Skis, alluna da fasahar ski

A cewar masanan kasar Sin, kusan shekara ta 8000 BC. akwai nassoshi game da skis na farko a tsaunin Altai. Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike ba su yarda da wannan soyayyar ba. Duk da haka, za mu iya cewa a lokacin ne aka fara tarihin wasan motsa jiki da na kankara.

3000 kuma Tsofaffin zane-zane sun bayyana akan zane-zanen dutse da aka yi a Rødøy, Norway.

1500 kuma Sananniyar skis na Turai mafi tsufa tun daga wannan lokacin. An same su a lardin Angermanland na kasar Sweden. Tsawon su ya kai cm 111 da faɗin 9,5 zuwa 10,4 cm. A ƙarshen sun kasance kusan 1 cm lokacin farin ciki, kuma a ƙarshen, a ƙarƙashin ƙafar ƙafa, kimanin 2 cm. Akwai tsagi a cikin tsakiya don hana ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar zuwa tarnaƙi. Waɗannan ba skan kan tudu ba ne, amma faɗaɗɗen tafin hannu don kada su shiga cikin dusar ƙanƙara.

400 kuma Ambaton farko da aka rubuta game da wasan tsere. Mawallafinta shine masanin tarihi, marubuci kuma shugaban soja Xenophon. An ƙirƙira shi bayan dawowa daga balaguron balaguro zuwa Scandinavia.

1713 Da farko ambaton wani skier yana amfani da sanduna biyu.

1733 Rubutu na farko game da tsalle-tsalle. Marubucinsa shine sojan Norway Jen Henrik Emahusen. An rubuta littafin a cikin Jamusanci kuma ya ƙunshi bayanai da yawa game da gine-ginen kankara da dabarun wasan tsere.

1868 Manomin Norwegian kuma kafinta Sondre Norheim daga lardin Telemark, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban wasan tseren kankara, ya canza fasahar wasan kankara - ya haɓaka sabon ra'ayi na ski. Suna da tsayi daga 2 zuwa 2,5 m da nisa daban-daban: 89 mm a saman, 70 mm a kugu, 76 mm a diddige. Wannan samfurin na joometry na kankara zai jagoranci ƙirar kayan aiki na shekaru 120 masu zuwa. Norheim ya kuma haɓaka sabuwar hanyar hawan ski. Zuwa sandunan da aka sani waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙafar a cikin yankin yatsan yatsan, ya haɗa wata igiya da aka yi daga tushen tushen birch, wanda ke rufe yankin diddige. Don haka, an ƙirƙiri wani nau'i na ɗaurin telemark, yana ba da motsi kyauta na diddige a cikin jirgin sama da ƙasa, kuma a lokaci guda yana ba da kariya daga faɗuwar haɗari daga kan ski lokacin canza hanya ko tsalle.

1886 An kafa masana'antar kankara ta farko a Norway. Tare da haɓakawa, tseren fasaha ya fara. Da farko, ana yin skis daga itacen fir da aka matse, wanda ya fi goro ko toka wuta.

1888 Masanin tekun Norway kuma mai binciken polar Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) ya fara balaguron kankara mai zurfi zuwa Greenland. A cikin 1891, an buga bayanin balaguron sa - littafin Skiing in Greenland. Littafin ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga yaduwar wasan kankara a duniya. Nansen da labarinsa sun zama abin sha'awa ga wasu muhimman mutane a cikin tarihin gudun hijira, irin su Matthias Zdarsky.

1893 An yi skis multilayer na farko. Masu zanen su sune masu zanen kamfanin Norwegian HM Christiansen. A matsayin tushe, sun yi amfani da daidaitattun kayan aiki masu wuya, wato, goro ko ash, waɗanda aka haɗa da haske, amma spruce mai jurewa. Duk da ƙirƙirar sa babu shakka, ra'ayin ya ci tura. An lalata dukkanin ra'ayi ta hanyar rashin manne mai dacewa wanda zai samar da haɗin gwiwa mai karfi na abubuwa, elasticity da juriya na ruwa a lokaci guda.

1894 Fritz Huitfeldt yana yin muƙamuƙi na ƙarfe don riƙe gaban boot ɗin kankara a wuri. Daga baya an san su da Huitfeldt bindings kuma sune mafi shaharar hanyar haɗa ƙafar goshi zuwa skis har zuwa ƙarshen 30s. Bangaren gaba na ɗaurin ya ƙunshi yanki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tare da ski, tare da "fuka-fuki" biyu sun karkata zuwa sama, ta hanyar da aka ratsa madauri, ɗaure gaban takalmin. An ɗaure diddige tare da kebul ta cikin jagororin da ke gefen ski. An kira samfurin Kandahar Cable Binding.

karshen karni na XNUMX Matthias Zdarsky, dan kasar Czech dan kasar Ostiriya wanda ake yi wa kallon uban wasan tsalle-tsalle na zamani, ya samar da daurin karfe don inganta fasahar wasan tsalle-tsalle. An yi su ne da farantin karfe da aka gyara a gaban hinge na ski. An haɗa takalman ski a kan farantin tare da madauri, kuma motsi na sama na farantin tare da taya yana iyakance ta hanyar aikin bazara da ke gaban abin da aka makala, yana aiki akan farantin motsi a gaba. Zdarsky ya yi aiki a kan fasahohin tsalle-tsalle kuma ya daidaita tsawon skis zuwa yanayin tsaunuka. Daga baya kuma ya gabatar da amfani da sanduna biyu maimakon daya mai tsayi. A cikin wannan lokacin, ana haifar da yawan ƙetare, wanda ya haɗa da buƙatar samar da ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, ta hanyar amfani da fasahar zamani.

1928 Dan Austriya Rudolf Lettner daga Salzburg yayi amfani da gefuna na karfe a karon farko. Skins na zamani, saboda ginin katakon da suke yi, ana samun sauƙin lalacewa ta hanyar lalata injina da na'ura mai ɗorewa da bangon gefe a cikin hulɗa da duwatsu da juna. Lettner ya yanke shawarar gyara wannan ta hanyar haɗa madauri na bakin ƙarfe na bakin ciki zuwa skis na katako. Ya cimma burinsa, skis ya zama mafi kariya, amma babban fa'idar sabon sa shine wani nau'in sakamako mai illa. Lettner ya lura cewa gefuna da aka ƙarfafa ƙarfe suna ba da ƙarin ikon tuƙi, musamman a kan tudu.

1928 Masu zanen kaya guda biyu, ba tare da juna ba, sun nuna samfurin farko da ya yi nasara gabaɗaya na ski tare da gine-gine mai nau'i-nau'i (bayan ƙirar Christiansen ba ta da nasara sosai a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX). Na farko, Bjorn Ullevoldseter, ya yi aiki a Norway. Na biyu, George Aaland, a Seattle, Amurka. Skis ya ƙunshi yadudduka uku. A wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da adhesives waɗanda ke da juriya ga danshi da isasshe na roba, wanda ke nufin cewa kowane yadudduka sun samar da gaba ɗaya, ba su da saurin lalacewa.

1929 Ƙirƙirar farko mai tunawa da dusar ƙanƙara da aka sani a yau ana ɗaukarsa wani katako ne wanda MJ "Jack" Burchett yayi ƙoƙarin zamewa ƙasa, yana tsare ƙafafunsa da igiya da reins.

1934 Haihuwar farkon all-aluminum skis. A cikin 1945, Chance Aircraft ya ƙera wani tsari na aluminum da itace sandwich mai suna Metallite kuma yayi amfani da shi wajen kera jirgin sama. Injiniyoyin injiniya guda uku, Wayne Pearce, David Ritchie da Arthur Hunt, sun yi amfani da wannan kayan don yin skis na aluminum na itace.

1936 Farkon samar da skis multilayer a Austria. Kneissl ya haɓaka Kneissl Splitklein na farko kuma ya fara aikin fasahar ski na zamani.

1939 Tsohon dan wasan Norway Hjalmar Hvam yana gina sabon nau'in ɗaure a Amurka, na farko tare da sakin. Ya yi kama da na zamani. Yana da muƙamuƙi waɗanda suka mamaye sashin da ke fitowa na tafin takalmin, waɗanda aka yanke cikin yanke. Wani tsari na ciki yana riƙe da latch a tsakiyar matsayi har sai dakarun da ke aiki a kai sun kasance daidai da axis na ski kuma an danna takalmin a kan dutsen.

1947 Injiniyan jiragen sama na Amurka Howard Head ya haɓaka “sanwici na ƙarfe” na farko wanda ya ƙunshi aluminum da ɗigon filastik mai nauyi a cikin nau'in saƙar zuma. Bayan jerin gwaji da kuskure, an ƙirƙiri skis tare da ginshiƙan plywood, ci gaba da gefuna na ƙarfe da tushe na phenolic. An haɗa ainihin abin da yadudduka na aluminium ta latsa mai zafi. Komai yana ƙarewa da bangon gefen filastik. Wannan hanyar yin skis za ta mamaye shekaru da yawa.

1950 Na farko fastening fusus a gaba da bayan boot, kerarre ta Cubco (Amurka). Bayan gyare-gyare, sun zama farkon hawan da aka ɗaure tare da maɓalli, suna tafiya a kan diddige na taya. Bayan shekaru biyu, farkon Fuse Marker (Duplex) firam ya bayyana.

1955 Zamewar polyethylene na farko ya bayyana. Kamfanin Kofler na Austriya ne ya gabatar da shi. Polyethylene kusan nan da nan ya maye gurbin waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a baya a 1952. Na farko skis ta amfani da fiberglass sune Bud Philips Ski. Resins. Ya kasance mafĩfĩta su a cikin kõme. Dusar ƙanƙara ba ta tsaya a kan skis ba, kuma tafiye-tafiyen ya wadatar a kowane yanayi. Wannan ya kawar da buƙatar man shafawa. Duk da haka, abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne ikon da sauri da arha sake farfado da tushe ta hanyar cika cavities tare da narkakken polyethylene.

1959 Zane na farko da ya yi nasara gaba daya ta amfani da filayen carbon ya shiga kasuwa. Fred Langendorf da Art Molnar ne suka kirkiro ra'ayin samfurin a Montreal. Ta haka ne aka fara zamanin gina sanwicin fiber carbon fiber.

1962 Dubi Nevada II an ƙirƙiri ɗaurin axle guda ɗaya tare da dogayen fuka-fuki a kan hannaye na gaba suna riƙe saman ƙafar ƙafar takalmin. Ƙirar da aka ƙirƙira ta kasance ginshiƙi na masu riƙe da gaban Looka na shekaru 40 masu zuwa.

1965 Sherman Poppen ya ƙirƙira snorkels, kayan wasan yara na yara waɗanda yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara ta farko. Waɗannan su ne guda biyu na yau da kullun da aka rufe tare. Duk da haka, marubucin bai tsaya a nan ba - don sauƙaƙe tafiyar da hukumar, ya huda rami a cikin baka kuma ya jawo igiyar baka ta cikinsa tare da rike a hannunsa.

1952 An yi skis na fiberglass na farko, Bud Philips Ski,.

1968 Jake Burton, mai tsaurin ra'ayi, ya cika abin da Poppen ya yi ta hanyar makala igiyoyin takalma a kan allo. Duk da haka, sai a shekarar 1977, bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, ya fara kera guraben ayyukan sa na Burton. A lokaci guda kuma, ba tare da Burton ba, Tom Sims, tauraron skateboard, yana aiki akan dusar ƙanƙara. Da yake son yin wasan kankara a duk shekara, Sims ya kwance ƙafafunsa na skateboard don hunturu kuma ya nufi tudu. A hankali, ya inganta skateboard na dusar ƙanƙara, ya canza zuwa allon katako mai tsayi kuma mai iya sarrafawa, kuma a cikin 1978, tare da Chuck Barfoot, ya buɗe masana'anta. A halin yanzu, Sims Snowboards da Burton Boards suna daga cikin mafi mahimmancin masana'antun kayan aikin dusar ƙanƙara.

1975 Alamar tana gabatar da tsarin haɗawa don ɓangaren gaba na taya - M4, da ɓangaren baya - M44 (akwatin).

1985 Gefen ƙarfe suna bayyana akan allon dusar ƙanƙara na Burton da Sims. Zamanin tasirin snorfing yana zuwa ƙarshe, kuma fasahar kere kere tana ƙara zama kamar wasan kankara. Hakanan an ƙirƙira shi shine allo na kyauta na farko (Sims) da allon sassaƙa (Gnu), inda zaku juya ta amfani da matsa lamba maimakon zamewa.

1989 Volant yana gabatar da skis na ƙarfe na farko.

1990 A farkon 90s, Kneisl da Elan sun samar da samfurori na samar da skis tare da kunkuntar kugu. Sun kasance babban nasara, kuma wasu kamfanoni sun kafa ayyukan su a cikin yanayi masu zuwa akan wannan ra'ayin. SCX Elana da Ergo Kneissl sun haifar da zamanin zurfafa yankan skis.