Injin crank engine: na'ura, dalili, yadda yake aiki

A cikin injunan konewa na ciki, akwai hanyoyi guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da damar motsa motocin. Yana da rarraba gas da kuma crank. Bari mu mai da hankali kan manufar KShM da tsarinta.

Mene ne injin crank engine?

KShM na nufin saitin kayayyakin gyara waɗanda ke samar da raka'a ɗaya. A ciki, cakuda mai da iska a cikin wani gwargwado yana ƙonewa da sakin kuzari. Injin ya kunshi nau'uka biyu na sassan motsi:

• Yin motsi na layi - piston yana motsawa sama / ƙasa a cikin silinda;
• Yin motsi na juyawa - crankshaft da sassan da aka sanya akan sa.

Knullin da ke haɗa nau'ikan sassan biyu yana iya canza nau'in makamashi ɗaya zuwa wani. Lokacin da motar ke aiki kai tsaye, rarraba rundunoni yana fitowa daga injin konewa na ciki zuwa shasi. Wasu motocin suna ba da damar juya makamashi daga ƙafafun zuwa motar. Buƙatar wannan na iya tashi, misali, idan ba zai yuwu a fara injin daga batirin ba. Tsarin inji yana ba ka damar fara motar daga turawa.

Mecece hanyar samar da injin inji?

KShM yana motsa sauran hanyoyin, in ba tare da hakan ba zai yi wuya motar ta tafi ba. A cikin motocin lantarki, motar lantarki, godiya ga kuzarin da yake karɓa daga batirin, kai tsaye yana ƙirƙirar juyawa wanda ke zuwa shafin watsawa.

Rashin dacewar bangarorin lantarki shine suna da karamin ajiyar wutar lantarki. Kodayake manyan masana'antun kera motocin lantarki sun daga wannan sandar zuwa kilomita dari da dama, amma mafi yawan masu ababen hawa ba sa samun damar irin wadannan motocin saboda tsadarsu.

Mafita guda mafi arha, godiya ga abin da zai yiwu a yi tafiya mai nisa da sauri, ita ce motar da ke da injina na ciki. Yana amfani da makamashin fashewar (ko kuma faɗaɗa bayanta) don saitawa cikin motsi ƙungiyar ƙungiyar silinda-piston.

Dalilin KShM shine don tabbatar da juyawar dutsen daidai lokacin motsi na piston. Har yanzu ba a sami kyakkyawan juyawa ba, amma akwai gyare-gyare ga hanyoyin da ke rage girman jerks da ke faruwa sakamakon ɓacin rai na piston. Injin 12-silinda misali ne na wannan. Hangen hijirar kujerun da ke cikin su kadan ne, kuma ana rarraba aikin dukkan rukunin silinda akan mafi yawan tazara.

Ka'idar aiki na crank inji

Idan kun bayyana asalin aikin wannan inji, to ana iya kwatanta shi da aikin da ke faruwa yayin hawa keke. Mai keke yana ta dannawa akan tilas, yana tuka motar yana juyawa.

An ba da layin motsi na piston ta konewar BTC a cikin silinda. A yayin fashewar microex (HTS an matsa shi sosai a lokacin da ake amfani da walƙiya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka samar da kaifi mai ƙarfi), gas ɗin suna faɗaɗa, suna tura ɓangaren zuwa wuri mafi ƙasƙanci.

An haɗa sandar haɗawa zuwa wani maɓallin keɓaɓɓe a kan matashin ƙwanƙwasa. Inertia, kazalika da tsari iri ɗaya a cikin silinda masu kusa, yana tabbatar da cewa crankshaft yana juyawa. Fisen ɗin ba ya daskarewa a ƙarshen ƙananan maki da babba.

Ana haɗa crankshaft mai juyawa zuwa ƙwanƙolin kwalliyar kwalliya wanda aka haɗa yanayin haɓakar watsawa.

Bayan ƙarshen bugun jini na aikin bugun jini, don aiwatar da sauran bugun motar, an riga an saita fiston yana aiki saboda jujjuyawar shaftar aikin. Zai yiwu saboda aiwatar da bugun jini na aiki a cikin silinda masu kusa. Don rage yin jigilar abubuwa, mujallu masu ban mamaki suna da dangantaka da juna (akwai gyare-gyare tare da mujallu na cikin layi).

KShM na'urar

Tsarin crank ya haɗa da adadi mai yawa. A ka'ida, ana iya danganta su zuwa rukuni biyu: waɗanda suke yin motsi da waɗanda suka daidaita a wuri ɗaya koyaushe. Wasu suna yin nau'ikan motsi daban-daban (fassara ko juyawa), yayin da wasu kuma suke a matsayin sifa wacce ake tabbatar da tarin ƙarfin da ake buƙata ko tallafi ga waɗannan abubuwan.

Waɗannan su ne ayyukan da dukkan abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin crank suke yi.

Toshe akwati

Gilashin da aka ɗora daga ƙarfe mai ɗorewa (a cikin motocin kasafin kuɗi - baƙin ƙarfe, da kuma a cikin motoci masu tsada - aluminum ko wasu gami) Ana yin ramuka masu mahimmanci da tashoshi a ciki. Coolant da man injin suna kewaya ta tashoshi. Ramukan fasaha suna ba da mahimman abubuwa na motar haɗi zuwa tsari ɗaya.

Babban ramuka sune silinda kansu. Ana sanya Pistons a cikinsu. Hakanan, ƙirar toshe tana da goyan baya don ɗaukar nauyin tallafi na crankshaft. Tsarin rarraba gas yana cikin kan silinda.

Amfani da ƙarfen ƙarfe ko gami na aluminium ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan ɓangaren dole ne ya jure manyan kayan inji da na thermal.

A ƙasan matattarar akwai maɓuɓɓugar da mai ke tarawa bayan an shafawa dukkan abubuwan. Don hana matsi iskar gas da yawa daga ɗamara a cikin ramin, tsarin yana da bututun iska.

Akwai motoci da rami ko busassun rami. A yanayi na farko, ana tara man a cikin ramin kuma ya kasance a ciki. Wannan sinadarin tafki ne na tarin man shafawa da adana shi. A karo na biyu, man yana gudana a cikin ramin, amma famfon ɗin yana fitar da shi zuwa wani tanki daban. Wannan ƙirar zata hana cikakken asarar mai idan akwai matsala - kawai ƙaramin ɓangaren mai zai huce bayan injin ya mutu.

Cylinder

Silinda wani tsararren abu ne na motar. A zahiri, wannan rami ne mai tsananin yanayi (piston dole ne ya dace dashi sosai). Hakanan suna cikin ƙungiyar silinda-piston. Koyaya, a cikin tsarin crank, silinda suna aiki azaman jagorori. Suna ba da cikakken tabbacin motsi na piston.

Girman wannan nauyin ya dogara da halayen motar da girman piston. Bangunan dake saman tsarin suna fuskantar matsakaicin zafin da zai iya faruwa a injin. Hakanan, a cikin abin da ake kira ɗakin konewa (sama da sararin samaniya), faɗaɗa iskar gas na faruwa bayan ƙonewar VTS.

Don hana yawan wucewar bangon silinda a yanayin zafi mai zafi (a wasu lokuta yana iya haurawa sosai zuwa digiri 2) da matsin lamba, ana shafa musu mai. Fim ɗin siriri na mai tsakanin siffofin O-zobba da silinda don hana haɗuwa da ƙarfe-da ƙarfe. Don rage ƙarfin gogayya, ana amfani da farfajiyar cikin silinda tare da keɓaɓɓiyar mahadi kuma a goge shi da kyakkyawan matsayi (sabili da haka, ana kiran farfaƙin madubi)

Akwai silinda iri biyu:

• Nau'in bushe. Ana amfani da waɗannan silinda a cikin injuna. Suna daga cikin toshiyar kuma suna kama da ramuka da aka sanya a cikin shari'ar. Don sanyaya baƙin ƙarfe, ana yin tashoshi a wajan silinda don zagayawa na mai sanyaya (jaket ɗin injin konewa na ciki);
• Nau'in rigar. A wannan yanayin, za a sanya silinda daban-daban da hannayen riga waɗanda aka saka cikin ramuka na toshe. An liƙe su da tabbaci don kar a samar da ƙarin rawar jiki yayin aiki naúrar, saboda abin da sassan KShM za su kasa da sauri. Irin waɗannan layin suna cikin hulɗa da mai sanyaya daga waje. Irin wannan ƙirar motar ta fi saukin gyarawa (alal misali, idan aka ƙirƙira ƙwanƙwasa mai zurfi, ana canza hannun riga kawai, kuma ba a gundura ba kuma ramuka na toshewa ana niƙa yayin haɓakar motar).

A cikin injina-mai fasali irin na V, ba a daidaita silinda sau da yawa daidai gwargwado ga juna. Wannan saboda sandar haɗa ɗaya tana ba da silinda ɗaya, kuma tana da keɓaɓɓen wuri a kan crankshaft. Koyaya, akwai kuma gyare-gyare tare da sandunan haɗawa guda biyu akan ɗayan sandar haɗawa guda ɗaya.

Filin silinda

Wannan shine mafi girman ɓangaren ƙirar motar. A saman wannan sinadarin, an sanya kan silinda, kuma a tsakanin su akwai bututun gasket (me yasa ake buƙatarsa ​​da yadda ake tantance rashin aikin sa, karanta a cikin wani bita na daban).

Ana yin recesses a cikin silinda kai, wanda ya samar da rami na musamman. A ciki, ana cakuda cakudadden iska mai-iska (galibi ana kiranta ɗakin konewa). Gyare-gyare ga injin sanyaya na ruwa za a wadata shi da kai tare da tashoshi don yawo da ruwa.

Kwarangwal din injin

Duk wasu sassan KShM da aka gyara, wadanda aka hada su a tsari daya, ana kiransu kwarangwal. Wannan bangare yana hango babban nauyin wuta yayin aiki da sassan motsi na inji. Dogaro da yadda aka saka injin a cikin sashin injin, kwarangwal kuma yana ɗaukar lodi daga jiki ko firam. A yayin aiwatar da motsi, wannan bangare kuma yana karo da tasirin watsawa da katakon mashin din.

Don hana injin konewa na ciki motsawa yayin hanzari, taka birki ko motsawa, kwarangwal din yana da ƙarfi a haɗe da ɓangaren tallafawa na abin hawa. Don kawar da rawar jiki a mahaɗin, ana amfani da matatun injin da aka yi da roba. Yanayin su ya dogara da gyaran injin.

Lokacin da aka tuka inji a kan wata hanya mara daidaituwa, jiki yana fuskantar damuwa na torsional. Don hana motar ɗaukar waɗannan nauyin, yawanci ana haɗe shi a maki uku.

Duk sauran bangarorin inji suna motsi.

fistan

Yana daga cikin ƙungiyar piston KShM. Siffar piston kuma na iya bambanta, amma maɓallin mahimmanci shine cewa an yi su ne a cikin gilashi. Ana kiran saman piston kai kuma kasa ana kiranta siket.

Kan piston shine yanki mafi kauri, yayin da yake ɗaukar matsi na thermal da na inji lokacin da aka kunna wutar. Ofarshen wannan ɓangaren (ƙasa) na iya samun siffofi daban-daban - madaidaiciya, maƙarƙashiya ko gurɓatacce. Wannan ɓangaren yana ƙirƙirar girman ɗakin konewa. Sauye-sauye tare da damuwa na siffofi daban-daban galibi ana fuskantar su. Duk waɗannan nau'ikan sassan sun dogara da ƙirar ICE, ƙa'idar samar da mai, da dai sauransu.

Ana yin Grooves a gefen piston don shigar da O-ring. A ƙasa da waɗannan tsattsauran raƙuman akwai rago don magudanar mai daga ɓangaren. Siket din galibi yana da sifa mai fasali, kuma babban ɓangarensa jagora ne wanda ke hana shigar fiska a sakamakon faɗaɗawar yanayin zafi.

Don rama don ƙarfin inertia, ana yin piston ɗin da kayan haɗi mai haske. Godiya ga wannan, suna da nauyi. Ofasan ɓangaren, da bangon ɗakin konewa, suna fuskantar matsakaicin yanayin zafi. Koyaya, wannan ɓangaren ba a sanyaya shi ta hanyar zagayawa mai sanyaya a cikin jaket ɗin ba. Saboda wannan, maɓallin aluminum yana ƙarƙashin haɓaka mai ƙarfi.

Piston shine mai sanyaya mai don hana kamuwa. A cikin samfuran mota da yawa, ana samar da man shafawa ta yanayi - hazo mai yana sauka akan farfajiyar kuma yana komawa cikin ramin. Koyaya, akwai injina waɗanda ake samarda mai a cikin matsi, suna ba da ƙarancin zafin wuta daga farfajiyar mai zafi.

Fistin ringi

Zoben piston yana yin aikinsa ya danganta da wane ɓangare na kan piston ɗin da aka sanya a cikin:

• Matsawa - mafi girma. Suna ba da hatimi tsakanin silinda da ganuwar fiska. Manufar su ita ce hana gas daga sararin samaniyar fiska shiga cikin matattarar. Don sauƙaƙe shigarwar ɓangaren, an yi yanke a ciki;
• Mai shafa mai - tabbatar da cire mai mai yawa daga ganuwar silinda, kuma yana hana shigar maiko cikin sararin samaniya. Waɗannan zobba suna da rami na musamman don sauƙaƙa magudanar mai zuwa dutsen gwanon piston.

A diamita na zobba ne ko da yaushe ya fi girma fiye da diamita na Silinda. Saboda wannan, suna ba da hatimi a cikin ƙungiyar silinda-piston. Don haka gas ko mai ba zasu shiga ta makullin ba, an sanya zobban a wuraren su tare da ramuka masu daidaitaka da juna.

Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don yin zoben ya dogara da aikace-aikacen su. Don haka, abubuwan matsewa galibi ana yinsu ne da ƙarfen ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da mafi ƙarancin abun cikin ƙazamta, kuma ana yin abubuwan goge mai da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi.

Pin fiska

Wannan ɓangaren yana ba da damar haɗa fiston zuwa sandar haɗawa. Ya yi kama da bututun rami, wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kan fiska a cikin shugabannin kuma a lokaci guda ta ramin da ke cikin sandar haɗawa. Don hana yatsan motsi, an gyara shi tare da zobba masu riƙewa a ɓangarorin biyu.

Wannan gyaran yana ba da damar pin yayi juyawa da yardar kaina, wanda ke rage juriya ga motsi fistan. Wannan kuma yana hana samuwar aiki kawai a wurin da aka makala a cikin piston ko sandar haɗawa, wanda ke daɗaɗa tsawon rayuwar aikin ɓangaren.

Don hana lalacewa saboda ƙarfin gogayya, ɓangaren an yi shi da ƙarfe. Kuma don tsananin juriya ga matsin lamba na zafin jiki, da farko an taurare shi.

Haɗa sanda

Sandar haɗawa itace sanda ce mai kauri da haƙarƙari masu ƙarfi. A gefe guda, yana da kan piston (ramin da aka saka fiska a ciki), kuma a dayan, kan saƙa. Abu na biyu yana iya ruɓewa don a cire ko sanya ɓangaren a kan jaridar crankshaft crank. Yana da murfin da aka haɗe shi da kai tare da kusoshi, kuma don hana saurin lalacewar sassan, an saka abun saka tare da ramuka don shafawa a ciki.

Ana kiran bushing ƙananan kai mai haɗa sandar ɗaukar kaya. An yi shi da farantin karfe biyu tare da lanƙwasa juzu'i don gyarawa a cikin kai.

Don rage ƙarfin tashin hankali na ɓangaren cikin babba na sama, ana danna bushing na tagulla a ciki. Idan ya lalace, dukkan sandar haɗawar ba za ta buƙaci a sauya ta ba. Bushing yana da ramuka don samar da mai zuwa fil.

Akwai gyare-gyare da yawa na sandunan haɗi:

• Ana amfani da injunan mai da mafi yawan kayan aiki tare da sanduna masu haɗawa tare da mai haɗa kai a kusurwar dama zuwa ga sandar haɗawa;
• Injin injunan Diesel na ciki suna da sanduna masu haɗawa tare da maɓallin kai mara nauyi;
• V-injuna galibi an sanye su da sanduna masu haɗin tagwaye. Sanda na biyu na jeri na layin na biyu an gyara shi zuwa babban wanda yake da fil bisa ga ƙa'ida ɗaya da piston.

Crankshaft

Wannan sinadarin ya kunshi kwangiloli da yawa tare da tsari na daidaitaccen lamuran haɗin sandar da ke haɗe da ginshiƙan manyan mujallu. Tuni akwai nau'ikan crankshafts daban-daban da siffofinsu raba bita.

Dalilin wannan bangare shine sauya motsi daga fiska zuwa juyawa. An haɗa ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa zuwa kan sandar ƙaramar haɗawa. Akwai manyan gogewa a wurare biyu ko sama da haka a kan dusar ƙanƙara don hana faɗakarwar da ke tattare da juyawar sandunan da ba daidai ba.

Yawancin crankshafts an sanye su da kayan aiki don karɓar ƙarfin ƙarfin centrifugal a kan manyan biranen. Ana yin sashin ta hanyar yin simintin gyare-gyare ko juyawa daga wani fanko daya akan lathes.

Hanya tana haɗe zuwa yatsan ƙafafun ƙugu, wanda ke tafiyar da aikin rarraba gas da sauran kayan aiki, kamar famfo, janareta da tuƙin kwandishan. Akwai flange a kan shank. An haɗa ƙawannin tashi.

Tashi

Bangaren diski. Siffofin da nau'ikan rarrafe daban-daban kuma bambance-bambancen su suma an sadaukar dasu raba labarin... Wajibi ne don shawo kan matsawar matsewa a cikin silinda lokacin da fiston ke cikin bugun matsawa. Wannan saboda rashin ƙarfin jujjuyawar simintin ƙarfe ne.

An gyara bakin gear a ƙarshen sashin. Starter bendix gear an haɗa shi da shi a daidai lokacin da injin yake farawa. A gefen kishiyar flange, farfajiyar tashi tana cikin hulɗa da farantin kama na kwandon watsawa. Thearfin ƙarfin iyakantaka tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan yana tabbatar da watsa juzu'i zuwa ga mashigar gearbox.

Kamar yadda kake gani, hanyar crank din tana da hadadden tsari, saboda wannan dole ne kwararru su gudanar da aikin naúrar. Don tsawaita rayuwar injin, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye kiyaye motar yau da kullun.

Bugu da ƙari, kalli bitar bidiyo game da KShM:

Hanyar Crank (KShM). Kayan yau da kullun

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Wadanne sassa ne aka haɗa a cikin injin crank? Sassan da ke tsaye: toshe silinda, toshe shugaban, masu silinda, masu layi da manyan bearings. Motsi sassa: fistan tare da zobba, piston fil, connecting sanda, crankshaft da flywheel.

Menene sunan wannan sashin KShM? Wannan sigar crank ce. Yana jujjuya motsin pistons a cikin silinda zuwa motsi na jujjuyawar crankshaft.

Menene aikin ƙayyadaddun sassa na KShM? Waɗannan sassan suna da alhakin jagorantar sassa masu motsi daidai (misali, motsi na pistons a tsaye) da daidaita su don juyawa (misali, manyan bearings).