Mai ma'adinai

Mai ma'adinai yana da tushe na ma'adinai, tun da yake samfurin asalin man fetur ne kuma ana samar da shi ta hanyar distillation na man fetur. Yana halin rashin kwanciyar hankali na halayensa kuma babban rashin ƙarfi. Hakanan ana iya yin man ma'adinai daga amfanin gonakin masana'antu.

Tun da fasaha don samar da "ruwa mai ma'adinai" yana da sauƙi mai sauƙi, farashin irin wannan mai ya fi ƙasa da man fetur.

A zahiri ba a samun man ma'adinai a cikin tsarkakakken yanayin su, tunda suna iya samun mahimman kayan shafa mai kawai a yanayin zafi "daki" ba tare da nauyi mai nauyi ba. Don haka, a cikin ICE ana amfani da shi kawai tare da ƙari masu ƙarfafawa, domin a samu mai inganci.

Irin wannan additives ana ƙara su zuwa ga man tushe kuma suna taimakawa ƙara yawan lalata, anti-wear, da kayan wanka na man fetur na ma'adinai. Bayan haka, halayen halayen mai na asalin ma'adinai ba su yarda da tsayayya da yanayin zafi mai yawa ba, shi narke da sauri cikin yanayin sanyi, kuma lokacin tafasa, yana toshe injin konewa na ciki da kayan konewa. Kawai saboda wadannan halaye, ma'adinai man fetur ga motoci, ban da tushe kanta, ya ƙunshi game da 12% Additives. Ya kamata a samar da man ma'adinai mai inganci daga samfuran man fetur mai kyau kuma yana da babban matakin tsarkakewa.

Haɗin man ma'adinai

"Ruwan ma'adinai", wanda ake amfani dashi azaman mai mai. yana da wannan abun da ke ciki:

1. Alkaline da cyclic paraffins.
2. Cyclanes - 75-80%, aromatics - 10-15% da cyclano-aromatic hydrocarbons - 5-15%.
3. Karamin adadin unsaturated da alkane hydrocarbons.

Haka kuma man motar ma'adinai na ɗauke da iskar oxygen da sulfur abubuwan da ake samu na hydrocarbons, da kuma mahadi na kwalta. Amma duk waɗannan mahadi ba a haɗa su a cikin tushen lubricating mai don injunan konewa na ciki a cikin adadin da aka bayyana a sama, saboda ana yin tsabtatawa mai zurfi.

Baya ga ma'adinan ruwan ma'adinai da kanta na daban-daban viscosities, man fetur kuma ya ƙunshi nau'i daban-daban na additives, wanda, ban da inganta aikin asali, kuma yana da lahani. Tun da yanayin zafi ya yi musu illa. Additives suna ƙonewa da sauri, sakamakon haka man ya canza kayansa. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga manyan injunan nisan miloli.

Don aiki mafi kyau na injin konewa na ciki, ana bada shawarar maye gurbin man ma'adinai bayan gudu na kilomita 5-6, har sai ya yi hasarar dukiyarsa.

Dankowar ma'adinai mai

Ba wai kawai a cikin man ma'adinai ba, har ma a cikin sauran mai (synthetics, Semi-synthetics), danko shine mafi mahimmancin halayen. A cikin man inji, kamar yadda yake a yawancin mai da mai, danko yana canzawa tare da zazzabi (kasan da shi, yawan man ya zama danko da akasin haka). Don aiki na yau da kullun na injin konewa na ciki, bai kamata ya zama mafi girma ko ƙasa da takamaiman ƙimar ba, wato, lokacin fara injin sanyi a yanayin zafi mara nauyi, dankon mai bai kamata ya zama babba ba. Kuma a lokacin zafi, lokacin da aka fara injin mai zafi, man fetur bai kamata ya zama ruwa sosai ba don samar da fim mai karfi da matsa lamba tsakanin sassan shafa.

Man injin yana da ƙayyadaddun ma'aunin danko. wannan mai nuna alama yana nuna dogaro da danko akan canza yanayin zafi.

Fihirisar danko na mai ƙima ce marar girma (lamba kawai) wanda ba a auna shi a kowace raka'a. Wannan lambar tana nuna "matakin dilution" na mai, kuma mafi girman wannan ma'anar, mafi girman kewayon zafin jiki wanda yake. aiki na yau da kullun na injin.

Graph na kinematic danko na ma'adinai mai da zafin jiki.

A cikin ma'adinai mai a cikin abin da babu danko Additives, da index darajar jeri daga 85 zuwa 100, kuma tare da Additives zai iya zama har zuwa 120. A low danko index nuna matalauta farawa na ciki konewa engine a low yanayi yanayin zafi da matalauta lalacewa kariya. a yanayin zafi mai zafi.

Daidaitawa SAE, ainihin ma'aunin danko (nau'ikan) mai tushen ma'adinai na iya zama: 10W-30, 10W-40 da 15W-40. Waɗannan lambobi 2, waɗanda aka raba su da harafin W, suna nuna yanayin zafin da za a iya amfani da shi. Wato, danko, a ƙananan zafin jiki da kuma na sama, ya kamata ya tabbatar da aikin yau da kullum na motar.

Misali, idan yana da 10W40, to yanayin zafinsa na aikace-aikacen yana daga -20 zuwa +35 ° C Celsius, kuma a +100 ° C danko ya kamata ya zama 12,5-16,3 cSt. Don haka, lokacin zabar mai mai don injin konewa na ciki, kuna buƙatar fahimtar cewa a cikin ma'adinan motar ma'adinai, danko yana canzawa da yanayin zafi - mafi girman yawan zafin mai, ƙarancin danko da akasin haka. Yanayin wannan dogaro ya bambanta dangane da irin kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen samar da mai.

Game da Abubuwan Haɗin Mai Na Danko

Matsakaicin fim ɗin mai tsakanin abubuwan da ke faruwa ya dogara da dankon mai. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, yana rinjayar aikin injin konewa na ciki da albarkatunsa. Kamar yadda muka tattauna a sama tare da yawan zafin jiki dogara da danko, high danko yana tare da babban mai film kauri, da kuma yayin da dankon mai ya ragu, kaurin fim ɗin ya zama bakin ciki. Saboda haka, don hana lalacewa na wasu sassa (camshaft cam - pusher), ya zama dole don ƙara kayan haɓaka anti-seize ban da abubuwan da suka shafi viscous zuwa "ruwa mai ma'adinai", tunda ya zama ba zai yiwu ba don ƙirƙirar fim ɗin mai na abin da ake buƙata. kauri a cikin irin wannan naúrar.

Mai daga masana'antun daban-daban sun ƙunshi fakiti daban-daban waɗanda ƙila ba su dace ba.

Ƙarin halaye na man ma'adinai

Baya ga ainihin halayen man ma'adinai, akwai wasu da yawa.

1. Ma'anar walƙiya alama ce ta gutsuttsura masu tafasa. wannan mai nuna alama yana ƙayyade ƙarancin mai yayin aiki. Mai ƙarancin inganci yana da ƙarancin walƙiya, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yawan amfani da mai.
2. Lambar Alkali - ƙayyadaddun ikon mai don kawar da acid masu cutarwa da tsayayya da adibas saboda abubuwan da ke aiki.
3. Zuba - mai nuna alama wanda ke ƙayyade yanayin zafin da man ma'adinai ke ƙarfafawa kuma ya rasa ruwa saboda crystallization paraffin.
4. Lambar acid - yana nuna kasancewar samfuran oxidation mai.

Rashin hasara da fa'idodin man fetur na ma'adinai

Babban rashin amfani da man fetur na ma'adinan ma'adinai sun haɗa da rashin daidaituwa na sigogi a yanayin zafi daban-daban, da kuma saurin iskar shaka da lalacewa (ƙonawa na additives a yanayin zafi mai zafi), wanda ke da mummunar tasiri akan aikin injiniyar konewa na ciki. AMMA fa'idar kawai shine farashin.

Ana amfani da man ma'adinai galibi azaman man shafawa na inji, kodayake hydrocracking mai, wanda aka samu ta hanyar distillation da tsaftacewa mai zurfi tare da ƙari na kunshin ƙari, ana amfani da su ta hanyar injiniyoyi na zamani (misali, Subaru) a matsayin mai mai don injunan konewa na ciki. Irin wannan ma'adinan man fetur ya juya ya zama kusa da inganci zuwa "synthetics", amma shekaru da sauri, rasa dukiyarsa. Saboda haka, dole ne ku canza man sau biyu sau da yawa.

Ana iya samun shawarwarin masana'antun mota don amfani da man fetur a cikin takardun fasaha. Ko da yake sau da yawa sukan yi ƙoƙari su zuba man da aka haɗa kawai, wanda shine tsari na girma fiye da ruwan ma'adinai, duk da haka, farashin kuma ya fi girma. Na yau da kullun An yi nufin man ma'adinai don tsofaffin nau'ikan injunan konewa na ciki, ko a cikin injuna tare da babban nisan mil kuma kawai a cikin lokacin dumi. Ƙayyadaddun maƙasudin an ƙaddara ta hanyar rarrabuwa ta matakin inganci.