Kwakwalwar wucin gadi: sihirta tunani a cikin na'ura
Ilimin wucin gadi ba dole ba ne ya zama kwafin basirar ɗan adam, don haka aikin ƙirƙirar kwakwalwar wucin gadi, kwafin fasaha na ɗan adam, wani yanki ne na bincike daban-daban. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a wani mataki na ci gaba wannan aikin zai iya saduwa da ci gaban AI. Bari wannan ya zama taro mai nasara.
An kaddamar da aikin Brain na Turai a cikin 2013. Ba a bayyana shi a hukumance a matsayin "aikin kwakwalwar wucin gadi ba". Maimakon haka, yana jaddada yanayin fahimi, sha'awar nuna kyakkyawar cibiyar umarni. Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun WBP ba shi da mahimmanci a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa ga ci gaban kimiyya. Duk da haka, ba za a iya musanta cewa manufar masana kimiyyar da ke aiki a kan wannan aikin ita ce ƙirƙirar simintin ƙwaƙwalwa mai aiki, kuma wannan yana cikin shekaru goma, wato, daga 2013 zuwa 2023.
Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa cikakken taswirar kwakwalwa na iya zama da amfani don sake haifar da kwakwalwar ɗan adam. Hanyoyin haɗin kai tiriliyan ɗari da aka yi a cikinsa sun zama rufaffiyar gabaɗaya - don haka, ana ci gaba da aiki tuƙuru don ƙirƙirar taswirar wannan sarƙaƙƙiyar da ba za a iya misalta ba, mai suna connectome.
An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin takaddun kimiyya a cikin 2005, masu zaman kansu daga marubuta biyu: Olaf Sporns na Jami'ar Indiana da Patrick Hagmann na Asibitin Jami'ar Lausanne.
Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa da zarar sun yi taswirar duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa, to za a iya gina kwakwalwar wucin gadi, kamar mutum, sannan kuma, wanda ya sani, watakila ma mafi kyau ... Aikin ƙirƙirar haɗin kai a cikin suna da mahimmanci yana nufin sanannen aikin don tantance kwayar halittar ɗan adam - Project Genome. Maimakon manufar kwayar halitta, aikin da aka ƙaddamar yana amfani da manufar haɗin kai don kwatanta jimillar haɗin gwiwar jijiyoyi a cikin kwakwalwa. Masana kimiyya suna fatan cewa gina cikakken taswirar haɗin gwiwar jijiyoyi zai sami aikace-aikacen ba kawai a cikin aikin kimiyya ba, har ma a cikin maganin cututtuka.
www.humanconnectomeproject.org
Na farko da kuma ya zuwa yanzu kawai cikakkiyar sanannun haɗin kai shine hanyar sadarwa na haɗin kai a cikin tsarin jijiya na caenorhabditis elegans. An haɓaka ta ta hanyar 1986D sake gina tsarin jijiya ta amfani da microscope na lantarki. Sakamakon aikin da aka buga a 30. A halin yanzu, babban aikin bincike da aka gudanar a cikin tsarin sabon kimiyyar da ake kira connectomics shine Human Connectome Project, wanda Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka ta ba da tallafi (jimlar adadin $ XNUMX miliyan).
Algorithm na Intelligence
Ƙirƙirar kwafin kwafin kwakwalwar ɗan adam ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Yana iya zama da sauƙi a gano cewa basirar ɗan adam shine sakamakon ingantaccen algorithm mai sauƙi da aka kwatanta a cikin Nuwamba 2016 fitowar Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. Joe Tsien, wani masani ne a fannin ilimin jijiya a Jami’ar Augusta ta Jojiya.
Bincikensa ya dogara ne akan abin da ake kira ka'idar haɗin kai, ko ka'idar ilmantarwa a zamanin dijital. Ya dogara ne akan imani cewa manufar ilmantarwa ita ce koyon tunani, wanda ke da fifiko akan samun ilimi. Marubutan wannan ka'idar sune: George Siemens, wanda ya zayyana tunaninsa a cikin takarda Connectivism: Theory of Learning for the Digital Age, da Stephen Downes. Babban abin da ya dace a nan shi ne ikon yin amfani da ci gaban fasaha daidai da samun bayanai a cikin rumbun adana bayanai na waje (abin da ake kira sani-inda), ba daga bayanan da aka koya a tsarin ilmantarwa ba, da ikon haɗa su da haɗa su da wasu bayanai.
A matakin jijiya, ka'idar ta bayyana ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke samar da hadaddun majalisai masu haɗaka da haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke ma'amala da mahimman ra'ayoyi da bayanai. Ta hanyar nazarin dabbobin gwaji tare da na'urorin lantarki, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa waɗannan "majalisun" jijiyoyi an riga an ƙayyade su don wasu nau'o'in ayyuka. Wannan yana haifar da nau'in algorithm na kwakwalwa tare da wasu haɗin kai na hankali. Masana kimiyya suna fatan cewa kwakwalwar ɗan adam, tare da dukan matsalolinsa, ba ta bambanta da kwakwalwar rodents na dakin gwaje-gwaje ba.
Kwakwalwa daga memristors
Da zarar mun ƙware algorithms, ƙila za a iya amfani da memristors don kwaikwaya kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta zahiri. Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Southampton kwanan nan sun tabbatar da amfani a wannan batun.
Masana kimiyya na Burtaniya, waɗanda aka yi daga ƙarfe oxides, sun kasance a matsayin synapses na wucin gadi don koyo (da sake karantawa) ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba, ta yin amfani da bayanan da ke tattare da bayanan da ba su da mahimmanci, kamar yadda mutane ke yi. Tunda memristors suna tunawa da jihohinsu na baya lokacin da aka kashe su, yakamata su cinye ƙasa da ƙarfi fiye da abubuwan da'ira na al'ada. Wannan yana da matuƙar mahimmanci dangane da adadin ƙananan na'urori waɗanda ba za su iya kuma bai kamata su sami babban baturi ba.
Tabbas, wannan shine kawai farkon haɓakar wannan fasaha. Idan AI ta kwaikwayi kwakwalwar ɗan adam, zai buƙaci aƙalla ɗaruruwan biliyoyin synapses. Saitin memristors da masu binciken suka yi amfani da su ya fi sauƙi, don haka an iyakance shi ga neman alamu. Koyaya, ƙungiyar Southampton ta lura cewa a cikin yanayin aikace-aikacen kunkuntar, ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da irin wannan adadi mai yawa na memristors. Godiya gare su, zai yiwu a gina, alal misali, na'urori masu auna firikwensin da za su rarraba abubuwa da gano alamu ba tare da sa hannun mutum ba. Irin waɗannan na'urori za su kasance da amfani musamman a wuraren da ke da wuyar isarwa ko musamman ma masu haɗari.
Idan muka haɗu da binciken da aka yi ta hanyar aikin Brain na ɗan adam, taswirar "connectomes", fahimtar algorithms na hankali da fasaha na memristor Electronics, watakila a cikin shekaru da yawa masu zuwa za mu iya gina kwakwalwar wucin gadi, ainihin kwafin. na mutum. Wa ya sani? Haka kuma, kwafin mu na roba mai yiwuwa ya fi mu tanadi don juyin juya halin na'ura fiye da yadda muke.
