Shin supercapacitors za su iya maye gurbin batura a cikin motocin lantarki?

Motocin lantarki da manya-manya sunada tushe a cikin tunanin mai motar zamani a matsayin sabon zagaye a cigaban ababen hawa. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan sanye take da ICE, waɗannan motocin suna da nasu fa'ida da rashin amfani.

Abubuwan fa'idodin koyaushe sun haɗa da aiki marar nutsuwa, da kuma rashin gurɓatarwa yayin tuƙi (kodayake a yau, yin batir ɗaya don motar lantarki yana gurɓata mahalli fiye da shekaru 30 na aiki da injin dizal ɗaya).

Babban rashin dacewar motocin lantarki shine bukatar cajin batirin. Dangane da wannan, manyan masana'antun mota suna haɓaka zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban don yadda za a ƙara rayuwar batir da haɓaka tazara tsakanin caji. Ofayan waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan shine amfani da supercapacitors.

Yi la'akari da wannan fasaha ta amfani da misalin sabuwar masana'antar mota - Lamborghini Sian. Menene fa’ida da rashin amfanin wannan ci gaban?

Sabo a kasuwar motocin lantarki

Lokacin da Lamborghini ya fara jujjuya matasan, za ku iya tabbata cewa ba kawai zai zama mafi ƙarfi na Toyota Prius ba.

Sian, wanda shi ne farkon kamfanin samar da lantarki a Italiya, shi ne motar da aka fara kerawa (wanda yakai 63) don amfani da masu karfin aiki maimakon batirin lithium-ion.

Yawancin masana kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyoyi sun yi imanin cewa suna riƙe da mabuɗin don motsi na lantarki mai yawa, maimakon batirin lithium-ion. Sian yana amfani da waɗannan don adana wutar lantarki kuma, idan ya cancanta, ciyar da shi zuwa ƙaramin injin wutan lantarki.

Fa'idodin supercapacitors

Supercapacitors suna caji da sakin makamashi da sauri fiye da yawancin batir na zamani. Bugu da kari, zasu iya tsayayya da ƙarin caji da tsawan motsi ba tare da rasa ƙarfin su ba.

Game da Sian, supercapacitor yana tuka motar lantarki kilowatt 25 wanda aka gina a cikin gearbox. Zai iya samar da ƙarin haɓakawa ga injin mai karfin 6,5-lita 12 lita V785 na ƙonewa na ciki, ko kuma tuƙa motar motsa jiki da kanta yayin saurin motsa jiki kamar filin ajiye motoci.

Tunda caji yana da sauri sosai, wannan matasan basu buƙatar sakawa a cikin bangon bango ko tashar caji. Ana cajin Supercapacitors duk lokacin da abin birki ya taka. Har ila yau, matasan batirin suna da ƙarfin dawo da makamashi, amma yana da jinkiri kuma kawai yana taimakawa ne kawai don faɗaɗa kewayon lantarki.

Supercapacitor yana da wani babban kati mai girma: nauyi. A cikin Lamborghini Sian, tsarin duka - injin lantarki da capacitor - yana ƙara kilo 34 kawai ga nauyi. A wannan yanayin, karuwar ƙarfin shine 33,5 horsepower. Don kwatantawa, baturin Renault Zoe shi kaɗai (tare da ƙarfin dawakai 136) yana auna kusan 400kg.

Rashin dacewar supercapacitors

Tabbas, supercapacitors suma suna da asara idan aka kwatanta da batura. A tsawon lokaci, sun tara makamashi da ya fi muni - idan Sian bai hau ba har tsawon mako guda, babu wani makamashi da ya rage a cikin capacitor. Amma akwai kuma hanyoyin magance wannan matsala. Lamborghini yana aiki tare da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) don ƙirƙirar ƙirar wutar lantarki zalla bisa manyan ƙarfin ƙarfi, sanannen ra'ayi na Terzo Millenio (Millennium na uku).

bst

Af, Lamborghini, wanda ke karkashin inuwar kamfanin Volkswagen, ba shi ne kadai kamfani ke yin gwaji a wannan fanni ba. Nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Peugeot sun kasance suna amfani da na'urori masu ƙarfi na tsawon shekaru, kamar yadda Toyota da na Honda na hydrogen oil ke amfani da su. Kamfanonin China da Koriya ta Kudu suna saka su a cikin motocin bas masu amfani da wutar lantarki da manyan motoci. Kuma a shekarar da ta gabata, Tesla ya sayi Maxwell Electronics, daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da kayan aikin super capacitor a duniya, tabbataccen alamar da aƙalla Elon Musk ya yi imani da fasahar nan gaba.

7 mabuɗan gaskiya don fahimtar supercapacitors

1 Yadda batura suke aiki

Fasahar batir na daya daga cikin abubuwan da muka dade muna dauka ba tare da tunanin yadda yake aiki ba. Yawancin mutane suna tunanin cewa lokacin da muke caji, muna kawai "zuba" wutar lantarki a cikin baturi, kamar ruwa a cikin gilashi.

Amma baturi ba ya ajiye wutar lantarki kai tsaye, sai dai kawai yakan haifar da ita ne lokacin da ake bukata ta hanyar sinadaran sinadaran da ke tsakanin electrodes biyu da wani ruwa (mafi yawan) da ke raba su, wanda ake kira electrolyte. A wannan yanayin, ana canza sinadarai da ke cikinsa zuwa wasu. A lokacin wannan tsari, ana samar da wutar lantarki. Lokacin da aka juyar da su gaba ɗaya, amsawar ta tsaya - an cire baturin.

Duk da haka, tare da batura masu caji, halayen kuma na iya faruwa a cikin kishiyar hanya - lokacin da kuka yi cajin shi, makamashi yana fara tsarin baya, wanda ya dawo da sinadarai na asali. Ana iya maimaita wannan ɗaruruwa ko dubbai, amma babu makawa akwai asara. A tsawon lokaci, abubuwan parasitic suna taruwa akan na'urorin lantarki, don haka rayuwar baturi ta iyakance (yawanci 3000 zuwa 5000 cycles).

2 Yadda capacitors suke aiki

Babu halayen sunadarai da ke faruwa a cikin mahaɗin. Ingantattun zarge-zarge masu ƙaranci ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar tsayayyar wutar lantarki. A cikin kwantancin akwai faranti masu jan ƙarfe guda biyu masu rabuwa ta hanyar wani abu mai ƙira wanda ake kira alectlectric.

Cajin yayi kamanceceniya da shafa kwalli a cikin rigar woolen don ya tsaya tare da wutar lantarki. Kyakkyawan zargi mara kyau suna taruwa a cikin faranti, kuma mai raba tsakaninsu, wanda ya hana su saduwa, hanya ce ta adana makamashi. Ana iya caji da caji har sau miliyan ba tare da asarar ƙarfinsa ba.

3 Menene supercapacitors

Na al'ada capacitors sun yi ƙanƙanta don adana makamashi - yawanci ana auna su da microfarads (miliyoyin farads). Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka ƙirƙira supercapacitors a cikin 1950s. A cikin bambance-bambancen masana'antu mafi girma, waɗanda kamfanoni irin su Maxwell Technologies ke ƙera, ƙarfin ya kai farad dubu da yawa, wato, 10-20% na ƙarfin batirin lithium-ion.

4 Yadda supercapacitors ke aiki

Ba kamar na al'ada capacitors, babu dielectric. Madadin haka, faranti guda biyu suna nutsar da su a cikin na'urar lantarki kuma an raba su da wani siraren sirara mai ƙorafi. Ƙarfin ƙarfin supercapacitor yana ƙaruwa a zahiri yayin da yankin waɗannan faranti ke ƙaruwa kuma tazarar da ke tsakanin su ta ragu. Don haɓaka sararin samaniya, a halin yanzu ana lulluɓe su da kayan da ba su da ƙarfi kamar carbon nanotubes (kananan su biliyan 10 sun dace a cikin murabba'in cm ɗaya). Mai rarrabawa zai iya zama kauri guda ɗaya kawai tare da Layer na graphene.

Don fahimtar banbancin, yana da kyau a dauki wutar lantarki a matsayin ruwa. Capacaƙƙarfan kwalliya zai zama kamar tawul ɗin takarda wanda zai iya ɗaukar adadi kaɗan. Supercapacitor shine kicin kicin a cikin misalin.

5 Batura: Ribobi da Fursunoni

Batura suna da fa'ida ɗaya mai mahimmanci - ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, wanda ke ba su damar adana adadin kuzari da yawa a cikin ƙaramin tafki.

Duk da haka, su ma suna da lahani da yawa - nauyi mai nauyi, iyakataccen rayuwa, jinkirin caji da jinkirin sakin makamashi. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da karafa masu guba da sauran abubuwa masu hadari don samar da su. Batura suna da inganci kawai akan kunkuntar kewayon zafin jiki, don haka sau da yawa suna buƙatar sanyaya ko dumama, rage girman ingancinsu.

6 Supercapacitors: Ribobi da Fursunoni

Supercapacitors sun fi batura haske da yawa, rayuwarsu ba ta misaltuwa, ba sa buƙatar kowane abu mai haɗari, suna caji da sakin makamashi kusan nan take. Tun da kusan ba su da juriya na ciki, ba sa cinye makamashi don aiki - ingancin su shine 97-98%. Super capacitors suna aiki ba tare da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci ba a cikin duka kewayon daga -40 zuwa +65 digiri Celsius.

Rashin fa'ida shine cewa suna adana ƙarancin ƙarfi fiye da batirin lithium-ion.

7 Sabon abun ciki

Koda manyan na'urorin zamani na zamani ba zasu iya maye gurbin batir gaba ɗaya a cikin motocin lantarki ba. Amma yawancin masana kimiyya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna aiki don inganta su. Misali, a cikin Burtaniya, Superdielectrics yana aiki tare da kayan asali waɗanda aka kirkira don samar da tabarau na tuntuɓar juna.

Skeleton Technologies yana aiki tare da graphene, nau'in allotropic na carbon. Kauri ɗaya atom ɗaya ya fi ƙarfin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi sau 100, kuma gram ɗaya kawai nasa zai iya ɗaukar murabba'in murabba'in mita 1. Kamfanin ya sanya graphene supercapacitors a cikin motocin diesel na yau da kullun kuma ya sami tanadin mai na 2000%.

Duk da cewa supercapacitors ba za su iya maye gurbin batura kwata-kwata ba, a yau akwai kyakkyawan yanayin ci gaban wannan fasaha.

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Ta yaya supercapacitor ke aiki? Yana aiki a cikin hanya ɗaya da babban ƙarfin capacitor. A cikinsa, ana tara wutar lantarki saboda a tsaye a lokacin polarization na electrolyte. Ko da yake na'urar lantarki ce, babu wani abin da ke faruwa.

Menene supercapacitor don? Ana amfani da supercapacitors don adana makamashi, fara injina, a cikin motocin haɗaka, azaman tushen abubuwan halin yanzu na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Ta yaya babban capacitor ya bambanta da nau'ikan batura daban-daban? Baturin yana iya samar da wutar lantarki da kansa ta hanyar sinadarai. Supercapacitor kawai yana tara kuzarin da aka saki.

Ina ake amfani da Supercapacitor? Ana amfani da ƙananan ƙarfin ƙarfi a cikin raka'a walƙiya (cikakken fitarwa) kuma a cikin kowane tsarin da ke buƙatar adadi mai yawa na zagayawa / caji.