Lockheed R-3 Orion Part 1
Jirgin samfurin YP-3V-1 ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1959 a filin jirgin saman Lockheed shuka a Burbank, California.
A tsakiyar watan Mayu 2020, VP-40 Fighting Marlins ya zama tawagar sojojin ruwan Amurka ta ƙarshe don tura P-3C Orions. VP-40 kuma ya kammala gyaran Boeing P-8A Poseidon. Har yanzu P-3Cs suna cikin sabis tare da gungun 'yan sintiri guda biyu, ƙwararrun horo, da ƴan wasan gwajin Navy na Amurka guda biyu. P-3C na ƙarshe ya kamata a yi ritaya a 2023. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, jirgin saman binciken lantarki na EP-3E ARIES II wanda ya dogara da P-3C kuma zai kawo ƙarshen sabis ɗin su. Don haka ya ƙare matuƙar nasara aiki na P-3 Orion, wanda sojojin ruwan Amurka suka karbe a 1962.
A watan Agustan 1957, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka (Navy) ta ba da abin da ake kira. Ƙayyadaddun nau'in jirgin sama, No. 146. Ƙayyadaddun Lamba 146 shine sabon jirgin saman sintiri na ruwa mai nisa don maye gurbin jirgin sinti na Lockheed P2V-5 Neptune da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin da Martin P5M-2S Marlin. Sabuwar ƙira ya kamata ya ba da damar ɗaukar nauyi mai girma, ƙarin sararin samaniya don tsarin tsaro na submarine (ASD), da ƙarin sarari don sarrafa kayan aikin kan jirgin, babban kewayon, radius na aiki da tsawon lokacin jirgin idan aka kwatanta da P2V- . biyar . Masu neman kwangilar sun hada da Lockheed, Consolidated da Martin, dukkansu ukun suna da kwarewa sosai wajen kera jiragen sintiri na teku. Tun da farko, saboda rashin isasshen kewayon, an yi watsi da shawarar Breguet na Faransa Br.5 Atlantique (wanda kuma aka ba wa membobin NATO na Turai a matsayin magajin jirgin Neptune). A bayyane yake cewa sojojin ruwan Amurka suna neman ƙira mafi girma, zai fi dacewa injiniyoyi huɗu.
R-3A na tawagar VP-47 sun harba rokoki 127-mm ba a shiryar da su ba "Zuni" daga na'urori masu linzami da yawa.
Daga nan Lockheed ya ba da shawarar ƙirar da ta kasance gyaggyarawa na injuna huɗu, mai kujeru 85 L-188A Electra. An yi amfani da shi ta injunan turboprop Allison T56-A-10W (mafi girman iko 3356 kW, 4500 hp), Elektra yana da saurin tafiye-tafiye mai tsayi a tsayi mai tsayi a gefe guda, kuma yana da kyawawan halaye na tashi a ƙasa da ƙarancin gudu a ɗayan. . wani hannun. Duk wannan tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin amfani mai, yana samar da isasshen kewayo. Jirgin yana da naceles na inji mai siffar fuka-fukai tare da ɗigon shaye-shaye. Wannan zane ya haifar da shaye-shayen injin turbin da ke samar da ƙarin kashi bakwai na wutar lantarki. Injin ɗin sun kori Hamilton Standard 54H60-77 propellers karfe tare da diamita na 4,1 m.
Abin takaici, Electra bai cimma nasarar kasuwancin da ake tsammani ba saboda batun ƙarfin reshe. Akwai hadurrukan L-1959A guda uku a 1960-188. Binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa al'amarin na "oscillatory flutter" na reshe ne ya haddasa hadurra guda biyu. Zane-zanen hawan injinan na waje ya yi rauni sosai don ya datse girgizar da babban karfinsu ya haifar. Juyawan da aka watsa zuwa fuka-fuki sun haifar da haɓakar motsin su game da axis na tsaye. Wannan kuma ya haifar da rushewar tsarin da kuma rabuwa. Lockheed nan da nan ya yi canje-canje masu dacewa ga ƙirar reshe da injin hawa. Hakanan an aiwatar da waɗannan gyare-gyare a duk kwafin da aka riga aka fitar. Wadannan ayyuka, duk da haka, sun kasa ceto darajar da Elektra ke da shi, kuma farashin aiwatar da gyare-gyare da kararraki ya rufe makomar jirgin. A cikin 1961, bayan gina raka'a 170, Lockheed ya daina samar da L-188A.
Lockheed ya haɓaka don shirin Navy na Amurka, Model 185 ya riƙe fuka-fuki, injuna, da wutsiya na L-188A. An rage fuselage ta 2,13 m (a cikin sashin pre-reshe), wanda ya rage girman nauyin jirgin. Ƙarƙashin gaban fuselage ɗin akwai wani bam, wanda kofa biyu ta rufe, kuma a ƙarƙashin bayan fuselage akwai ramuka huɗu don fitar da buoy ɗin sauti. Jirgin ya kamata ya kasance yana da maki goma na makami na waje - uku a ƙarƙashin kowane fiffike biyu kuma a ƙarƙashin fuselage na kowane reshe. An maye gurbin bangarori shida na glazing na kokfit da manyan guda biyar, wanda ya inganta hangen nesa ga ma'aikatan jirgin da kuma daga kuktun Electra. An cire dukkan tagogin dakin fasinja kuma an sanya tagogin kallo guda hudu - biyu a bangarorin biyu na gaban fuselage da biyu a bangarorin biyu na baya.
Ƙofar fita ta gaggawa da ke kaiwa ga fuka-fuki (tare da tagogi) a bangarorin biyu na fuselage an kiyaye shi, ƙofar hagu yana matsawa zuwa gefen reshe na reshe. An cire ƙofar fasinja ta hagu, inda aka bar ƙofar baya ta hagu a matsayin ƙofar gaban jirgin. An maye gurbin mazugi na hanci na Electra da sabon, babba kuma mai nuni. An shigar da na'urar gano ma'aunin maganadisu (DMA) a ƙarshen sashin wutsiya. Na'urar ganowa da dutsen suna da tsayin mita 3,6, don haka jimlar Orion ya kai mita 1,5 fiye da na Electra. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1958, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta zaɓi samfurin Lockheed Model 185 don neman sabon jirgin sintiri.
Na farko samfurin na nan gaba "Orion" aka gina a kan tushen na uku samar naúrar "Electra". Yana da ainihin fuselage mara gajarta, amma an sanye shi da izgili na bam da VUR. Samfurin da aka ƙera don gwajin iska. Samfurin wanda ya samu lambar rijistar jama'a N1883, ya fara tashi ne a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1958. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1958, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta ba Lockheed kwangila don gina samfurin farko na aiki, wanda aka tsara YP3V-1. An gina ta ne a kan Naira 1883, sannan ta karbi dukkan abubuwa, tsari da kayan aiki da aikin ya tanada. Jirgin ya sake tashi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1959 a Burbank Lockheed, California. A wannan karon YP3V-1 ya ɗauki lambar serial ɗin Navy na Amurka BuNo 148276. Rundunar sojojin ruwa a hukumance ta ayyana sabon ƙirar a matsayin P3V-1.
A tsakiyar 1960s, sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun yanke shawarar fara gina raka'o'in da aka riga aka shirya su guda bakwai (BuNo 148883 - 148889). A watan Nuwamba, an sanya wa jirgin sunan "Orion" bisa ga al'adar Lockheed na sanya sunayen jiragen sama masu alaka da tatsuniyoyi da ilmin taurari. Jirgin na farko pre-samar kwafin (BuNo 148883) ya faru a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1961 a filin jirgin sama a Burbank. Sa'an nan kuma ya fara wani lokaci na gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na samfurin YaP3V-1 da kuma shigarwa bakwai kafin samarwa P3V-1. A cikin Yuni 1961, Cibiyar Gwajin Jirgin Ruwa na Naval (NATC) ta fara gwajin farko na Navy (NPE-1) a Kogin NAS Patuxent, Maryland. Samfurin YP1V-3 kawai ya shiga cikin tsarin NPE-1.
Mataki na biyu na gwaji (NPE-2) ya haɗa da gwajin sassan samarwa a cikin aiki. Sojojin ruwa sun gama shi a cikin Oktoba 1961, suna jagorantar masana'anta don yin ƙananan canje-canjen ƙira. Matakin NPE-3 ya ƙare a cikin Maris 1962, yana ba da hanya don gwaji na ƙarshe da ƙima (Board of Inspection, BIS). A lokacin wannan lokaci, an gwada P3V-1s guda biyar akan kogin Patuxent (BuNo 148884-148888) kuma an gwada ɗaya (BuNo 148889) a Cibiyar Nazarin Makamai Naval (NWEF) a Albux-Evaluquerque, New Mexico. A ƙarshe, a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1962, an ayyana P3V-1 Orions cikakke tare da rundunonin sojan ruwa na Amurka.
P-3A
A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1962, Pentagon ta gabatar da sabon tsarin sa alama na jiragen soja. An canza sunan P3V-1 zuwa P-3A. Kamfanin Lockheed a Burbank ya gina jimillar P-157As 3. Rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka ita ce kadai ta sami wannan samfurin Orion, wanda ba a fitar dashi a lokacin samarwa.
R-3A yana da ma'aikatan jirgin na mutane 13, ciki har da: matukin jirgi (KPP), co-pilot (PP2P), matukin jirgi na uku (PP3P), mai kula da dabara (TAKKO), navigator (TAKNAV), mai ba da sabis na rediyo (RO), jirgin injin injiniya. (FE1), makanikai na biyu (FE2), abin da ake kira. ma'aikacin tsarin da ba na sauti ba, watau. Radar da MAD (SS-3), masu sarrafa tsarin sauti guda biyu (SS-1 da SS-2), mai fasaha na kan-board (BT) da kuma gunsmith (ORD). Ma’aikacin IFT ne ke da alhakin sa ido kan yadda ake gudanar da gyare-gyaren na’urori da na’urorin da ke kan jirgin (electronics), kuma ma’aikacin bindigu ne ke da alhakin shiryawa da jefar da motocin hayaki. Akwai mukaman jami'ai guda biyar gabaɗaya - matukin jirgi uku da NFO guda biyu, watau. Jami'an Navy (TACCO da TACNAV) da kuma wasu jami'ai takwas marasa aikin yi.
Jirgin mai kujeru uku ya dauki matukin jirgin, mataimakin matukin jirgin, wanda ya zauna a damansa, da injiniyan jirgin. Wurin zama makanikin yana jujjuya kuma yana iya zamewa akan dogo da aka shimfida a ƙasa. Godiya ga wannan, zai iya motsawa daga wurin zama (a bayan jirgin, daga gefen tauraron) don ya zauna a tsakiya, nan da nan bayan kujerun matukan jirgi. Matukin jirgin dai wani kwamandan jirgin sintiri ne (PPC). Bayan kokfit din dake gefen starboard din akwai makaniki na biyu, sannan bandaki. Bayan jirgin, a gefen tashar jiragen ruwa, akwai ofishin ma'aikacin rediyo. Matsayin su yana gefen biyu na gangar jikin a tsayin tagogin kallo. Don haka, kuma za su iya zama masu kallo. A tsakiyar ɓangaren ƙwanƙwasa, a gefen hagu, akwai sashin yaƙi na Mai Gudanar da Dabarun (TAKKO). Akwai tashoshin yaƙi guda biyar da ke kusa da juna, ta yadda masu aikin ke zaune a gefe suna fuskantar hanyar jirgin, suna fuskantar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa. Rufar TACCO ta tsaya a tsakiya. A gefen damansa akwai ma'aikacin radar iska da tsarin MAD (SS-3) da navigator. A gefen hagu na TACCO akwai tashoshin firikwensin sauti guda biyu (SS-1 da SS-2).
Ma'aikatan da suka shagaltar da su sun yi aiki da sarrafa tsarin ecolocation. Ƙwarewar matukin jirgin sama (CPC) da TACCO sun haɗu tare. TAKKO ne ke da alhakin gudanar da dukkan kwasa-kwasan da gudanar da wannan aiki, kuma shi ne ya tambayi matukin jirgin yadda za a yi a cikin iska. A aikace, TACCO ta yanke shawara ta dabara da yawa bayan tattaunawa da CPT. Koyaya, lokacin da batun lafiyar jirgin ko jirgin ya kasance cikin haɗari, aikin matuƙin jirgin ya zama mafi girma kuma ya yanke shawarar, alal misali, ya dakatar da aikin. A gefen tauraro, daura da tashoshin ma'aikatan, akwai kabad da na'urorin lantarki. Bayan sashin TACCO, a gefen tauraro, akwai buoys masu sauti. Bayan su, a tsakiyar falon, akwai rami uku, ƙananan ƙirji, girman A buoy da buoy guda ɗaya, girman B, a cikin nau'in bututu mai mannewa daga ƙasa. .
Duba kuma kashi na biyu >>>
