Yadda aka ci Red Planet da abin da muka gudanar don koyo game da shi. Harkokin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanyar Martian na karuwa

Mars ta dauki hankulan mutane tun lokacin da muka fara ganinsa a matsayin wani abu a sararin sama, wanda da farko ya zama kamar tauraro, kuma tauraro mai kyau, saboda ja ne. A cikin karni na 1st, telescopes ya kawo kallonmu kusa da shi a karo na farko zuwa samansa, cike da alamu masu ban sha'awa da siffofi (XNUMX). Masana kimiyya da farko sun danganta hakan da wayewarwar Marsha.

1. Taswirar saman duniyar Mars a karni na XNUMX.

Yanzu mun san cewa babu tashoshi ko wani tsarin wucin gadi akan duniyar Mars. Duk da haka, kwanan nan an ba da shawarar cewa shekaru biliyan 3,5 da suka wuce wannan yanzu ya bushe, duniya mai guba zai iya zama wurin zama kamar Duniya (2).

tafiya ita ce duniya ta hudu daga Rana, bayan Duniya. Ya fi rabin Duniya kaɗankuma yawansa ya kai kashi 38 kawai. na duniya. Yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa don yin cikakken juyin juya hali a kusa da Rana fiye da duniya, amma yana jujjuyawa a kusa da kusurwoyinsa a kusan irin gudu. Shi ya sa Shekara guda a duniyar Mars ita ce ranakun duniya 687.kuma kwana a duniyar Mars ya fi minti 40 kacal fiye da na duniya.

Duk da ƙananan girmansa, yankin ƙasar duniyar yana kusan daidai da yankin nahiyoyi na duniya, wanda ke nufin, aƙalla a ka'ida. Abin takaici, duniyar a halin yanzu tana kewaye da wani siraren yanayi wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa na carbon dioxide kuma ba zai iya tallafawa rayuwa a duniya ba.

Methane ma yana fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin yanayin wannan busasshiyar duniya, kuma ƙasa tana ɗauke da sinadarai masu guba ga rayuwa kamar yadda muka sani. Ko da yake akwai ruwa akan mars, yana makale a cikin ƙullun kankara na duniya kuma yana ɓoye, watakila da yawa, a ƙarƙashin duniyar Mars.

2. Hasashen ra'ayi na duniyar Mars biliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce

A yau, yayin da masana kimiyya ke bincike surface na mars (3), suna ganin gine-ginen da babu shakka aikin ruwa mai dadewa ne—rafuffuka, kwaruruka, kwaruruka, da ramuka. Abubuwan da aka lura sun nuna cewa duniya za ta iya samun daya babban teku mai rufe yankin arewa.

Wani wuri shimfidar wuri na bears burbushin tsohowar shawa, tafkunan ruwa, koguna da ke ratsa gadajen kogi a kasa. Wataƙila, duniyar ta kuma lulluɓe cikin yanayi mai yawa, wanda ya ba da damar ruwa ya kasance cikin yanayin ruwa a yanayin zafi da matsi. Wani lokaci a baya, duniyar yanzu ya kamata ta sami sauyi mai ban mamaki, kuma duniyar da wataƙila ta kasance kamar ƙasa ta zama busasshiyar ƙasa wadda muke bincika a yau. Masana kimiyya suna mamakin abin da ya faru? Ina waɗannan rafukan suka tafi kuma menene ya faru da yanayin Martian?

A yanzu. Wataƙila wannan zai canza a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa. NASA na fatan mutanen farko za su sauka a duniyar Mars a cikin 30s. Mun yi magana game da irin wannan jadawalin kusan shekaru goma. Sinawa suna hasashe game da tsare-tsare iri ɗaya, amma kaɗan musamman. Kafin mu fara waɗannan shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa, bari mu yi ƙoƙarin yin lissafin rabin karni na binciken ɗan adam a duniyar Mars.

Fiye da rabin aikin ya gaza

Aika Jirgin Sama zuwa Mars mai wahala, kuma saukowa a duniyar nan ya fi wuya. Yanayin Martian da ba kasafai ba ya sa samun zuwa saman babban kalubale. Kimanin kashi 60 cikin dari. Ƙoƙarin saukowa a tsawon shekarun da suka gabata na tarihin binciken duniya bai yi nasara ba.

Ya zuwa yanzu, hukumomin binciken sararin samaniya guda shida sun yi nasarar isa duniyar Mars - NASA, Roscosmos na Rasha da Soviet magabatan, Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA), Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Indiya (ISRO), Hukumar Sinawa, wacce ba wai kawai ta dauki nauyin sararin samaniya ba, har ma da magabatan. cikin nasara ya sauka tare da harba rover din, inda ya binciko saman tekun Zhurong, daga karshe kuma, hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tare da binciken "Amal" ("Hope").

Tun daga shekarun 60, an aika da tarin jiragen sama zuwa duniyar Mars. Na farko yawan bincike akan mars harin da USSR. Manufar ta haɗa da izinin farko na niyya da saukowa mai wuya (tasiri) (Mars, 1962).

Tafiya mai nasara ta farko a kusa da duniyar Mars ya faru ne a cikin Yuli 1965 ta hanyar amfani da binciken Mariner 4 na NASA. Maris 2 i Maris 3 duk da haka, a cikin 1971, na farko tare da rover a cikin jirgin ya fadi, kuma ya tuntube shi Maris 3 ya karye da zarar ya isa saman.

NASA ta ƙaddamar a cikin 1975, binciken Viking ya ƙunshi biyu orbiters, kowanne yana da ledar da ya yi nasarar yin saukowa mai laushi a cikin 1976. Har ila yau, sun gudanar da gwaje-gwajen nazarin halittu a kan ƙasan Martian don neman alamun rayuwa, amma sakamakon bai cika ba.

NASA ta cigaba Shirin Mariner tare da wani biyu na Mariner 6 da 7 bincike. An sanya su a cikin taga loading na gaba kuma sun isa duniya a cikin 1969. A lokacin taga lodi na gaba, Mariner ya sake samun asarar daya daga cikin nau'ikan bincikensa.

Mariner 9 yayi nasarar shiga sararin samaniyar duniyar Mars a matsayin jirgin farko a tarihi. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ya gano cewa guguwar kura tana ta afkuwa a duk duniya. Hotunan nasa su ne na farko da ya ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai da ke nuna cewa ruwa mai ruwa zai taɓa wanzuwa a saman duniya. A bisa wadannan binciken, an kuma gano cewa yankin mai suna Babu wani abu na Olympic shine dutse mafi girma (mafi daidai, dutsen mai aman wuta), wanda ya haifar da sake fasalinsa a matsayin Olympus Mons.

Akwai sauran gazawa da yawa. Alal misali, an aika da binciken Phobos 1 da Phobos 2 zuwa duniyar Mars a 1988 don nazarin duniyar Mars da wata biyu, tare da mai da hankali na musamman kan Phobos. Phobos 1 batan lamba akan hanyar zuwa Mars. Phobos 2ko da yake ya yi nasarar daukar hoton Mars da Phobos, ya fado kafin masu saukar jiragen biyu su afka saman Phobos.

Haka kuma ba a yi nasara ba Ofishin mai duba Mars Observer na Amurka a shekarar 1993. Ba da jimawa ba, a cikin 1997, wani binciken da NASA ta lura, mai binciken duniyar Mars, ya ba da rahoton shiga sararin samaniyar Mars. Wannan manufa ta kasance cikakkiyar nasara, kuma a shekara ta 2001 an tsara taswirar duniya gaba ɗaya.

4. Gina-girma na rayuwa na Baƙo, Ruhi, Dama da Ƙwarewa tare da haɗin gwiwar injiniyoyin NASA.

1997 kuma ya ga babban ci gaba a cikin hanyar samun nasarar saukowa a cikin yankin Ares Valley da binciken sararin sama ta amfani da Lazika NASA baƙo a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Mars Pathfinder. Baya ga dalilai na kimiyya, Ofishin Jakadancin Mars Pathfinder Hakanan ya zama hujja na ra'ayi don mafita daban-daban, kamar tsarin saukar da jakar iska da guje wa cikas ta atomatik, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ayyukan rover na gaba (4). Duk da haka, kafin su isa, an sake samun wani tashin hankali na gazawar Martian a cikin 1998 da 1999, jim kadan bayan nasarar Global Surveyor da Pathfinder.

Abin takaici ne Jafananci Nozomi orbiter manufada kuma NASA orbiters Mars Climate Orbiter, Mars Polar Lander i masu shiga Zurfin sarari 2tare da gazawa iri-iri.

Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai ta Mars Express manufa (ESA) ya isa Mars a 2003. A cikin jirgin akwai mai saukar ungulu na Beagle 2, wanda ya bata a lokacin yunkurin saukarsa kuma ya bata a watan Fabrairun 2004. Beagle 2 An gano shi a cikin Janairu 2015 ta kyamarar HiRise akan NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Sai ya zama ya sauka lafiya, amma ya kasa cika amfani da hasken rana da eriya. Orbital Mars Express duk da haka, ya yi bincike mai mahimmanci. A shekara ta 2004, ya gano methane a cikin yanayin duniyar duniyar kuma ya lura da shi bayan shekaru biyu. Taurari na iyakacin duniya.

A cikin Janairu 2004, an sanya sunayen rovers biyu na NASA Ruhun Serbia (MER-A) I Dama (MER-B) ya sauka a saman duniyar Mars. Dukansu sun zarce kimar ginshiƙi na Martian. Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin sakamakon kimiyya na wannan shirin, akwai ƙwaƙƙarfan shaida cewa ruwa mai ruwa ya wanzu a wuraren saukowa biyu a baya. Rover Spirit (MER-A) ya kasance yana aiki har zuwa 2010 lokacin da ya daina aika bayanai saboda ya makale a cikin dune kuma ya kasa sake daidaita kansa don yin cajin batir ɗinsa.

Sai Phoenix ya sauka a Arewacin Pole na Mars a watan Mayu 2008 kuma an tabbatar da cewa yana da kankara na ruwa. Shekaru uku bayan haka, an kaddamar da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar Mars a cikin jirgin mai suna Curiosity rover, wanda ya isa saman duniyar Mars a watan Agustan 2012. Mun rubuta game da mafi mahimmancin sakamakon kimiyya na aikinsa a cikin wani labarin wannan fitowar ta MT.

Wani yunƙurin sauka a duniyar Mars da ESA na Turai da Roscosmos na Rasha suka yi Lendaunik Shiaparelliwanda ya katse daga ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Aikin ya isa duniyar Mars a cikin 2016. Duk da haka, Schiaparelli, yayin da yake saukowa, da wuri ya buɗe parachute ɗinsa ya fado a saman. Koyaya, ya ba da mahimman bayanai yayin saukar parachute, don haka an ɗauki gwajin a matsayin babban nasara.

Bayan shekaru biyu, wani bincike ya sauka a duniyar, wannan lokacin yana tsaye. Insightwanda ya gudanar da binciken cewa ƙayyade diamita na ainihin duniyar Mars. Ma'aunin InSight ya nuna cewa diamita na tsakiyar duniyar Mars yana tsakanin kilomita 1810 zuwa 1850. Wannan shi ne kusan rabin diamita na tushen duniya, wanda ya kai kusan kilomita 3483. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, fiye da wasu ƙididdiga sun nuna, ma'ana cewa ma'anar Martian ba ta da yawa fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya.

Binciken InSight bai yi nasara ba ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin ƙasan Martian. Tuni a cikin Janairu, an yi watsi da amfani da "mole" na Poland-Jamus, watau. Thermal bincike, wanda ya kamata ya zurfafa cikin ƙasa don auna magudanar makamashin thermal. Mole ya ci karo da gogayya da yawa kuma bai nutse cikin ƙasa sosai ba. Binciken kuma yana saurare seismic taguwar ruwa daga cikin duniya. Abin takaici, aikin InSight bazai sami isasshen lokaci don yin ƙarin bincike ba. Kurar tana taruwa akan na'urar hasken rana, wanda ke nufin cewa InSight yana samun ƙarancin wuta.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan motsi a cikin kewayar duniyar duniyar kuma ya karu da tsari. Mallakar NASA Marsh Odyssey Ya shiga duniyar Mars a 2001. Manufarsa ita ce ta yi amfani da na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto don bincika abubuwan da suka gabata ko na yanzu na ruwa da ayyukan volcanic a duniyar Mars.

A cikin 2006, binciken NASA ya isa sararin samaniya. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), wanda zai gudanar da binciken kimiyya na shekaru biyu. Mai kewayawa ya fara taswirar yanayin yanayin Marrian don nemo wuraren sauka masu dacewa don ayyukan tudu masu zuwa. MRO ya ɗauki hoton farko na jerin ɗumbin ruwa a kusa da sandar arewacin duniya a cikin 2008. Mai kewayawa na MAVEN ya isa kewayawa ta Red Planet a cikin 2014. Makasudin aikin shine don tantance yadda yanayin duniya da ruwa suka yi asarar a wannan lokacin. na shekara.

Kusan lokaci guda, bincikensa na farko na Martian orbital, Mars Orbit Mission (MAMA), kuma ake kira Mangalyaan, ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Indiya (ISRO). Ya shiga cikin orbit a watan Satumba 2014. Hukumar ISRO ta Indiya ta zama hukumar kula da sararin samaniya ta hudu da ta isa duniyar Mars, bayan shirin sararin samaniyar Tarayyar Soviet, NASA da ESA.

5. Motar Zhuzhong ta kasar Sin

Wata kasa a kulob din Martian ita ce Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Nasu ne Orbital apparatu Amal ya shiga ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2021. Bayan kwana guda, binciken na kasar Sin ya yi haka. Tianwen-1, ɗauke da Zhurong lander da rover (240), mai nauyin kilogiram 5, wanda ya yi nasarar sauka mai laushi a watan Mayun 2021.

Wani mai binciken sararin samaniya na kasar Sin ya shiga kumbon kumbon Amurka guda uku a halin yanzu yana aiki kuma yana aiki a saman duniyar. Lazikov Curiosity i Dagewawanda kuma ya sauka cikin nasara a wannan watan Fabrairu, da Insight. Kuma idan kun ƙidaya Hazaka mai tashi mara matuki An fitar da aikin na karshe na Amurka, daban, wato, injinan mutane dake aiki a saman duniyar Mars a halin yanzu guda biyar.

Ana kuma bincika duniyar ta masu kewayawa takwas: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, MAVEN, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (6), Tianwen-1 orbiter da Amal. Ya zuwa yanzu, ba a aika da samfurin ko guda daga duniyar Mars ba, kuma hanyar saukar da duniyar wata na Phobos (Phobos-Grunt) yayin tashin jirgin a shekarar 2011 bai yi nasara ba.

Hoto 6. Hotunan saman duniyar Mars daga kayan aikin CaSSIS na Exo Mars orbiter.

Duk wannan bincike na Martian "kayan aikin" ya ci gaba da samar da sababbin bayanai masu ban sha'awa game da wannan batu. Jar Duniya. Kwanan nan, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ya gano hydrogen chloride a cikin yanayin Martian. Ana buga sakamakon a cikin mujallar Kimiyya Ci gaban. “Ana buƙatar tururi don sakin chlorine, kuma ana buƙatar hydrogen ta hanyar samar da ruwa don samar da hydrogen chloride. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sinadarai shine ruwa, "in ji shi. Kevin Olsen daga Jami'ar Oxford, a cikin sanarwar manema labarai. A cewar masana kimiyya, wanzuwar tururin ruwa yana goyon bayan ka'idar cewa Mars na asarar ruwa mai yawa akan lokaci.

Mallakar NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shi ma kwanan nan ya lura da wani bakon abu a saman duniyar Mars. Yana dubawa tare da izinin shiga. HiRise kamara rami mai zurfi (7), wanda yayi kama da tabo mai duhu baƙar fata mai tsayin kusan mita 180. Ci gaba da bincike ya zama abin mamaki. Sai ya juya cewa sako-sako da yashi yana kwance a kasan kogon, kuma ya faɗi a hanya guda. Masana kimiyya yanzu suna ƙoƙarin tantancewa za a iya haɗa ramin mai zurfi zuwa hanyar sadarwa na ramukan ƙasa da aka bari ta lava mai gudu.

Masana kimiyya sun dade suna zargin cewa za a iya barin tsaunukan da suka mutu a baya manyan kogon lava tubes a duniyar Mars. Waɗannan tsarin na iya zama wuri mai ban sha'awa don tura sansanonin Martian nan gaba.

Menene ke jiran Red Planet a nan gaba?

A cikin tsarin shirin ExoMars, ESA da Roscosmos sun yi shirin aika Rosalind Franklin rover a cikin 2022 don nemo shaidar wanzuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a duniyar Mars, da ko yanzu. Ana kiran filin jirgin da ya kamata rover ya kawo Cossack. Tagan iri daya a 2022 Mars kewayawa EscaPADE (Masu gujewa da Plasma Acceleration da Dynamics Researchers) na Jami'ar California a Berkeley za su tashi tare da kumbon sama jannati biyu a cikin manufa daya da nufin nazarin tsarin, abun da ke ciki, volatility i dynamics na magnetosphere na Mars Oraz hanyoyin fita.

Hukumar ISRO ta Indiya na shirin bin diddigin ayyukan ta a shekarar 2024 da wata manufa mai suna Aikin Mars Orbiter 2 (MOM-2). Mai yiyuwa ne ban da mai kewayawa, Indiya kuma za ta so aike da rover zuwa kasa da binciken duniyar.

Ƙananan takamaiman shawarwarin tafiya sun haɗa da ra'ayin Finnish-Rasha Maris MetNetwanda ya ƙunshi amfani da ƙananan tashoshi na yanayi da yawa a duniyar Mars don ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa mai yawa na lura don nazarin tsarin yanayin duniya, kimiyyar lissafi da yanayin yanayi.

Mars-Grunt wannan, bi da bi, shine ra'ayin Rasha game da manufa da aka yi niyya isar da samfurin ƙasar Mars zuwa Duniya. Tawagar ESA-NASA ta ɓullo da manufar tashin Mars guda uku da dawo da gine-ginen da ke amfani da rover don adana ƙananan samfurori, matakin hawan Mars don aika su cikin kewayawa, da kuma mai kewayawa don sadarwa da su ta iska. Mars da mayar da su Duniya.

Wutar lantarki ta hasken rana na iya ba da damar tashi ɗaya don dawo da samfurori maimakon uku. Hukumar Japan ta JAXA kuma tana aiki kan manufar manufa mai suna MELOS rover. nemi biosignatures rayuwa data kasance akan Mars.

Tabbas akwai ƙari ayyukan manufa. An kafa binciken binciken sararin samaniyar Amurka a matsayin dogon buri a hangen nesa na binciken sararin samaniya da shugaban Amurka na lokacin George W. Bush ya sanar a shekara ta 2004.

Satumba 28, 2007 Manajan NASA Michael D. Griffin Ya ce NASA na da niyyar tura mutum zuwa duniyar Mars nan da shekarar 2037. A cikin Oktoba 2015, NASA ta fitar da shirin a hukumance na binciken ɗan adam da mulkin mallaka na Mars. An kira shi Tafiya zuwa Mars kuma MT yayi cikakken bayani a lokacin. Watakila ba shi da mahimmanci, tunda ya tanadi yin amfani da tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya a sararin samaniya, kuma ba wata ba, da tashar wata a matsayin matsakaicin mataki. A yau akwai ƙarin magana game da komawa duniyar wata a matsayin hanyar zuwa duniyar Mars.

Shima ya bayyana akan hanya Elon Musk da nasa SpaceX tare da burinsa kuma wani lokacin yana ɗaukar tsare-tsare marasa gaskiya don ayyukan al'ada zuwa Mars don mulkin mallaka. A cikin 2017, SpaceX ta ba da sanarwar tsare-tsare har zuwa 2022, sannan kuma wasu jirage biyu marasa matuki da jirage biyu na mutane a 2024. Starship dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙarfin lodi na akalla tan 100. An yi nasarar gwada samfuran taurari da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin haɓaka Starship, gami da saukowa mai cikakken nasara.

Mars ita ce mafi yawan nazari kuma sanannen jikin sararin samaniya bayan ko daidai da Wata. Tsare-tsare masu ban sha'awa, har zuwa mulkin mallaka, abu ne mai ban sha'awa a halin yanzu. Abin da ya tabbata, duk da haka, shine motsi baya da baya saman duniyar ja zai girma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.