Liesegang zobe? m halittun yanayi

"Da'irar Iblis"

Da fatan za a duba ƴan hotuna da ke nuna rayayyun halittu da samfuran halitta marasa rai: mulkin mallaka na ƙwayoyin cuta a kan matsakaicin agar, ƙwayar cuta da ke tsiro akan 'ya'yan itace, fungi akan lawn birni da ma'adanai - agate, malachite, sandstone. Menene duk abubuwa suka haɗu? Wannan shine tsarin su, wanda ya ƙunshi (mafi yawa ko žasa da kyau) da'irori masu mahimmanci. Chemists suna kiran su Liesegang zobe.

Sunan waɗannan sifofin ya fito ne daga sunan mai binciken? Raphael Edouard Liesegang, ko da yake ba shi ne ya fara kwatanta su ba. Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge ne ya yi hakan a cikin 1855, wanda ke da hannu, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wajen aiwatar da halayen sinadarai akan takarda tace. Wani Bajamushe masanin ilmin sinadarai ne ya ƙirƙira? Hotunan da suka girma da kansu? () tabbas za a iya la'akari da zoben Liesegang na farko da aka samu, kuma hanyar shirye-shiryen su shine chromatography takarda. Duk da haka, ba a lura da binciken a duniyar kimiyya ba? Runge ya yi shi rabin karni kafin jadawalin (masanin ilimin kiwo na Rasha Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet, wanda ya yi aiki a Warsaw a farkon karni na XNUMX, sanannen mai kirkirar chromatography ne). To, ba wannan ne karon farko ba a tarihin kimiyya; domin ko da binciken dole ne "zo kan lokaci."

Raphael Eduard Liesegang (1869-1947)? Masanin sinadarai na Jamus kuma ɗan kasuwa a masana'antar daukar hoto. A matsayinsa na masanin kimiyya, ya yi nazarin sinadarai na colloid da kayan daukar hoto. Ya shahara wajen gano tsarin da aka sani da zoben Liesegang.

R. E. Liesegang ya sami shaharar mai binciken, wanda ya taimaka ta hanyar haɗuwa da yanayi (kuma ba a karon farko a tarihin kimiyya ba?). A cikin 1896, ya jefar da kristal na azurfa nitrate AgNO.₃ a kan farantin gilashi mai rufi tare da bayani na potassium dichromate (VI) K₂Cr₂O₇ a gelatin (Liesegang ya sha'awar daukar hoto, kuma dichromates har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin abin da ake kira daraja dabaru na gargajiya daukar hoto, misali, a cikin dabara na roba da bromine). Matsakaicin da'irori na launin ruwan kasa na azurfa(VI)Ag chromate da aka kafa a kusa da lu'ulu'u na lapis lazuli.₂K.R.₄ sha'awar masanin kimiyar Jamusanci. Masanin kimiyyar ya fara bincike mai zurfi game da abin da aka lura da shi kuma saboda haka an sanya wa zoben suna sunan sa.

Halin da Liesegang ya lura ya yi daidai da lissafin (an rubuta shi a takaice na ionic form):

A cikin maganin dichromate (ko chromate), an kafa ma'auni tsakanin anions

, dangane da yanayin yanayin. Domin azurfa (VI) chromate ba shi da narkewa fiye da azurfa (VI) dichromate, yana haɓakawa.

Ya yi ƙoƙari na farko don bayyana abin da aka gani. Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 1909 a Chemistry. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar jiki na Jamus ya bayyana cewa hazo yana buƙatar wuce gona da iri na maganin don samar da ƙwayoyin crystallization. A daya hannun, samuwar zobba yana hade da al'amarin na yaduwa na ions a cikin wani matsakaici cewa hana su motsi (gelatin). Ginin sinadarai daga ruwan ruwa yana shiga cikin zurfin gelatin Layer. Ana amfani da ions na reagent "tarko" don samar da hazo. a cikin gelatin, wanda ke haifar da raguwar wuraren nan da nan kusa da laka (ions suna yaduwa a cikin hanyar rage taro).

Liesegang zobe a cikin vitro

Saboda rashin yiwuwar daidaita saurin daidaituwar ma'auni ta hanyar convection (haɗuwa da mafita), shin reagent daga Layer na ruwa ya yi karo da wani yanki tare da isasshen babban taro na ions da ke cikin gelatin, kawai a wani ɗan nesa daga rigar da aka kafa? ana maimaita lamarin lokaci-lokaci. Saboda haka, Liesegang zobba suna samuwa a sakamakon hazo dauki a karkashin yanayi na wuya hadawa na reagents. Shin za ku iya bayyana tsarin tsarin wasu ma'adanai ta irin wannan hanya? Yaduwa na ions yana faruwa a cikin matsakaicin matsakaici na narkakkar magma.

Duniyar rayuwa ta zobe kuma sakamakon ƙarancin albarkatu ne. Da'irar shaidan? hada da namomin kaza (daga zamanin da an dauke shi alamar aikin "mugayen ruhohi"), ya taso a hanya mai sauƙi. Mycelium yana girma a duk kwatance (a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, jikin 'ya'yan itace ne kawai ake iya gani akan saman). Bayan wani lokaci, ƙasa ta zama haifuwa a tsakiya? Mycelium ya mutu, ya rage kawai a kan gefen, yana samar da tsari mai siffar zobe. Yin amfani da albarkatun abinci a wasu yankunan muhalli kuma na iya bayyana tsarin zobe na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Gwaje-gwaje tare da Liesegang zobe ana iya aiwatar da su a gida (an kwatanta misalin gwaji a cikin labarin; Bugu da ƙari, a cikin fitowar Młodego Technika mai kwanan wata 8/2006, Stefan Sienkowski ya gabatar da gwajin farko na Liesegang). Duk da haka, yana da daraja biyan hankalin masu gwaji zuwa maki da yawa. Theoretically, Liesegang zobba za a iya kafa a cikin wani hazo dauki (mafi yawansu ba a bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen, don haka za mu iya zama majagaba!), Amma ba dukan su kai ga da ake so sakamako da kuma kusan duk yiwu haduwa da reagents a cikin gelatin. maganin ruwa mai ruwa (wanda marubucin ya ba da shawara, kwarewa zai yi kyau).

m a kan 'ya'yan itace

Ka tuna cewa gelatin furotin ne kuma wasu reagents sun rushe (sannan ba a samar da gel Layer ba). Ya kamata a sami ƙarin ƙararrakin zobe ta amfani da bututun gwaji a matsayin ƙanƙanta (ana iya amfani da bututun gilashin da aka rufe). Hakuri yana da mahimmanci, duk da haka, kamar yadda wasu gwaje-gwajen suna cin lokaci sosai (amma yana da daraja jira; zoben da aka tsara da kyau suna da sauƙi? Kyawawan!).

Ko da yake al'amarin na kerawa Liesegang zobe na iya zama mana kawai wani sha'awar sinadarai (ba su ambace shi a makarantu), ya yadu sosai a yanayi. Shin abin da ya faru da aka ambata a cikin labarin misali ne na wani abu mai faɗi da yawa? halayen oscillatory na sinadarai a lokacin da canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci a cikin taro na substrate ke faruwa. Liesegang zobe su ne sakamakon wadannan sauyin yanayi a sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, abubuwan sha'awa sune halayen da ke nuna sauye-sauye a cikin ƙididdiga yayin aiwatarwa, alal misali, canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci a cikin ƙididdigar glycolysis reagents, mai yuwuwa, yana ƙarƙashin agogon nazarin halittu na rayayyun halittu.

Duba gwaninta:

Chemistry akan yanar gizo

?Abys? Intanit ya ƙunshi shafuka da yawa waɗanda ƙila su kasance masu sha'awar masanin ilmin sinadarai. Koyaya, matsala mai girma ita ce yawaitar bayanan da aka buga, wani lokacin kuma na inganci. Ba? za a nakalto a nan m tsinkaya Stanislav Lem, wanda fiye da 40 shekaru da suka wuce a cikin littafinsa ?? ya yi shelar cewa faɗaɗa albarkatun bayanai lokaci guda yana iyakance samuwarsu.

Saboda haka, a cikin kusurwar ilmin sunadarai akwai wani sashe wanda za a buga adireshi da bayanin shafukan "sinadaran" mafi ban sha'awa. Mai alaka da labarin yau? adiresoshin da ke kaiwa ga rukunin yanar gizon da ke kwatanta zoben Liesegang.

Asalin aikin FF Runge a cikin nau'i na dijital (fayil ɗin PDF da kansa yana samuwa don saukewa a taƙaitaccen adireshin: http://tinyurl.com/38of2mv):

http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2007/3756/.

Yanar Gizo mai adireshi http://www.insilico.hu/liesegang/index.html Shin ainihin ma'anar ilimi ne game da zoben Liesegang? tarihin ganowa, ka'idodin ilimi da hotuna da yawa.

Kuma a ƙarshe, wani abu na musamman? fim din yana nuna samuwar zoben hazo Ag₂K.R.₄, aikin ɗalibin Poland, abokin karatun MT. Tabbas, an buga akan YouTube:

Hakanan yana da daraja amfani da injin bincike (musamman na hoto) ta hanyar shigar da kalmomin da suka dace a ciki: "Zoben Liesegang", "Liesegang bands" ko kuma kawai "Liesegang zobba".

A cikin maganin dichromate (ko chromate), an kafa ma'auni tsakanin anions

kuma, dangane da yanayin yanayin. Domin azurfa (VI) chromate ba shi da narkewa fiye da azurfa (VI) dichromate, yana haɓakawa.

Ƙoƙari na farko na bayyana abin da aka lura shi ne Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a Chemistry a 1909. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar jiki na Jamus ya bayyana cewa hazo yana buƙatar wuce gona da iri na maganin don samar da ƙwayoyin crystallization. A daya hannun, samuwar zobba yana hade da al'amarin na yaduwa na ions a cikin wani matsakaici cewa hana su motsi (gelatin). Ginin sinadarai daga ruwan ruwa yana shiga cikin zurfin gelatin Layer. Ana amfani da ions na reagent "tarko" don samar da hazo. a cikin gelatin, wanda ke haifar da raguwar wuraren nan da nan kusa da laka (ions suna yaduwa a cikin hanyar rage taro). Saboda rashin yiwuwar daidaita daidaituwa da sauri ta hanyar convection (haɗuwa da mafita), shin reagent daga Layer na ruwa ya yi karo da wani yanki tare da isasshen babban taro na ions da ke cikin gelatin, kawai a nesa daga Layer da aka riga aka kafa? ana maimaita lamarin lokaci-lokaci. Don haka, zoben Liesegang suna samuwa ne sakamakon yanayin hazo da aka yi a ƙarƙashin yanayin wahalar haɗawar reagents. Shin za ku iya yin bayanin samuwar tsarin da aka yi na wasu ma'adanai ta irin wannan hanya? Yaduwa na ions yana faruwa a cikin matsakaicin matsakaici na narkakkar magma.

Duniyar rayuwa ta zobe kuma sakamakon ƙarancin albarkatu ne. Da'irar shaidan? hada da namomin kaza (daga zamanin da an dauke shi alamar aikin "mugayen ruhohi"), ya taso a hanya mai sauƙi. Mycelium yana girma a duk kwatance (a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, jikin 'ya'yan itace ne kawai ake iya gani akan saman). Bayan wani lokaci, ƙasa ta zama haifuwa a tsakiya? Mycelium ya mutu, ya rage kawai a kan gefen, yana samar da tsari mai siffar zobe. Yin amfani da albarkatun abinci a wasu yankunan muhalli kuma na iya bayyana tsarin zobe na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Za a iya yin gwaje-gwaje tare da zoben Liesegang a gida (an kwatanta misalin gwaji a cikin labarin; Bugu da ƙari, a cikin fitowar Młodego Technika mai kwanan wata 8/2006, Stefan Sienkowski ya gabatar da ainihin gwajin Liesegang). Duk da haka, yana da daraja biyan hankalin masu gwaji zuwa maki da yawa. Theoretically, Liesegang zobba za a iya kafa a cikin wani hazo dauki (mafi yawansu ba a bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen, don haka za mu iya zama majagaba!), Amma ba dukan su kai ga da ake so sakamako da kuma kusan duk yiwu haduwa da reagents a cikin gelatin. maganin ruwa mai ruwa (wanda marubucin ya ba da shawara, kwarewa zai yi kyau). Ka tuna cewa gelatin furotin ne kuma wasu reagents sun rushe (sannan ba a samar da gel Layer ba). Ya kamata a sami ƙarin ƙararrakin zobe ta amfani da bututun gwaji a matsayin ƙanƙanta (ana iya amfani da bututun gilashin da aka rufe). Hakuri yana da mahimmanci, duk da haka, kamar yadda wasu gwaje-gwajen suna cin lokaci sosai (amma yana da daraja jira; zoben da aka tsara da kyau suna da sauƙi? Kyawawan!).

Kodayake samuwar zoben Liesegang na iya zama kamar sha'awar sinadarai (ba a ambata shi a makarantu ba), ya yadu sosai a yanayi. Shin abin da ya faru da aka ambata a cikin labarin misali ne na wani abu mai faɗi da yawa? halayen oscillatory na sinadarai a lokacin da canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci a cikin taro na substrate ke faruwa. Zoben Liesegang shine sakamakon waɗannan jujjuyawar sararin samaniya. Abin sha'awa kuma shine halayen da ke nuna jujjuyawar ƙima yayin aiwatarwa, alal misali, canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci a cikin adadin glycolysis reagents, mai yuwuwa, yana ƙarƙashin agogon nazarin halittu na rayayyun halittu.

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