Design Bureau for Mechanical Engineering). - KMDB) karkashin jagorancin A. A. Morozov. Tank T-72 "Ural"
A ranar 72 ga Agusta, 7, Tarayyar Soviet ta karɓi T-1973. Tunanin cewa A.A. Morozov, shi ne ya ƙara matakin babban dabara da fasaha halaye na tanki ba tare da kara da taro. Tankin samfur, wanda aka kirkira a cikin tsarin wannan ra'ayin - "abu 20" - ya bayyana a 430. A kan wannan na'ura, an yi amfani da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha, daga cikinsu, da farko, ya zama dole a haɗa da shigar da injin H-dimbin 1957TD mai nau'in bugun jini guda biyu da kuma amfani da akwatunan gear guda biyu masu girman sauri guda biyar. Wadannan hanyoyin fasaha sun ba da damar rage girman MTO da duk girman tankin da aka tanada zuwa ƙananan ƙimar da ba a taɓa gani ba - 5 da 2,6 m3 bi da bi. Domin kiyaye nauyin yaƙi na tanki a cikin ton 36, an ɗauki matakai don sauƙaƙa ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaho: an gabatar da ƙananan ƙafafun titin diamita tare da ɗaukar girgiza ciki da fayafai na alloy na aluminum da gajarta sandunan torsion. Adana nauyin da aka samu ta hanyar waɗannan sababbin abubuwa sun ba da damar ƙarfafa kariya ta sulke na ƙugiya da turret. Tun daga farkon gwaje-gwaje na "abu 430", an bayyana rashin amincin injin 5TD. Babban damuwa na thermal na ƙungiyar Silinda-piston da aka haɗa a cikin ƙira, haɗe tare da haɓaka juriya a wurin fita, ya haifar da rushewa akai-akai a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na pistons da gazawar manifolds masu shaye-shaye. Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa a mafi yuwuwar iska zafin jiki (+25 ° C da kuma ƙasa), da engine ba za a iya fara ba tare da preheating da hita. An kuma bayyana ɓangarorin ƙira da yawa a cikin ƙaramin ƙaramin tanki. Bugu da ƙari, har ma a matakin ƙira, "abu 430" ya fara raguwa a baya da sababbin samfurori na kasashen waje dangane da halayen aikinsa. A shekara ta 1960, an riga an kashe kudade masu yawa akan waɗannan ayyuka, kuma ƙarshen su zai zama fahimtar kuskuren duk shawarar da ta gabata. A wannan lokacin, A.A. Morozov gabatar da fasaha zane na tanki "abu 432". Idan aka kwatanta da "abu 430", ya haɗa da sababbin abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da: 115-mm guntu mai santsi tare da akwati daban; Na'urar lodin bindigogi, wanda ya ba da damar rage yawan ma'aikatan jirgin zuwa mutane 3; haɗe-haɗe da sulke na ƙwanƙwasa da turret, da kuma allon fuska na anti-cumulative; Ƙarfafa har zuwa 700 hp dizal mai bugun jini 5TDF da ƙari mai yawa. T-64 Tank
An sanya tanki a cikin sabis a cikin 1969 azaman matsakaiciyar tanki T-64A. A farkon 1962, an kera chassis na gwaji na "abu 432". Bayan shigar da hasumiya ta fasaha, an fara gwajin teku. Na farko cikakken tanki da aka shirya a watan Satumba 1962, na biyu - Oktoba 10th. Tuni a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba aka gabatar da daya daga cikinsu a filin atisayen Kubinka ga manyan shugabannin kasar. A lokaci guda, N.S. Khrushchev ya sami tabbaci game da farkon fara samar da sabon tanki, kamar yadda nan da nan ya zama marar tushe. A cikin 1962-1963, an kera nau'ikan samfura shida na tanki "abu 432". A shekara ta 1964, an kera tarin tankuna na matukin jirgi a cikin adadin guda 90. A 1965, wasu motoci 160 sun bar benayen masana'anta.
T-64 tanki da aka samar na ɗan gajeren lokaci - har zuwa 1969 - a 1963, aiki ya fara a kan tanki "abu 434". An za'ayi kusan a layi daya tare da kyau-saukar "abu 432": a 1964 da aka kammala fasaha aikin, a 1966-1967 prototypes aka yi, da kuma a watan Mayu 1968 T-64A tanki dauke da makamai 125. -mm D-81 cannon, an saka shi cikin sabis. Shawarar da Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet na Agusta 15, 1967 kuma ake magana a kan a saki wani "ajiji" version na tank T-64. An bukata saboda rashin iya aiki na samar da 5TDF injuna a Kharkov, wanda ba zai iya samar da girma na samar da tankuna T-64 a wasu shuke-shuke a lokacin zaman lafiya da kuma lokacin yaki. Rashin lahani na nau'in tashar wutar lantarki ta Kharkiv daga ra'ayi na tattarawa ya kasance a fili ba kawai ga abokan adawa ba, har ma ga magoya bayansa, ciki har da A.A. Morozov kansa. In ba haka ba, ba shi yiwuwa a bayyana gaskiyar cewa zane na "ajiyar" version aka za'ayi da A.A. Morozov tun 1961. Wannan na'ura, wanda ya karbi sunan "abu 436", da kuma bayan wasu gyare-gyare - "abu 439", an ɓullo da maimakon sluggishly. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1969, an kera da kuma gwada nau'ikan nau'ikan tanki huɗu na "abu 439" tare da sabon MTO da injin V-45, ingantaccen sigar injin dizal na dangin V-2. Tank T-64A (abu na 434)
Matsakaicin tanki T-64A (abu 434) samfurin 1969 A farkon shekarun 1970, shakku mai tsanani ya taru a cikin ma'aikatar tsaro game da ko yana da daraja a saki tankunan T-64 tare da injin 5TDF kwata-kwata. Tuni a cikin 1964, wannan injin a kan benci na gwaji ya ci gaba da yin aiki na sa'o'i 300 na injin, amma a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki akan tanki, injin injin ɗin bai wuce awanni 100 ba! A cikin 1966, bayan gwaje-gwaje na sassan sassan, an kafa tushen garanti na sa'o'i 200, ta 1970 ya karu zuwa sa'o'i 300. A cikin 1945, injin V-2 akan tanki T-34-85 yayi aiki game da wannan adadin, kuma sau da yawa fiye! Amma injin 300TDF bai iya jure wa waɗannan sa'o'i 5 ɗin ba. A lokacin daga 1966 zuwa 1969, 879 injuna kasa a cikin sojojin. A cikin kaka na 1967, yayin gwaje-gwaje a gundumar Sojan Belarus, injinan tankuna 10 sun rushe a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan na aiki: alluran bishiyar Kirsimeti sun toshe iska mai tsaftar iska, sannan kura ta goge zoben fistan. A lokacin rani na shekara mai zuwa, dole ne a gudanar da sabbin gwaje-gwaje a tsakiyar Asiya kuma an bullo da sabon tsarin tsaftace iska.Ministan Tsaro na USSR A.A. Grechko a cikin 1971, kafin a hanzarta gwajin soja na tankunan T-64 goma sha biyar, ya gaya wa Kharkovites:
“Ko ta yaya, a filin horo mai sulke, na yanke shawarar duba wannan tankin. Hawaye cikin dakin fada. Ba na son loda ta atomatik da tari na harbi a cikin turret. An yi harbe-harbe a tsaye tare da madaurin kafadar hasumiyar kuma tana da iyakacin isa ga direban. Idan ya ji rauni ko kuma ya ji rauni, zai yi wuya a fitar da shi daga tanki. Ina zaune a wurin zama na direba, na ji kamar ina cikin tarko: akwai ƙarfe a ko'ina, ikon sadarwa tare da sauran ma'aikatan jirgin yana da wuyar gaske. Lokacin da na isa gida, na umurci ofisoshin zane na Kovalev da Bystritsky don haɓaka sabon na'ura ta atomatik don tanki T-62. Abokan hulɗa sun mayar da martani ga aikin tare da babban sha'awa. An gano yiwuwar tara harbe-harbe a cikin layuka biyu, a ƙarƙashin bene mai juyawa, wanda ya inganta damar shiga direban kuma ya ƙara tsira daga tankin yayin harba. A karshen shekarar 1965, mun kammala samar da wannan na'ura, amma ba shi da ma'ana don gabatar da shi, tun lokacin da kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU da Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet suka ba da wata doka a kan sa. Tun da Kharkovites ba za su iya kawo tankinsu zuwa yanayin samar da kayayyaki ba, mun yanke shawarar da wuri-wuri don shigar da bindigar 125mm tare da mai ɗaukar nauyi ta atomatik ta yi mana aiki don bindigar 115-mm Tank T-62. Dangane da girman waje, bindigu biyu iri ɗaya ne. Yawancin lokaci, mun ƙaddamar da duk ayyukanmu don yin daidai da wasu abubuwan tunawa. An sadaukar da wannan aiki ne don cika shekaru 50 na juyin juya halin Oktoba. Ba da da ewa, an yi wani samfur na tanki T-62 tare da 125-mm gun. Experienced tank "abu 167" 1961
The chassis na wannan na'ura ya zama tushen don ƙirƙirar chassis na tanki T-72. Tare da ofishin ƙirar injina na Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, wanda I.Ya ke jagoranta. Trashutin, an yi nazarin yiwuwar tilasta injin dangin V-2 zuwa ikon 780 hp. saboda ingantawa. A ɗaya daga cikin samfuran ("abu 167"), an shigar da ƙaramar abin nadi mai ƙarfi shida da gwadawa. Matsayin "abu 167" a cikin makomar makomar "saba'in da biyu" yana da matukar muhimmanci. An shigar da waɗannan abubuwan a kan wannan tanki: injin dizal mai ƙarfi 700-horsepower V-26 tare da ingantaccen watsawa, sabon ɗaukar hoto (goyan bayan 6 da rollers na goyan bayan 3 akan jirgin) tare da ƙara santsi, sabon janareta, tsarin kula da hydro-servo don raka'a watsawa da rufin anti-radiation. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da waɗannan sabbin abubuwa sun ƙara yawan abin hawa, don kiyaye ta a cikin iyaka har zuwa tan 36,5, kariya ta sulke dole ne a ɗan raunana. An rage kauri daga cikin ƙananan faranti na gaba daga 100 zuwa 80 mm, bangarorin - daga 80 zuwa 70 mm, farantin karfe - daga 45 zuwa 30 mm. Na farko biyu tankuna "abu 167" da aka yi a cikin fall 1961. Sun yi nasarar cin nasarar kammala cikakken masana'anta na farko sannan suka yi gwajin filin a Kubinka. An ba da shawarar tankin don ɗauka, amma Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro Marshal V.I. Chuikov da Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Jiha na Fasahar Tsaro S.N. Makhonin ya ba shi ƙima gabaɗaya mara gamsarwa. A musamman, an lura da wani m asarar interchangeability tare da T-55 da T-62 tankuna a matsayin babban drawback. A cikin Ofishin ƙira na Nizhny Tagil, an ɗauki wannan zargi da mahimmanci kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar mota tare da ci gaba da ci gaba na chassis. Wannan shine yadda "abu 166M" ya bayyana. Wannan inji ya bambanta da serial T-62, yafi a cikin shigarwa na V-36F engine da wani HP 640 iko. da ingantaccen dakatarwa. Ƙarƙashin motar ya haɗa da tallafi guda biyar da na'urorin tallafi guda uku a cikin jirgin. Rarraba waƙa sun yi kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su akan “abu 167”. Duk da cewa saurin motsi ya karu idan aka kwatanta da T-62, gwaje-gwaje sun nuna rashin amfanin wannan sigar chassis. Amfanin ƙirar nadi shida ya bayyana. Babu "abu 167" ko "abu 166M" sun kasance har zuwa matakin "abu 434" kuma ba za a iya la'akari da shi a matsayin cikakken madadin tanki na Kharkov ba. Sai kawai "abu 167M" ko T-62B ya zama irin wannan madadin. Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Kwamitin Yaki da Yaki na Jiha ya yi la'akari da aikin wannan tanki a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1964. Sabuwar motar, wanda L.N. ya sanar. Kartsev a matsayin zamani na serial tanki, ya bambanta sosai daga T-62. Yana da ƙugiya da turret tare da haɗe-haɗe na kariyar sulke na tsinkayar gaba, wani “abu 167” ƙarƙashin kaya, bindiga mai santsi mai 125-mm D-81 tare da mai “Rain” stabilizer, na'urar daukar hoto ta atomatik nau'in carousel, da B- 2 inji mai karfin 780 hp. tare da babban caja, ingantattun radiators, masu tace iska, man fetur da tsarin mai, da kuma ƙarfafa sassan watsawa. Sai dai taron ya yi watsi da aikin na sabon tanki. Duk da haka, a karshen shekarar 1967, an gwada da kuma gwada da dama sassa na babban tanki yaki a Uralvagonzavod. A daya daga cikin serial T-62 tankuna, an shigar da wani atomatik loader (jigon "Acorn") da kuma gwada, tare da 125-mm gun. Wannan na'ura ta sami sunan a cikin shuka T-62Zh. Na farko samfurin na tanki "abu 172" da aka yi a lokacin rani na 1968, na biyu - a watan Satumba. Sun bambanta da T-64A tanki a cikin wani gaba daya reconfigured fada sashe, tun da electro-hydro-mechanical loading inji T-64 tanki aka maye gurbinsu da wani electromechanical atomatik loader da pallet ejection inji, da kuma shigar da Chelyabinsk V. - 45K inji. Duk sauran aka gyara da majalisai aka canjawa wuri daga Kharkov tank, ko kuma a maimakon haka, sun kasance a wurin, tun da farko "172 abubuwa" sun tuba "sittin da hudu". Ya zuwa karshen shekarar, dukkan tankunan biyu sun yi gwajin gwajin masana'antu da gudu a filin atisaye na gundumar sojan Turkiyya. A tsauri halaye na tankuna kasance quite high: matsakaicin gudun a kan babbar hanya shi ne 43,4-48,7 km / h, matsakaicin kai 65 km / h. Tanki mai gwaninta
Experienced tank "abu 172" 1968 Aiki tare da tankuna "abu 172" (a total of 20 raka'a aka kerarre) ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon Fabrairu 1971. A wannan lokacin, abubuwan da aka haɓaka da tarukan da aka haɓaka a Nizhny Tagil an kawo su zuwa babban matakin dogaro. Masu lodin atomatik suna da gazawa guda ɗaya don hawan hawan 448, wato, amincinsu ya yi daidai da matsakaicin tsirar bindigar 125-mm D-81T (zagaye 600 tare da majigi na caliber da 150 tare da madaidaicin ma'auni). Matsalar kawai na "abu 172" shine rashin dogaro na chassis "saboda gazawar tsarin na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto, ƙafafun hanya, fil da waƙoƙi, sandunan torsion da masu zaman banza." Sa'an nan a cikin UVZ zane ofishin, wanda tun Agusta 1969 aka shugaban V.N. Venediktov, an yanke shawarar yin amfani da "abu 172" da shasi daga "abu 167" tare da roba-rufi hanya ƙafafun na ƙara diamita da kuma mafi iko waƙoƙi tare da bude karfe hinge, kama da waƙoƙi na tanki T-62. . An gudanar da ci gaban irin wannan tanki a ƙarƙashin sunan "abu 172M". Injin, wanda aka haɓaka zuwa 780 hp, ya sami alamar B-46. An gabatar da tsarin tsabtace iska mai matakai biyu, kwatankwacin wanda aka yi amfani da shi akan tankin T-62. Matsakaicin "abu 172M" ya karu zuwa ton 41. Amma halaye masu ƙarfi sun kasance a daidai wannan matakin saboda haɓakar ƙarfin injin ta 80 hp, ƙarfin tanki na 100 lita da nisa ta 40 mm. Daga tankin T-64A, kawai ingantattun abubuwan da aka tabbatar da su na kayan sulke mai sulke tare da haɗaka da bambance-bambancen sulke da watsawa an riƙe su. Daga Nuwamba 1970 zuwa Afrilu 1971, tankunan "abu 172M" sun yi cikakken gwajin masana'antu sannan a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1971 aka gabatar da su ga ministocin tsaro A.A. Grechko da Defence Industry S.A. Zverev. A farkon lokacin rani, an samar da rukunin farko na motoci 15, wanda tare da tankunan T-64A da T-80, sun shafe watanni masu yawa na gwaji a 1972. Bayan kammala gwaje-gwajen, "Rahoton sakamakon gwajin soja na tankunan 15 172M da Uralvagonzavod ke ƙera a 1972" ya bayyana. "1. Tankunan sun wuce gwajin, amma rayuwar waƙa na kilomita 4500-5000 bai isa ba kuma baya samar da nisan tankin da ake buƙata na kilomita 6500-7000 ba tare da maye gurbin waƙoƙin ba. 2. Tank 172M (lokacin garanti - 3000 km) da kuma V-46 engine - (350 m / h) aiki dogara. A yayin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa kilomita 10000-11000, yawancin abubuwan da aka gyara da majalisai, ciki har da injin V-46, sun yi aiki da aminci, amma yawancin abubuwa masu mahimmanci da majalisai sun nuna rashin wadataccen albarkatu da aminci. 3. Ana ba da shawarar tanki don karɓa cikin sabis da samar da taro, dangane da kawar da gazawar da aka gano da kuma tabbatar da tasirin kawar da su kafin samar da taro. Dole ne a amince da fage da lokacin gyare-gyare da bincike tsakanin ma’aikatar tsaro da ma’aikatar tsaro ta masana’antu.” "Abin da 172M"
Tankin gwaji "abu 172M" 1971 By wani ƙuduri na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU da Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet na Agusta 7, 1973, da "abu 172M" aka soma da Soviet Army karkashin sunan T-72 "Ural". A daidai oda na Ministan Tsaro na Tarayyar Soviet da aka bayar a kan Agusta 13, 1973. A cikin wannan shekarar, an samar da rukunin farko na injuna 30. Baya - Gaba >> |
• T-72 (1973) - samfurin asali;
Amma duk waɗannan ba tankuna ba ne. A cikin Maris 1963 da Mayu 1964, an gabatar da "abu 432" don gwajin jihar, amma bai ci nasara ba. Sai kawai a cikin kaka na 1966 hukumar jihar yi la'akari da cewa zai yiwu a sanya tanki a cikin sabis a karkashin nadi T-64, wanda aka formalized da wani ƙuduri na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU da majalisar ministocin Tarayyar Soviet na Disamba 30. , 1966. Dukkanin motoci 250 da aka kera a shekarar 1964-1965 an kore su bayan shekaru hudu.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na zamanantar da manyan tankuna a cikin UVZ Design Bureau a ƙarƙashin jagorancin L.N. Kartsev, samfurin tanki na T-62 mai dauke da bindiga D-125 mai nauyin 81-mm da kuma sabon lodi ta atomatik, wanda ake kira nau'in igiya, an ƙera shi kuma ya kera shi. L.H. Kartsev ya bayyana wadannan ayyuka da kuma ra'ayoyinsa na samun saba da atomatik Loader na T-64 tanki.
