yawon shakatawa na sararin samaniya
An sanya wa mai ɗaukar jirgin na farko WK2 suna "Eva" bayan mahaifiyar Branson.
Ma'anar jirgin sama mai rahusa don jirgin saman ballistic ya kasance kusan shekaru talatin. Kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane daban-daban ne suka shiga cikin kera da kuma kera irin wannan jirgi, amma duk kokarin da aka yi ya kare a cikin fiasco. A mafi kyau, an halicci samfurori, kuma idan akwai gwajin gwaji na samfurin, to yawanci ya ƙare a tsawo na mita dari da yawa. Hakan ya canza sosai a cikin 2004, lokacin da Scaled Composites ya yi nasarar ɗaga ƙaramin jirginsa na roka, wanda aka sani da SpaceShipOne, zuwa sama da 100km. Koyaya, duk da kyakkyawan sakamako, jirgin fasinja na farko ya jira kusan shekaru ashirin.
Da farko, dole ne a fayyace cewa babu wani ma'anar zahiri na tsawon lokacin da sararin samaniya ya fara. Ba za a iya danganta shi da yanayin duniya ba, tunda alamunta suna nan ko da tazarar kilomita dubu goma daga saman doron duniya ne, yayin da mamayar duniyarmu ta kai kimanin kilomita miliyan daya da rabi, lokacin da karfin daga Rana ta ƙarshe ta ɗauka. A halin yanzu, tauraron dan adam na iya samun nasarar kewayawa a wani tsayin kusan kilomita 250 na tsawon watanni masu yawa, amma duk da haka yana da wahala a gare su su daina sifa "sarari".
Saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙasashe ko ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban na kalmar "taron sararin samaniya", wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da rikitarwa ko ma jayayya, ya kamata a ba da wasu sharuɗɗa game da wannan batu. FAI (International Aeronautical Federation) tana da ra'ayin cewa "Layin Karman" (a ka'idar da Theodor von Karman ya bayyana a tsakiyar karni na 100) shine iyaka tsakanin jiragen sama da sararin samaniya a tsayin kilomita 100 sama da matakin teku. Mahaliccinsa ya yanke shawarar cewa tare da irin wannan rufin, ƙarancin yanayi ya yi ƙasa sosai don kowane jirgin da ke amfani da ɗagawa a cikin jirgin ya ci gaba da tashi a kwance. Don haka, hukumar ta FAI ta raba zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya zuwa na ballistic da na orbital, inda na farko ya hada da duk wadanda tsayin dajin sama da kilomita 40 ya fi guntu kilomita 000.
Yana da mahimmanci cewa sakamakon wannan hanyar lissafin ya kamata ya kasance gazawar jirgin Yuri Gagarin a cikin kumbon Vostok a matsayin manufa ta orbital, tun da tsawon hanyar jirgin daga tashin zuwa saukowa ya kai kimanin kilomita 41, kuma daga cikinsu, ƙari. fiye da 000 kilomita 2000 ya kasance ƙasa da rufin da ake bukata. Duk da haka, an gane jirgin - kuma daidai - a matsayin orbital. Har ila yau, jiragen saman ballistic sun haɗa da jiragen sama na X-15 guda biyu da jiragen sama na SpaceShipOne FAI guda uku.
COSPAR (Kwamitin Binciken Sararin Samaniya) ya bayyana a matsayin tauraron dan adam na ɗan adam wani abu wanda ko dai ya yi sauyi aƙalla sau ɗaya a kewayen duniyar tamu, ko kuma ya tsaya daga yanayinsa na akalla mintuna 90. Wannan ma'anar ya fi matsala, tun da yake ba kawai ya kasa tantancewa ba, har ma da sabani, kewayon yanayi zuwa rufin 100 ko 120 km, amma kuma yana gabatar da rudani. Bayan haka, manufar "orbit" na iya nufin jirgin sama ko ma balloon (an riga an rubuta irin waɗannan lokuta), kuma ba tauraron dan adam ba. Haka kuma, Hukumar USAF (Sojan Sama na Amurka) da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun ba duk wani matukin jirgi da ya zarce tsayin mil 50, wato matsayin dan sama jannati. 80 m. Matuka da yawa na gwajin roka na X-467, da kuma matukan jirgi biyu na kumbon SpaceShipOne.
Akwai kuma wani ma'anar jirgin sama, wanda aka raba shi cikakke, misali, ta marubucin labarin. Muna magana ne game da lamarin lokacin da aka sanya abu a cikin kewayawa na dindindin, watau. ta yadda za a iya yin aƙalla juyin juya hali guda ɗaya a duniya ba tare da yin amfani da injina ko saman sararin samaniya ba. Idan saboda wasu dalilai (gwajin jirgin sama ko gazawar motar harbawa) abin ba a sanya tauraron dan adam ba, to muna iya magana game da jirgin sama na ballistic. Kamar yadda aka fayyace a sama, bai kamata a yi amfani da kalmar "tauraron sararin samaniya" don wadannan jirage masu tsayi ba. Don haka bai kamata a ce matukan jirgin da fasinjoji na SpaceShipTwo ba su yi iƙirarin cewa su 'yan sama jannati ne, amma tabbas ba haka suke ba.
Kwanan nan, kalmar mesonaut shima ya bayyana kuma yana ƙara shahara. Ya bayyana mutumin da zai kai tsayin kilomita 50 zuwa 80 a saman saman duniya, wato a cikin mesosphere, wanda ya kai kilomita 45-50 zuwa 85-90. Kamar yadda za mu gani daga baya, mesonauts za su ba da babbar gudummawa ga yawon shakatawa na sararin samaniya.
Virgin Galactic da SpaceShipTwo
A tsakiyar 2005, bayan nasarar Scaled Composites da tsarin sa na White Knight/SpaceShipOne, sadarwa da hamshakin tafiye-tafiye Richard Branson, tare da mashahurin maginin jirgin sama Burt Rutan, suka kafa Virgin Galactic, wanda ya zama jirgin sama na farko da aka tsara. Rundunar ta za ta kunshi SpaceShipTwos guda biyar masu iya daukar fasinjoji shida da matukan jirgi biyu a wani jirgin da ba za a manta ba.
Branson ya ƙididdige cewa a cikin ƴan shekaru ribar da kamfanin zai samu zai haura dala biliyan ɗaya. Tikitin irin wannan balaguron ya kamata ya kai kusan $300 (da farko yana kashe “kawai” $200), amma bayan lokaci, wannan farashin zai ragu zuwa kusan $25-30. DOllar Amurka. Jiragen za su tashi daga tashar sararin samaniyar Amurka dala miliyan 212 da aka gina don wannan dalili a New Mexico (titin jirgin da aka bude a watan Oktoba 22) su sauka a can.
Richard Branson bashi da nauyi.
Jirgin Ballistic ba zai kasance ga kowa ba. Za su buƙaci samun aƙalla matsakaicin lafiya, kamar yadda G-forces yayin tashin hankali da saukowa za su kasance a matakin g + 4-5. Saboda haka, ban da ainihin gwajin likita, dole ne a yi gwajin g + 6-8 a cikin centrifuge. A cikin kusan masu neman 400 da suka riga sun sayi tikitin jirgin na farko, kusan kashi 90% sun riga sun kammala shi cikin nasara. Tabbas, duka biyun da ake kira da White Knight Two (WK2), da kuma na SpaceShipTwo (SST) ba wai kawai ya fi girma ba, har ma da tsarinsu ya bambanta da na magabata.
WK2, ko Model 348, yana da tsayin mita 24, yana da tazarar mita 43 kuma yana da karfin cajin tan 17 a tsayin kilomita 18. An yi amfani da shi ta nau'i-nau'i biyu na Pratt da Whitney PW308A turbofan. An kera jirgin da aka haɗe a matsayin tagwaye a ma'anar kalmar. Ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen shine kwafin SST, don haka za a yi amfani da shi azaman wurin horo. Simulation zai rufe ba kawai kitsewa ba, har ma da rashin nauyi (har zuwa daƙiƙa da yawa). Za a ba da ginin na biyu ga fasinjojin da ke son ganin duniyarmu daga tsawo fiye da kilomita 20. Misalin farko na WK2 shine N348MS, kuma sunan shine VMS (Virgin Mothership) Eve, don girmama mahaifiyar Branson. Jirgin ya fara tashi ne a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2008, wanda Siebold da Nichols suka yi jigilarsu. Virgin Galactic ya ba da umarnin kwafi biyu na WK2, na biyu, bai riga ya shirya ba, wataƙila za a kira shi Ruhun VMS na Steve Fossett, bayan sanannen mai jirgin sama, jirgin sama da matafiyi.
