Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa ch.1
Akeno Aviation School Ki-43-II, 1943. Za ka iya ganin na hali fasali na abin da ake kira pre-samar Ki-43-II - annular mai sanyaya mai sanyaya a cikin injin iska ci da karamin akwati na wani ƙarin mai sanyaya a karkashin. da fuselage.
Jirgin Ki-43, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Oscar" ta kawancen, shi ne mafi yawan mayakin sojojin Japan na Imperial a tarihinsa. An haɓaka shi a ƙarshen 30s a matsayin magajin Ki-27. An bambanta shi ta hanyar iyawa mai kyau, amma ta fuskoki da yawa ya kasance ƙasa da abokan hamayyarsa. Ƙoƙarin inganta aiki da ƙarfafa makamai a lokacin samarwa bai sami ɗan bambanci ba, kamar yadda Allies kuma suka gabatar da sababbin, ƙarin nau'ikan mayaka a cikin sabis. Duk da gazawarsa da rauninsa, Ki-43 ya kasance daya daga cikin alamomin sojojin Japan.
A cikin Disamba 1937, tare da tallafi na Ki-27 (Nau'in 97) na sojan Japan na Imperial (Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), Rundunar Sojan Jiragen Sama (Rikugun Kōkū Honbu) ta umurci Nakajima ya fara aiki akan ƙirar magajinsa. . The Ki-27 ya zama na farko da duk karfe kai mai goyon bayan low-fika jirgin sama tare da rufaffiyar kokfit don shiga sabis da Sojan Air Forces. A cikin sabon mayaƙin, an yanke shawarar yin amfani da wani sabon abu - kayan saukarwa mai juyowa. Dangane da aikin, jirgin Koku Honbu ya bukaci gudun akalla kilomita 500 / h a 4000 m, lokacin hawan zuwa 5000 m kasa da minti 5, da kuma aiki na kilomita 300 tare da man fetur na minti 30 na kare kare ko kare. 600km ba tare da ajiyar wutar lantarki ba.. Maneuverability na sabon mayaƙin bai kamata ya zama mafi muni fiye da Ki-27 ba. Makamin ya ƙunshi bindigogin injina guda biyu na 89-mm Nau'in 89 (7,7-shiki), waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin fuselage tsakanin injin da kullin jirgin kuma suna harbi ta faifan dunƙule. Wannan shi ne ma'auni na mayaƙan sojojin tun kafuwar sa.
Ba da daɗewa ba, an fara haɓaka abubuwan da ake buƙata don shirin haɓaka makaman jiragen sama na gaba (Koku Heiki Kenkyu Hoshin) a Koku Honbu, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa za a ƙirƙira sabbin mayaka, masu tayar da bama-bamai da jiragen leken asiri, waɗanda aka kera don maye gurbin injinan da ke shiga sabis. 'yan shekaru. An yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar nau'ikan nau'ikan injin guda biyu, mayaƙan kujeru guda - haske da nauyi. Ba yawan jirgin ba ne, amma makamansu ne. Za a yi amfani da wani mayaƙi mai sauƙi (kei tanza sentōki; wanda aka gajarta a matsayin keisen), ɗauke da bindigogin injuna 7,7 mm guda biyu, a kan mayakan abokan gaba. Don yin wannan, dole ne a siffanta shi, sama da duka, ta hanyar maneuverability mai kyau. Matsakaicin matsakaicin gudu da kewayon sun kasance mahimmanci na biyu. Babban mayaki mai kujeru guda (ju tanza sentōki; jūsen) za a yi amfani da shi da bindigogin mashina 7,7 mm guda biyu da “cannons” ɗaya ko biyu, watau manyan bindigogi1. An halicce shi ne don yaƙar masu tayar da bama-bamai, don haka dole ne ya kasance yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin gudu da ƙimar hawan hawa, ko da a cikin farashi da kuma motsa jiki.
Ma'aikatar Soji (Rikugunsho) ta amince da shirin a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1938. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, Koku Honbu ya tsara abubuwan da ake bukata na nau'ikan jiragen sama guda ɗaya tare da mika su ga zaɓaɓɓun masana'antun jiragen sama. A lokuta da yawa, an yi watsi da dabarar gasar samfurin samfurin da aka yi amfani da ita a baya, tare da zaɓin 'yan kwangila ba da gangan don nau'ikan jirgin sama ba. Sabon mayakin Nakajima, wanda aka yi niyyar maye gurbin Ki-27, an sanya shi a matsayin "haske". An ba shi sunan soja Ki-43.
Na uku samfurin Ki-43 (serial lamba 4303) da aka gina a watan Maris 1939. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen, an gyaggyara jirgin ya yi kama da na'urorin gwaji (abin da ake kira ƙarin samfuri).
Tsarin aiwatarwa
Tawagar Injiniya Yasushi Koyama ce ta samar da aikin na yaki na Ki-43, wanda shi ma ya kula da tashar samar da wutar lantarki. Manajan aikin da ke da alhakin gina jirgin shi ne Minoru Ota. Kunihiro Aoki ne ke kula da lissafin ƙarfin, yayin da Tetsuo Ichimaru ke kula da ƙirar reshe. Babban gudanarwar aikin Dr. Eng. Hideo Itokawa, babban jami'in aerodynamicist a Nakajima kuma shugaban kera jiragen soja (rikugun sekkei-bu).
Dangane da falsafar ƙirar mayaka da ke aiki a Japan a lokacin, an ƙirƙira Ki-43 don ya zama mara nauyi kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ba a yi amfani da sulke na kujerar matukin jirgi ko hatimin tankin mai ba. Don hanzarta aikin, an yi amfani da mafita na fasaha da yawa da aka gwada akan Ki-27. Babban sabon sabon abu shine nauyi mai nauyi, babban kayan saukowa mai kafa ɗaya, mai juyowa da ruwa mai ɗaurewa. An lura da ƙirarsa a cikin jirgin Amurka Vought V-143 wanda Japan ta saya a watan Yuli 1937. Kamar na asali, kawai an rufe kafafu bayan tsaftacewa, yayin da ƙafafun da kansu ba su da kariya. An bar wutsiyar wutsiya a ƙarƙashin ƙusoshin baya.
An lullube majingin matukin jirgin da wani katafaren akwati guda uku, wanda ya kunshi kafaffen labulen iska, limousine mai zamewa da wani tsayayyen bangaren baya, wanda ya samar da “kumburi” na karafa a kan fuselage, mai tagogi biyu a gefe. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa lokacin fara limousine "birgima" a ƙarƙashin "hump". Dukkanin wadatar mai, wanda ya ninka na Ki-27, an sanya shi a cikin tankuna huɗu a cikin fuka-fuki. Saboda haka, ba a shigar da tanki a cikin akwati ba. Jirgin an sanye shi da nau'in 96 Model 2 transceiver tare da mast da ke goyan bayan kebul na eriya da aka ɗora akan hump. Matukin jirgin yana da iskar oxygen a wurinsa. Tushen ya kasance daidaitaccen gani na gani na nau'in nau'in 89, bututun wanda ya ratsa cikin rami a cikin gilashin iska.
A matakin ƙira, an ɗauka cewa saboda girman girman jirgin sama da matsakaicin samar da man fetur, da kuma amfani da injin ja da baya da na'ura mai saukarwa, tare da tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, Ki-43 zai kasance kusan 25. % nauyi fiye da Ki. -27. Saboda haka, an buƙaci injin da ya fi ƙarfin don cimma aikin da aka tsara. Koyama ya zaɓi injin Nakajima Ha-14 25-Silinda mai tauraro biyu mai ƙarfin tashi sama da 980 hp, tare da kwampreso mai sauri-ɗaya. Ha-25 (nadin masana'antu NAM) ya dogara ne akan ƙirar Faransa Gnome-Rhône 14M, amma ta amfani da mafita daga injin Ha-20 (lasisi na Burtaniya Bristol Mercury VIII) da ra'ayoyin kansa. Sakamakon ya kasance naúrar wutar lantarki mai nasara sosai - yana da ƙirar ƙira, ƙananan ƙima da nauyi, yana da sauƙi don aiki, abin dogara kuma a lokaci guda yana iya aiki a kan cakuda mai laushi na dogon lokaci, wanda ya rage yawan man fetur. cinyewa kuma ta haka ya ba da izinin ƙara yawan kewayon jirgin. A cikin 1939, sojojin sun karɓi Ha-25 a cikin jerin abubuwan samarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan siffa Nau'in 99 tare da ikon 950 hp. (99-shiki, 950-bariki) 2. A cikin Ki-43, injin ya kori ƙayyadaddun katako na katako guda biyu masu tsayi tare da diamita na 2,90 m ba tare da murfi ba.
A cikin bazara na 1938, kwamitin kwararru daga Koku Honbu da Rikugun Koku Gijutsu Kenkyusho (Army Experimental Institute of Aviation Technology, a takaice a matsayin Kogiken ko Giken) sun kimanta daftarin daftarin mayaƙin Ki-43 kuma sun amince da tsarinsa. . Bayan haka, Koku Honbu ya ba da umarnin gina samfurori guda uku (shisakuki) daga Nakajima, kuma masu zanen kaya sun fara samar da cikakkun takardun fasaha.
Samfurai
Samfurin Ki-43 na farko (lamba mai lamba 4301 seizō bangō) ya bar Nakajima Hikōki Kabushiki Gaisha Gaisha No. 1 (Dai-1 Seizōshō) a Ota, Gunma Prefecture a farkon Disamba 1938, shekara guda bayan samun odar. Jirgin nasa ya tashi ne a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba daga filin jirgin sama na masana'antar Ojima. A watan Janairun 1939, jirgin ya tashi zuwa Tachikawa don yin cikakken gwajin jirgin a Sashen Bincike na Kogiken. Har ila yau, sun samu halartar ma’aikatan jirgin na Akeno Army Aviation School (Akeno Rikugun Hikō Gakō), wanda a lokacin ya kasance ƙarin cibiyar gwaji na mayakan jiragen sama na Army. Wasu samfura biyu (4302 da 4303), waɗanda aka kammala a watan Fabrairu da Maris 1939, su ma sun tafi Kogiken. Sun bambanta da na farko samfurin kawai a cikin taksi rufi - "hump" gaba daya glazed, da limousine yana da ƙananan ƙarfafa Frames.
Ba a san cikakkun bayanan gwajin jirgin ba, amma an san martanin matukin jirgi mara kyau. Samfurori na Ki-43 ba su da mafi kyawun aiki fiye da serial Ki-27, kuma a lokaci guda mahimmancin halayen jirgin sama, musamman maneuverability. Sun kasance sluggish da jinkirin amsawa ga rudder da aileron, kuma lokutan juyawa da radius sun yi tsayi da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, halayen tashi da saukarwa ba su da daɗi. Matsaloli sun haifar da tsarin hydraulic na chassis. Hanyar bude murfin taksi an yi la'akari da cewa ba ta da amfani. A cikin wannan hali, Koku Honbu ya kusa yanke shawarar yin watsi da ci gaba na Ki-43. Jagorancin Nakajima, ba ya son rasa riba mai yuwuwa ko lalata martabar kamfanin, ya sami nasarar sa sojoji su tsawaita gwaje-gwajen tare da ba da umarnin samfuri guda goma da aka gyara (4304-4313). An yi nufin gwada sababbin hanyoyin fasaha, injuna da makamai a cikinsu. Tawagar injiniyoyi Koyama ya fara aikin sake fasalin ingantaccen Ki-43 don biyan bukatun Koku Honbu.
An sauƙaƙe ƙirar jirgin sama (wanda daga baya ya haifar da matsala mai tsanani tare da ƙarfin reshe), kuma an gyara sashin wutsiya. An koma da wutsiya, kuma sandar yanzu ta rufe dukkan tsayin wutsiya da tukwici, don haka yankinsa ya fi girma. A sakamakon haka, ingancinsa ya karu, wanda ya yi tasiri mai kyau a kan motsin jirgin. An sake fasalin murfin kurfit ɗin gaba ɗaya kuma yanzu ya ƙunshi sassa biyu - kafaffen gilashin iska da limousine mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalli wanda zai iya zamewa baya. Sabuwar murfin ba kawai mai sauƙi ba ne, amma kuma ya ba da mafi kyawun gani a duk kwatance (musamman a baya). An motsa mast ɗin eriya zuwa gefen dama na fuselage na gaba, a bayan injin. Godiya ga waɗannan canje-canjen, silhouette na jirgin ya zama mafi siriri kuma aerodynamically mafi cikakke. An inganta aikin na'urorin lantarki da na lantarki, an maye gurbin rediyon da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na 96 Model 3 Model 2 mai sauƙi, an shigar da kafaffen wutsiya a maimakon skid, kuma propeller yana sanye da hula. A watan Mayun 1940, an samar da sabbin fuka-fuki guda biyu, 20 da 30 cm kunkuntar fiye da na asali, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a rage girman fuka-fukan da 40 da 60 cm, bi da bi, amma an yi watsi da amfani da su na dan lokaci.
Gwajin jirgin sama, wanda ake kira ƙarin ko ƙarin samfuri (zoka shisakuki), an gina shi tsakanin Nuwamba 1939 da Satumba 1940. An sanye su da injuna Ha-25 tare da Sumitomo karfe masu ba da ruwa biyu masu diamita iri ɗaya, na'urar daidaita ruwan ruwan ruwa na kamfanin Amurka Hamilton Standard. A lokaci guda, an gwada kusurwoyi daban-daban na karkatar da ruwan wukake don tantance mafi kyawun darajarsu. A kan kwafi da yawa, sababbi gabaɗaya, an gwada na'urori masu gyara kai masu ƙarfi uku, amma ba a yanke shawarar yin amfani da su a cikin jiragen sama ba.
A cikin Yuli 1940, samfuri No. 4305 da 4309 an sanye su da sababbin injuna Ha-105 tare da tashi daga 1200 hp. Wani bita ne na Ha-25 tare da kwampreta mai sauri biyu mai mataki-ɗaya da akwatin gear da aka gyara. Bayan gwaje-gwaje da yawa, an sake dawo da injunan na asali akan injinan biyu. A gefe guda kuma, za a gwada sabbin injunan Ha-4308 akan jirgin sama mai lamba 4309 da kuma 115, amma saboda tsayin su da nauyi, an yi watsi da wannan ra'ayin. Wannan yana buƙatar sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin ƙirar jirgin, haka kuma, a lokacin ba a kammala aikin injin Ha-115 ba. Aƙalla jirgin sama ɗaya (4313) yana da iska mai sanyaya iska a gefen rumbun injin ɗin tare da fifuna guda takwas a kowane gefe da biyu a sama. An rufe cibiyar dunƙulewa da hula. A kan jirgin sama mai lamba 4310 da 4313, an maye gurbin bindigogin nau'in nau'in 89 tare da sababbin 103 mm No-12,7, tare da ajiyar 230 ko 250. Wasu jirage na gwaji sun tashi a lokacin gwaji ba tare da makamai ba, abubuwan gani da rediyo (har ma tare da wargajewar mast ɗin eriya). Nasarar gyare-gyaren da aka gabatar kuma aka gwada akan samfurin ɗaya daga baya an aiwatar da su akan wasu injina.
Bayan haka, sabon sabon abu shi ne abin da ake kira garkuwar yaƙi (sento ko kusen furappu), wanda Eng. Itokawa. Falon ya wuce asymmetrically fiye da kwandon reshe, watau. a nisa mafi girma daga fuselage fiye da ailerons, ƙirƙirar tsarin da yayi kama da fuka-fuki na malam buɗe ido (saboda haka shahararren sunan su ga malam buɗe ido - cho-gata). A lokacin yaƙin iska (har zuwa gudun kusan kilomita 400 / h), ana iya tsawaita su da karkatar da su ta 15 °, wanda ya inganta haɓakar motsin jirgin sama, yana ba ku damar yin jujjuyawa ba tare da rasa ɗagawa ba. An fara shigar da garkuwar yaƙi a rukunin gwaji uku na ƙarshe (4311, 4312 da 4313). Ba da jimawa ba suka zama alamar mayaka Nakajima.
