Hacking yanayi

Yanayin da kanta zai iya koya mana yadda ake yin haƙƙin shiga cikin yanayi, kamar kudan zuma, wanda Mark Mescher da Consuelo De Moraes na ETH a Zurich suka lura cewa suna da fasaha da ƙwarewa akan ganye don “ƙarfafa” tsire-tsire su yi fure.

Wani abin sha’awa shi ne, yunkurin da ake yi na maimaita wadannan magungunan kwari da hanyoyinmu bai yi nasara ba, kuma a yanzu masana kimiyya suna tunanin ko sirrin illar kwari ga ganyen ya ta’allaka ne da irin nau’in da suke amfani da shi na musamman, ko kuma wata kila a bullo da wasu abubuwa da kudan zuma ke yi. Akan wasu filayen biohacking duk da haka, muna yin mafi kyau.

Misali, kwanan nan injiniyoyi sun gano yadda juya alayyafo zuwa tsarin tunanin muhalliwanda zai iya faɗakar da ku game da kasancewar abubuwan fashewa. A cikin 2016, injiniyan sinadarai Ming Hao Wong tare da tawagarsa a MIT sun dasa carbon nanotubes zuwa ganyayen alayyafo. Alamun abubuwan fashewawanda shuka ya sha ta iska ko ruwan karkashin kasa, ya yi nanotubes fitar da siginar kyalli. Don ɗaukar irin wannan siginar daga masana'anta, an nuna ƙaramin kyamarar infrared a ganyen kuma an haɗa shi da guntu na Raspberry Pi. Lokacin da kamara ta gano sigina, ta jawo faɗakarwar imel. Bayan haɓaka nanosensors a cikin alayyafo, Wong ya fara haɓaka wasu aikace-aikacen fasaha, musamman a cikin aikin gona don faɗakar da fari ko kwari.

abin mamaki na bioluminescence, alal misali. a cikin squid, jellyfish da sauran halittun teku. Mai zanen Faransa Sandra Rey ya gabatar da bioluminescence a matsayin hanyar haske ta halitta, wato, ƙirƙirar fitilun “rai” waɗanda ke fitar da haske ba tare da wutar lantarki ba (2). Ray shine wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Glowee, kamfanin samar da hasken halitta. Ya yi hasashen cewa wata rana za su iya maye gurbin fitilun titunan lantarki na yau da kullun.

2. Glowee Lighting Visualization

Don samar da haske, masu fasaha na Glowee sun haɗa bioluminescence gene da aka samu daga kifin Hawaii zuwa cikin kwayoyin cutar E. coli, sannan suna shuka wadannan kwayoyin cuta. Ta hanyar tsara DNA, injiniyoyi zasu iya sarrafa launin hasken lokacin da yake kashewa da kunnawa, da sauran gyare-gyare. Wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta a fili suna buƙatar kulawa da kuma ciyar da su don su rayu kuma suna haskakawa, don haka kamfanin yana aiki don kiyaye hasken ya dade. A halin yanzu, in ji Rei a Wired, suna da tsarin guda ɗaya wanda ke gudana tsawon kwanaki shida. Ƙayyadaddun rayuwa na halin yanzu na masu haskakawa yana nufin cewa a halin yanzu sun fi dacewa da abubuwan da suka faru ko bukukuwa.

Dabbobin dabbobi masu jakunkuna na lantarki

Kuna iya kallon kwari kuma kuyi ƙoƙarin yin koyi da su. Hakanan zaka iya ƙoƙarin "hack" su kuma amfani da su azaman… kananan jirage marasa matuka. Bumblebees suna sanye da "jakunkunan baya" tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin, kamar waɗanda manoma ke amfani da su don lura da filayensu (3). Matsalar microdrones shine iko. Babu irin wannan matsalar tare da kwari. Suna tashi ba gajiyawa. Injiniyoyi sun ɗora “kayan su” da na’urori masu auna firikwensin, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don adana bayanai, masu karɓa don bin diddigin wuri da batura don ƙarfafa na’urorin lantarki (wato ƙarami da yawa) - duk nauyinsu ya kai milligram 102. Yayin da kwari ke gudanar da ayyukansu na yau da kullun, na'urori masu auna zafin jiki suna auna zafin jiki da zafi, kuma ana bin su ta hanyar amfani da siginar rediyo. Bayan komawa cikin hive, ana zazzage bayanai kuma ana cajin baturi mara waya. Ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta kira fasahar su Living IoT.

3. Live IoT, wanda shine bumblebee tare da tsarin lantarki a bayansa

Masanin ilimin dabbobi Max Planck Cibiyar Ornithology. Martin Wikelski sun yanke shawarar gwada sanannen imani cewa dabbobi suna da iyawar halitta don jin bala'i masu zuwa. Wikelski ne ke jagorantar aikin nazarin dabbobi na duniya, ICARUS. Marubucin zane da bincike ya sami shahara lokacin da ya makala Tashoshin GPS dabbobi (4), manya da kanana, domin yin nazari kan tasirin abubuwan da ke faruwa a kan halayensu. Masana kimiya sun nuna, a cikin wasu abubuwa, cewa karuwar farar shagwaba na iya nuni da kamuwa da fara, kuma wuri da zafin jikin agwagin mallard na iya nuni da yaduwar cutar mura a tsakanin mutane.

4. Martin Wikelski da stork mai watsawa

Yanzu Wikelski yana amfani da awaki don gano ko akwai wani abu a cikin tsoffin ka'idojin da dabbobi suka "sani" game da girgizar kasa da ke tafe da aman wuta. Nan da nan bayan girgizar kasa ta Norcia a shekara ta 2016 a Italiya, Wikelski ya hada dabbobi kusa da cibiyar don ganin ko suna da hali daban kafin girgizar. Kowane kwala ya ƙunshi duka biyun Na'urar bin diddigin GPSkamar accelerometer.

Daga baya ya yi bayanin cewa ta hanyar sa ido ba dare ba rana, ana iya gano dabi'un "al'ada" sannan a nemi abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Wikelski da tawagarsa sun lura cewa dabbobin sun kara saurin gudu a cikin sa'o'i kafin girgizar kasar. Ya lura da "lokacin faɗakarwa" daga sa'o'i 2 zuwa 18, ya danganta da nisa daga cibiyar. Wikelski ya nemi takardar izini don tsarin gargaɗin bala'i dangane da haɗin gwiwar dabbobi dangane da tushe.

Inganta aikin photosynthesis

Duniya tana rayuwa ne domin tana tsiro a duk faɗin duniya saki oxygen a matsayin samfurin photosynthesiskuma wasu daga cikinsu sun zama ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki. Duk da haka, photosynthesis ajizi ne, duk da miliyoyin shekaru na juyin halitta. Masu bincike a Jami'ar Illinois sun fara aikin gyara lahani a cikin photosynthesis, wanda suke ganin zai iya kara yawan amfanin gona da kashi 40 cikin dari.

Suka maida hankali akai wani tsari da ake kira photorespirationwanda ba shi da yawa a cikin photosynthesis sakamakon sakamakonsa. Kamar yawancin hanyoyin nazarin halittu, photosynthesis ba koyaushe yana aiki daidai ba. A lokacin photosynthesis, tsire-tsire suna ɗaukar ruwa da carbon dioxide kuma suna juya su zuwa sukari (abinci) da oxygen. Tsire-tsire ba sa buƙatar oxygen, don haka an cire shi.

Masu binciken sun ware wani enzyme mai suna ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Wannan hadadden furotin yana ɗaure ƙwayar carbon dioxide zuwa ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBisCO). A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, yanayin duniya ya ƙara zama oxidized, ma'ana cewa RuBisCO dole ne ya magance ƙarin ƙwayoyin oxygen gauraye da carbon dioxide. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'i huɗu, RuBisCO ta yi kuskuren ɗaukar kwayoyin oxygen, kuma wannan yana rinjayar aikin.

Saboda rashin lahani na wannan tsari, tsire-tsire sun bar su tare da samfurori masu guba irin su glycolate da ammonia. Yin sarrafa waɗannan mahadi (ta hanyar yin numfashi) yana buƙatar makamashi, wanda aka ƙara zuwa asarar da aka samu sakamakon rashin ingancin photosynthesis. Marubutan binciken sun lura cewa shinkafa, alkama da waken soya sun yi karanci saboda haka, kuma RuBisCO ya zama mafi ƙarancin inganci yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da dumamar yanayi ke ƙaruwa, ana iya samun raguwar kayan abinci.

Wannan bayani wani bangare ne na shirin da ake kira (RIPE) kuma ya kunshi bullo da sabbin kwayoyin halittar da ke sa daukar numfashi cikin sauri da kuma karfin kuzari. Ƙungiyar ta haɓaka wasu hanyoyi guda uku ta hanyar amfani da sababbin jerin kwayoyin halitta. An inganta waɗannan hanyoyin don nau'ikan tsire-tsire 1700 daban-daban. Shekaru biyu, masana kimiyya sun gwada waɗannan jerin ta hanyar amfani da taba da aka gyara. Tsire-tsire ne na yau da kullun a kimiyya saboda an fahimci kwayoyin halittarsa ​​sosai. Kara ingantattun hanyoyi don yin numfashi ƙyale shuke-shuke don adana adadin kuzari mai mahimmanci wanda za a iya amfani dashi don girma. Mataki na gaba shine shigar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kayan abinci irin su waken soya, wake, shinkafa da tumatir.

Kwayoyin jini na wucin gadi da tsinken kwayoyin halitta

Hacking yanayi wannan yana kaiwa a ƙarshe ga mutumin da kansa. A bara, masana kimiyya na Japan sun ba da rahoton cewa sun kirkiro wani jini na wucin gadi wanda za a iya amfani da shi ga kowane majiyyaci, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in jini ba, wanda ke da aikace-aikace na gaske a cikin magungunan rauni. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun sami ci gaba mafi girma ta hanyar ƙirƙirar jajayen ƙwayoyin jini na roba (5). Wadannan Kwayoyin jini na wucin gadi Ba wai kawai suna nuna kaddarorin takwarorinsu na halitta ba, har ma suna da iyawar ci gaba. Tawaga daga Jami’ar New Mexico, da Sandia National Laboratory, da Jami’ar Polytechnic ta Kudancin China, sun samar da jajayen kwayoyin halittar jini wadanda ba wai kawai za su iya daukar iskar oxygen zuwa sassa daban-daban na jiki ba, har ma da isar da magunguna, gano guba, da kuma yin wasu ayyuka. .

5. Kwayoyin jini na roba

Tsarin samar da ƙwayoyin jini na wucin gadi An fara shi ne ta hanyar sel na halitta waɗanda aka fara rufe su da siliki na bakin ciki sannan kuma tare da yadudduka na polymers masu kyau da mara kyau. Ana cire silica kuma a ƙarshe an rufe saman da membranes erythrocyte na halitta. Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar erythrocytes na wucin gadi waɗanda ke da girma, siffa, caji da sunadaran da ke sama kamar na ainihi.

Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken sun nuna sassauƙar sabbin ƙwayoyin jini ta hanyar tura su ta hanyar ƙananan giɓi a cikin samfurin capillaries. A ƙarshe, lokacin da aka gwada a cikin beraye, ba a sami sakamako mai guba ba ko da bayan sa'o'i 48 na wurare dabam dabam. Gwaje-gwaje sun ɗora wa waɗannan ƙwayoyin haemoglobin, magungunan kashe kansa, na'urori masu auna guba, ko nanoparticles na maganadisu don nuna suna iya ɗaukar nau'ikan caji daban-daban. Kwayoyin wucin gadi kuma na iya yin aiki a matsayin koto ga ƙwayoyin cuta.

Hacking yanayi wannan a ƙarshe yana haifar da ra'ayin gyaran kwayoyin halitta, gyarawa da injiniyan mutane, da kuma buɗe hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar kwakwalwa don hulɗar kai tsaye tsakanin kwakwalwa.

A halin yanzu, akwai damuwa mai yawa da damuwa game da yiwuwar gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam. Hujjojin da ke goyon baya kuma suna da ƙarfi, kamar cewa dabarun sarrafa kwayoyin halitta na iya taimakawa wajen kawar da cutar. Suna iya kawar da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na ciwo da damuwa. Za su iya ƙara wa mutane hankali da tsawon rai. Wasu mutane sun yi nisa da cewa za su iya canza ma'aunin farin ciki da haɓakar ɗan adam ta hanyar umarni da yawa.

Injiniyan Halittaidan aka dauki sakamakon da ake tsammaninsa da gaske, ana iya kallonsa a matsayin wani lamari na tarihi, daidai da fashewar Cambrian, wanda ya canza saurin juyin halitta. Lokacin da yawancin mutane ke tunanin juyin halitta, suna tunanin juyin halitta ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi, amma kamar yadda ya bayyana, ana iya tunanin sauran nau'ikansa.

An fara a cikin XNUMXs, mutane sun fara canza DNA na tsirrai da dabbobi (duba kuma: ), halitta abincin da aka gyara ta kwayoyin halittada dai sauransu A halin yanzu ana haihuwar yara rabin miliyan duk shekara tare da taimakon IVF. Ƙarawa, waɗannan matakai sun haɗa da jerin embryos don tantance cututtuka da kuma ƙayyade mafi kyawun amfrayo (nau'i na injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, ko da yake ba tare da ainihin canje-canje masu aiki ga kwayoyin halitta ba).

Tare da zuwan CRISPR da fasaha irin wannan (6), mun shaida haɓakar bincike don yin canje-canje na ainihi ga DNA. A cikin 2018, He Jiankui ya kirkiro yara na farko da suka canza dabi'ar halitta a China, inda aka tura shi kurkuku. Wannan batu a halin yanzu ya kasance batun muhawara mai zafi na ɗabi'a. A cikin 2017, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Amurka da Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta kasa sun amince da manufar gyaran kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, amma kawai "bayan samun amsoshin tambayoyin aminci da aiki" da "kawai a cikin yanayin cututtuka masu tsanani kuma a karkashin kulawa mai zurfi. "

Ma'anar "jarirai masu zane", wato, zayyana mutane ta hanyar zabar halayen da ya kamata a haifa yaro, yana haifar da cece-kuce. Wannan ba abin da ake so ba ne saboda an yi imanin cewa masu hannu da shuni ne kawai za su sami damar yin amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin. Ko da irin wannan zane ba zai yiwu ba a fasaha na dogon lokaci, har ma zai kasance magudin kwayoyin halitta game da shafe kwayoyin halitta don lahani da cututtuka ba a tantance su a fili ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke tsoro, wannan zai zama samuwa ga wasu zaɓaɓɓu kawai.

Koyaya, wannan ba mai sauƙi ba ne yankewa da haɗa maɓalli kamar waɗanda suka saba da CRISPR galibi daga zane-zane a cikin tunanin manema labarai. Yawancin halaye na ɗan adam da kamuwa da cuta ba su da iko da ɗaya ko biyu. Cututtuka sun fito daga da gene daya, Ƙirƙirar yanayi don dubban zaɓuɓɓukan haɗari, haɓakawa ko rage yiwuwar abubuwan muhalli. Duk da haka, yayin da yawancin cututtuka, irin su ciki da ciwon sukari, suna polygenic, har ma kawai yanke kwayoyin halittar mutum sau da yawa yana taimakawa. Alal misali, Verve yana haɓaka maganin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke rage yaduwar cututtukan zuciya, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke mutuwa a duniya. in mun gwada da ƙananan bugu na genome.

Domin hadaddun ayyuka, kuma daya daga cikinsu polygenic tushen cuta, Yin amfani da hankali na wucin gadi ya zama kwanan nan ya zama girke-girke. Ya dogara ne akan kamfanoni irin na wanda ya fara baiwa iyaye kimar haɗarin polygenic. Bugu da kari, jeri-jerin bayanai na genomic suna kara girma da girma (wasu tare da jerin kwayoyin halittar sama da miliyan guda), wanda zai kara daidaiton tsarin koyon na'ura a kan lokaci.

kwakwalwa cibiyar sadarwa

A cikin littafinsa, Miguel Nicolelis, daya daga cikin majagaba na abin da a yanzu ake kira "hacking na kwakwalwa," wanda ake kira sadarwa makomar bil'adama, mataki na gaba a cikin juyin halittar mu. Ya gudanar da bincike inda ya hada kwakwalwar beraye da dama ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin da aka dasa na zamani da aka fi sani da kwakwalwa-kwakwalwa.

Nicolelis da abokan aikinsa sun bayyana nasarar da aka samu a matsayin "kwamfuta mai kwakwalwa" ta farko tare da rayayyun kwakwalwar da ke hade da juna kamar dai su ne microprocessors da yawa. Dabbobin da ke cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa sun koyi daidaita aikin lantarki na sel jijiyarsu kamar yadda yake a kowace kwakwalwa. An gwada kwakwalwar da ke hanyar sadarwa don abubuwa kamar ikonta na bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan abubuwan motsa jiki guda biyu daban-daban, kuma yawanci sun fi kowane dabba. Idan kwakwalwar berayen da ke da alaka da juna sun “fi wayo” fiye da na kowace dabba, yi tunanin irin karfin na’ura mai kwakwalwar kwamfuta mai alaka da kwakwalwar dan adam. Irin wannan hanyar sadarwa na iya ƙyale mutane suyi aiki a cikin shingen harshe. Hakanan, idan sakamakon binciken bera yayi daidai, sadarwar kwakwalwar ɗan adam na iya inganta aiki, ko kuma ga alama.

An yi gwaje-gwaje na baya-bayan nan, wanda kuma aka ambata a cikin shafukan MT, wanda ya haɗa da haɗa ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwa na ƙaramin hanyar sadarwa na mutane. Mutane uku da ke zaune a dakuna daban-daban sun yi aiki tare don daidaita shingen daidai yadda zai iya cike gibin da ke tsakanin wasu tubalan a wasan bidiyo mai kama da Tetris. Mutane biyu da suka yi aiki a matsayin "masu aikawa," tare da electroencephalographs (EEGs) a kawunansu waɗanda suka rubuta aikin wutar lantarki na kwakwalwarsu, sun ga rata kuma sun san idan shinge yana buƙatar juyawa don dacewa. Mutum na uku, yana aiki a matsayin "mai karɓa", bai san madaidaicin mafita ba kuma dole ne ya dogara da umarnin da aka aiko kai tsaye daga kwakwalwar masu aikawa. An gwada jimillar rukunoni biyar na mutane da wannan hanyar sadarwa, da ake kira "BrainNet" (7), kuma a matsakaita sun sami daidaito sama da 80% akan aikin.

7. Hoto daga gwajin BrainNet

Don yin abubuwa da yawa, masu binciken a wasu lokuta suna ƙara hayaniya ga siginar da ɗaya daga cikin masu aikawa ya aiko. Fuskantar saɓani ko maɗaukakiyar kwatance, masu karɓa cikin sauri sun koyi ganowa da bin ingantattun umarnin mai aikawa. Masu binciken sun lura cewa wannan shi ne rahoto na farko da aka yi wa kwakwalwar mutane da yawa ta hanyar da ba ta da karfi. Suna jayayya cewa adadin mutanen da za a iya haɗa kwakwalwarsu a zahiri ba shi da iyaka. Har ila yau, suna ba da shawarar cewa za a iya inganta watsa bayanai ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba na cin zarafi ba ta hanyar hoton aikin kwakwalwa na lokaci daya (fMRI), saboda wannan yana iya kara yawan bayanan da mai watsa shirye-shirye zai iya bayarwa. Koyaya, fMRI ba hanya ce mai sauƙi ba, kuma zai rikitar da wani aiki mai wuyar gaske. Masu binciken sun kuma yi hasashen cewa siginar za a iya niyya zuwa takamaiman wuraren kwakwalwa don jawo wayar da kan takamaiman abubuwan da ke cikin kwakwalwar mai karɓa.

A lokaci guda, kayan aikin don ƙarin ɓarna da ƙila ingantaccen haɗin kwakwalwa suna haɓaka cikin sauri. Elon Musk kwanan nan ya sanar da ci gaba da haɓakar BCI wanda ke dauke da na'urori na XNUMX don ba da damar sadarwa mai zurfi tsakanin kwakwalwa da ƙwayoyin jijiya a cikin kwakwalwa. (DARPA) ta ɓullo da ƙwanƙolin jijiyoyi da za a iya dasa su wanda zai iya harba ƙwayoyin jijiya miliyan a lokaci guda. Ko da yake waɗannan na'urori na BCI ba a tsara su musamman don yin aiki tare kwakwalwa-kwakwalwaba shi da wuya a yi tunanin cewa za a iya amfani da su don irin waɗannan dalilai.

Baya ga abin da ke sama, akwai wata fahimtar "biohacking", wanda ke da salo musamman a cikin Silicon Valley kuma ya ƙunshi nau'ikan hanyoyin lafiya daban-daban tare da tushen tushen kimiyya a wasu lokuta. Daga cikinsu akwai nau'ikan abinci da dabarun motsa jiki, gami da ƙari. zubar da jini na matasa, da kuma dasa kwakwalwan kwakwalwar subcutaneous. A wannan yanayin, masu arziki suna tunanin wani abu kamar "hacking mutuwa" ko tsufa. Ya zuwa yanzu, babu wata gamsasshiyar shaida da ke nuna cewa hanyoyin da suke amfani da su na iya tsawaita rayuwa sosai, balle ma rashin mutuwa da wasu ke mafarkin.