lokacin matasan

A halin da ake ciki inda yana da wuya a saka duk kudi a kan zalla lantarki motocin, idan kawai saboda har yanzu m kewayon, baturi ajizanci, m dogon caji da muhalli lamiri damuwa, matasan mafita zama m zinariya nufin. Ana iya ganin wannan a sakamakon siyar da mota.

Motar matasan wannan abin hawa a cikin tsari na yau da kullun sanye take injin da daya ko fiye (1). Ana iya amfani da motar lantarki ba kawai don rage yawan man fetur ba, amma har ma don ƙara ƙarfin wuta. Motoci na zamani yi amfani da ƙarin hanyoyin don inganta ƙarfin kuzari, kamar. A wasu aikace-aikacen, ana amfani da injin konewa na ciki don samar da wutar lantarki don kunna injin lantarki.

1. Jadawalin abin hawa matasan diesel-lantarki

A yawancin ƙira na matasan fitar da hayaki Hakanan yana raguwa ta hanyar kashe injin konewa na ciki lokacin da aka ajiye shi da kuma kunna shi a lokacin da ake buƙata. Masu zanen kaya suna ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa hulɗar da injin lantarki ya inganta aikinsa, alal misali, lokacin da injin konewa na ciki yana aiki da ƙananan gudu, ƙarfinsa ya ragu, tun da yake yana buƙatar mafi yawan makamashi don shawo kan juriya. A cikin tsarin gauraye, ana iya amfani da wannan ajiyar ta hanyar ƙara saurin injin konewa na ciki zuwa matakin da ya dace da cajin baturi.

Kusan sun tsufa kamar motoci

Tarihin matasan motoci yawanci yana farawa a cikin 1900, lokacin da Ferdinand Porsche ya gabatar da samfurin a nunin duniya a birnin Paris. Hybrid Lohner-Porsche Mixte (2), abin hawa na farko da ke samar da wutar lantarkin diesel a duniya. An sayar da kwafi ɗari da yawa na wannan injin. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Knight Neftal ya gina motar tseren matasan. A shekara ta 1905, Henri Pieper ya gabatar da matasan da injin lantarki zai iya cajin batura.

A cikin 1915, Kamfanin Motoci na Woods, mai kera motocin lantarki, ya ƙirƙira samfurin Power Dual Power tare da injin konewa na ciki mai silinda 4 da injin lantarki. A kasa gudun 24 km / h, da mota yi aiki kawai a kan lantarki mota har sai da har sai batirin ya karekuma sama da wannan gudun, an kunna injin konewa na ciki, wanda zai iya hanzarta motar zuwa 56 km / h. Dual Power ya kasance gazawar kasuwanci. Ya kasance a hankali don farashinsa kuma yana da wahalar tuƙi.

A shekara ta 1931, Erich Geichen ya ba da shawarar motar da ake cajin batir yayin da take gangarowa daga wani tudu. An samar da makamashi daga silinda na iskar da aka matsa, wanda aka zuga ta godiya kuzarin motsa jiki sassan mota suna tafiya kasa.

Sdawo da kuzari yayin birki, wani mahimmin ƙirƙira na fasahar haɗaɗɗen zamani, a cikin 1967 AMC don Motoci na Amurka kuma ya sanyawa Ƙarfin Farfaɗowar Birki.

A cikin 1989, Audi ya saki motar gwaji ta Audi Duo. Ya kasance a layi daya matasan dangane da Audi 100 Avant Quattro. Motar dai tana dauke da injin lantarki mai karfin 12,8 hp wanda ya tuka motar baya. Ya zana makamashi daga nickel cadmium baturi. Injin silinda mai nauyin lita 2,3 ne ya tuka gaban gatari mai nauyin 136 hp. Manufar Audi ita ce ya kera mota da za a yi amfani da injin konewa a wajen birnin da kuma injin lantarki a cikin birnin. Direba ya zaɓi yanayin konewa ko yanayin tuƙi na lantarki. Audi ya samar da kwafi goma ne kawai na wannan samfurin. Ƙananan sha'awar abokin ciniki an danganta shi da ƙarancin aiki fiye da daidaitaccen Audi 100 saboda ƙarin aikin aiki.

Ci gaban ya fito ne daga Gabas Mai Nisa

Kwanan watan da motoci masu haɗaka suka shiga kasuwa sosai kuma suka sami farin jini na gaske shine kawai 1997, lokacin da suka shiga kasuwar Japan. Toyota Prius (3). Da farko, waɗannan motocin sun sami masu siye galibi a cikin da'ira masu kula da muhalli. Lamarin ya sauya cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, lokacin da farashin mai ya fara hauhawa cikin sauri. Tun daga rabin na biyu na shekaru goma da suka gabata, sauran masana'antun kuma sun fara kawowa kasuwa matasan model, sau da yawa bisa lasifikar Toyota hybrid mafita. A Poland, Prius ya bayyana a cikin ɗakunan nuni a cikin 2004. A wannan shekarar, an saki ƙarni na biyu na Prius, kuma a cikin 2009, na uku.

Ta bi Toyota Honda, wani katafaren mota na kasar Japan. samfurin sayarwa Insight (4), wani ɓangaren layi daya matasan, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar a cikin 1999 a cikin Amurka da Japan. Mota ce mai arziƙi fiye da samfurin Toyota. Zamanin farko na Prius sedan ya cinye 4,5 l/100 km a cikin birni da 5,2 l/100 km a wajen birnin. Honda Insight mai kafa biyu Na farko ƙarni cinye 3,9 l / 100 km a cikin birnin da kuma 3,5 l / 100 km a waje da birnin.

Toyota ya fitar da sabbin nau'ikan motoci. Production Toyoty Auris Hybrid ya fara a watan Mayu 2010. Ya kasance farkon samar da matasan a Turai don siyarwa akan ƙasa da Prius. Haɗin Auris yana da tuƙi iri ɗaya kamar Prius, amma yawan iskar gas ya ragu - 3,8 l / 100 km akan zagayowar haɗuwa.

A watan Mayun 2007, Kamfanin Toyota Motor Corporation ya sayar da matasansa miliyan na farko. Miliyan biyu nan da Agusta 2009, miliyan 6 zuwa Disamba 2013. A cikin Yuli 2015, jimilar adadin Toyota hybrids ya wuce miliyan 8. A cikin Oktoba 2015, tallace-tallace na Toyota hybrids a Turai kadai ya wuce raka'a miliyan daya. A cikin kwata na farko na 2019, matasan sun riga sun sami kashi 50 cikin ɗari. jimlar tallace-tallace Toyota a nahiyar mu. Mafi yawan kayayyaki a cikin wannan rukunin, duk da haka, babu sauran Priuses, amma akai-akai Hybrid Yaris, C-HR Hybrid Oraz Corolla Hybrid. Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2020, Toyota na da niyyar sayar da wasu nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’ukan nau’i miliyan 15, wadanda a cewar kamfanin, an yi su ne a watan Janairun wannan shekara, watau. a farkon. Tuni a cikin 2017, bisa ga masana'anta, an saki tan miliyan 85 a cikin yanayi. carbon dioxide Kadan.

A lokacin babban aikin da ya shafe fiye da shekaru ashirin mota hybrids sababbin sababbin abubuwa sun fito. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI (5), wanda aka fara siyarwa a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin Yuli 2009, shine farkon injin konewa na ciki wanda LPG ke ƙarfafawa. Elantra wani bangare ne mai amfani da batirin lithium polymer, shima a karon farko. Elantra ya cinye lita 5,6 na fetur a kowace kilomita 100 kuma ya fitar da 99 g/km na COXNUMX.₂. A cikin 2012, Peugeot ya fito da sabon bayani tare da ƙaddamar da 3008 Hybrid4 don kasuwar Turai, samfurin diesel na farko da aka samar da yawa. A cewar masana'anta, motar 3008 Hybrid van ta cinye 3,8 l/100 km na man dizal kuma ta fitar da 99 g/km na CO.₂.

5. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI

An gabatar da samfurin a Nunin Mota na Duniya na New York a cikin 2010. Lincoln MKZ Hybrid, sigar matasan farko da za a yi farashi iri ɗaya zuwa sigar yau da kullun na ƙirar iri ɗaya.

Ya zuwa Afrilu 2020, tun daga shekarar 1997 mai ban mamaki, an sayar da fiye da motocin lantarki miliyan 17 a duk duniya. Shugaban kasuwan shine Japan, wacce ta siyar da motocin hada-hada sama da miliyan 2018 a watan Maris na 7,5, sai kuma Amurka, wacce ta siyar da jimillar raka'a miliyan 2019 nan da shekarar 5,4, da kuma hada-hadar motoci miliyan 2020 da aka sayar a Turai nan da Yuli 3. Mafi sanannun misalan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Toyota: Auris, Yaris, Camry da Highlander, Honda Insight, Lexus GS450h, Chevrolet Volt, Opel Ampera, Nissan Altima Hybrid.

Daidaici, jeri da gauraye

A halin yanzu ana ɓoye nau'o'in nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna "hybrid". tsarin motsa jiki da kuma ra'ayoyin don ingantaccen aiki. Dole ne a tuna cewa a yanzu, yayin da ƙira ke tasowa da ci gaba, rarrabuwa bayyananni a wasu lokuta yakan gaza, saboda ana amfani da haɗuwa da mafita daban-daban tare da sabbin ƙirƙira waɗanda ke keta tsarkakar ma'anar. Bari mu fara da rarraba ta hanyar tsarin tafiyarwa.

W hybrid drive nau'in layi daya da injin konewa na ciki da injin lantarki suna haɗe da injina zuwa ƙafafun tuƙi. Ana iya yin amfani da mota ta injin konewa na ciki, injin lantarki, ko duka biyun. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin a cikin motocin Honda: Insight, Civic, Accord. Wani misalin irin wannan tsarin shine General Motors bel alternator/starter akan Chevrolet Malibu. A yawancin samfura, injin konewa na ciki shima yana aiki azaman wutar lantarki.

Motoci masu kama da juna a halin yanzu da aka sani a kasuwa sun ƙunshi cikakken injunan konewa na ciki da ƙananan injinan wuta (har zuwa 20 kW), da ƙananan batura. A cikin waɗannan ƙira, injinan lantarki suna buƙatar tallafawa babban injin kawai kuma ba su zama tushen wutar lantarki ba. Ana ɗaukar injunan haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar hanya mafi inganci fiye da tsarin da ya danganci injunan konewa na ciki kawai girmansu, musamman a cikin birni da tuƙi.

A cikin tsarin da ake bi da matasan, abin hawa ya kore kai tsaye ta hanyar motar lantarki kawai, kuma ana amfani da injiniyar ciki na ciki don yayyafa tsarin. lantarki halin yanzu janareta har da. Saitin batura a cikin wannan tsarin yawanci ya fi girma, wanda ke shafar farashin samarwa. An yi imanin cewa wannan tsari yana ƙara haɓaka injin konewa na ciki, musamman lokacin tuƙi a cikin gari. Misali serial matasan Wannan Nissan e-Power ne.

Mixed hybrid drive ya haɗu da abũbuwan amfãni na biyu na sama mafita - a layi daya da kuma serial. Wadannan "hybrid hybrids" ana daukar su mafi kyau a cikin sharuddan aiki, idan aka kwatanta da jerin, waɗanda suka fi dacewa a ƙananan gudu, da kuma layi daya, wanda ya fi dacewa a mafi girma. Duk da haka, samar da su kamar yadda mafi rikitarwa da'irori ya fi tsada fiye da a layi daya Motors. Babban masana'anta na gauraye matasan powertrains shine Toyota. Ana amfani da su a Toyota da Lexus, Nissan da Mazda (mafi yawa a ƙarƙashin lasisi daga Toyota), Ford da General Motors.

Ƙarfi daga injunan konewa na ciki guda biyu da mai layi ɗaya ana iya canjawa wuri zuwa motar motsa jiki ta hanyar amfani da na'urar nau'in (mai rarraba wutar lantarki), wanda shine tsari mai sauƙi na gears na duniya. Wurin ingin konewa na ciki an haɗa shi da cokali mai yatsa na gears na gearbox, na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki - tare da kayan aiki na tsakiya, da kuma motar lantarki ta hanyar gearbox - tare da kayan aiki na waje, daga abin da ake watsa wutar lantarki zuwa ƙafafun. Wannan yana ba ku damar canja wurin sashi saurin juyawa da jujjuyawar injin konewa na ciki zuwa ƙafafun da sashi zuwa janareta. Ta haka injin yana iya aiki a cikin mafi kyawun kewayon RPM ba tare da la'akari da saurin abin hawa ba, misali lokacin farawa, kuma ana amfani da na yanzu da mai canzawa ya haifar don kunna injin lantarki, wanda injin konewa na ciki ke kiyaye babban ƙarfinsa don fitar da ƙafafun. Kwamfuta, wacce ke daidaita ayyukan gaba dayan tsarin, tana daidaita nauyin da ke kan janareta da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ga injin lantarki, ta yadda za ta sarrafa aikin akwatin gear planetary kamar yadda electromechanical ci gaba da m watsa. A lokacin raguwa da birki, motar lantarki tana aiki azaman janareta don yin cajin baturi, kuma lokacin fara injin konewa na ciki, janareta yana aiki azaman janareta. farawa.

W cikakken matasan drive Ana iya amfani da motar ko dai ta injin kawai, ko kuma ta batir kadai, ko duka biyun. Misalan irin wannan tsarin su ne Hybrid Synergy Drive Toyoty, tsarin matasan maz, Matakan yanayi biyu samarwa Janar Motors / ChryslMisalin abin hawa: Toyota Prius, Toyota Auris Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, da Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h da CT200h. Waɗannan motocin suna buƙatar manyan batura masu inganci. Ta hanyar amfani da hanyar raba wutar lantarki, motoci suna samun ƙarin sassauci a farashin ƙarin rikitaccen tsarin.

m matasan a bisa ka’ida, wannan mota ce ta al’ada mai tsawaita bututu, wanda ke ba da damar kashe injin konewa na cikin gida a duk lokacin da motar ta sauka kasa, ta birki ko ta tsaya, da sauri ta kunna injin idan ya cancanta.

Farawa Yawancin lokaci ana shigar da shi tsakanin injin da watsawa, yana maye gurbin jujjuyawar juzu'i. Yana ba da ƙarin makamashi lokacin kunnawa. Ana iya kunna na'urorin haɗi kamar rediyo da kwandishan lokacin da injin konewa baya aiki. Ana cajin batura lokacin yin birki. Idan aka kwatanta da cikakkun hybrids ɓangarorin ɓangaren suna da ƙananan batura da ƙaramin injin lantarki. Saboda haka, nauyin komai nasu da farashin samar da su ya ragu. Misalin wannan zane shine Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid mai cikakken girma, wanda aka samar a cikin 2005-2007. Ya tanadi har zuwa kashi 10. lokacin kashewa da kunna injin konewa na ciki da dawo da kuzari yayin birki.

Hybrids na hybrids da lantarki

Wani nau'in hybrids ya kamata a ba da ƙarin lokaci, wanda a wasu hanyoyi wani mataki ne zuwa "lantarki mai tsabta". Waɗannan motocin haɗin gwiwa ne (PHEVs) waɗanda batir ɗin don wutar lantarki Hakanan za'a iya cajin su daga tushen waje (6). Don haka, ana iya ɗaukar PHEV a matsayin matasan matasan da abin hawan lantarki. An sanye shi toshe caji. A sakamakon haka, batura kuma sun fi girma sau da yawa, wanda ke nufin cewa yana yiwuwa a shigar da motar lantarki mafi ƙarfi.

6. Tsarin motar matasan

A sakamakon haka, matasan motoci cinye ƙasa da man fetur fiye da classic hybrids, za a iya yawanci gudu game da 50-60 km "a halin yanzu" ba tare da fara da engine, da kuma samun mafi yi, saboda hybrids ne sau da yawa mafi iko zažužžukan. wannan samfurin.

Kewayon abin hawan lantarki na PHEV ya ninka fiye da na abin hawa ba tare da wannan fasalin ba. Waɗannan 'yan dubunnan kilomita sun isa sosai don tafiye-tafiye a cikin birni, don aiki ko zuwa shago. Misali, in Skoda Superb iV (7) Baturin zai iya adana wutar lantarki har zuwa 13kWh, wanda ke ba da kewayon har zuwa 62km a yanayin fitar da sifili. Godiya ga wannan, lokacin da muka yi kiliya na matasanmu a gida kuma muka dawo gida, za mu iya cimma matsakaicin yawan man fetur na 0 l/100 km. Injin konewa na ciki yana kare baturin daga fitarwa a wurin da babu damar yin amfani da tushen wutar lantarki, kuma, ba shakka, yana ba ku damar damuwa da kewayon kan tafiye-tafiye masu tsayi.

7. Skoda Superb iV matasan yayin caji

daidai mahimmanci nau'in hybrids sanye take da injinan lantarki masu ƙarfi Skoda Superb iV Matsakaicin sa shine 116 hp. da kuma 330 nm na karfin juyi. Godiya ga wannan, motar ba kawai ta hanzarta hanzari ba (motar lantarki tana tafiyar da motar da sauri, komai saurin da yake gudana a halin yanzu), saboda Skoda ya ruwaito cewa Superb yana haɓaka zuwa 60 km / h a cikin 5 seconds. Hakanan zai iya haɓaka motar zuwa 140 km / h - wannan yana ba ku damar fitar da ba tare da damuwa ba kuma cikin yanayin sifili, alal misali akan hanyoyin zobe ko manyan motoci.

Yayin tuƙi, yawancin injuna biyu ne ke amfani da motar (injin konewa na cikin gida yana aiki da wutar lantarki, don haka ba ta amfani da man fetur kaɗan fiye da a cikin mota ta al'ada), amma lokacin da kuka saki gas, birki ko tuƙi da sauri, ciki. Injin konewa yana kashe injin kuma sai bayan motar lantarki tuƙi ƙafafun. Don haka injin yana aiki kamar haka classic matasan kuma yana dawo da makamashi kamar haka - tare da kowane birki, ana dawo da makamashi kuma yana zuwa batura a cikin nau'in wutar lantarki; a nan gaba, yana aiki daidai don tabbatar da cewa ana iya kashe injin konewa na ciki sau da yawa.

Kamfanin BYD Auto na kasar Sin ne ya kaddamar da motar farko mai shigar da kayan masarufi a kasuwa a watan Disamba 2008. Ya kasance samfurin F3DM PHEV-62. Farkon nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in motar lantarki mafi shahara a duniya, Chevrolet Voltya faru a shekara ta 2010. T.oyota farko a 2012.

Duk da yake ba duka nau'ikan suna aiki iri ɗaya bane, galibi suna iya aiki ta hanyoyi biyu ko fiye: "dukkan wutar lantarki" inda injin da baturi ke ba da dukkan makamashin mota, da kuma "hybrid" mai amfani da wutar lantarki da man fetur. PHEVs yawanci suna aiki a duk yanayin wutar lantarki, suna aiki akan wutar lantarki har sai baturin ya ƙare. Wasu samfura suna canzawa zuwa yanayin haɗaɗɗiyar bayan sun kai maƙasudin gudu akan babbar hanya, yawanci kusan kilomita 100/h.

Baya ga Skoda Superb iV da aka bayyana a sama, mafi shahara da kuma rare matasan model ne Kia Niro PHEV, Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in, BMW 530e da X5 xDrive45e, Mercedes E 300 ei E 300 de, Volvo XC60 Recharge, Ford Kuga PH, Ford Kuga PH. Q5 TFSI e, Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid.

Hybrids daga zurfin teku zuwa sararin sama

Yana da kyau a tuna da hakan hybrid drive ana amfani da shi ba kawai a cikin ɓangaren motocin fasinja da motoci gaba ɗaya ba. misali matasan drive tsarin amfani injunan diesel ko turboelectric don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, bas, manyan motoci, injinan ruwa na hannu da jiragen ruwa.

A cikin manyan sifofi, yawanci yana kama da wannan injin dizal / injin turbin yana tuka injin janareta ko na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa famfowanda ke tafiyar da injin lantarki/hydraulic. A cikin manyan motocin, an rage asarar wutar lantarki kuma amfanin rarraba wutar lantarki ta hanyar igiyoyi ko bututu maimakon kayan aikin inji ya zama mafi bayyananni, musamman lokacin da aka canza wutar lantarki zuwa tsarin tuƙi da yawa kamar ƙafafun ƙafafu ko na'urori. Har zuwa kwanan nan, manyan motoci suna da ƙaramin wadatar makamashi na biyu, kamar masu tara ruwa / tarawa.

Wasu daga cikin tsoffin ƙirar matasan sun kasance mashin da ba na nukiliya bayana gudana akan danyen diesel da batura na karkashin ruwa. Misali, jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na biyu sun yi amfani da tsarin serial da na layi daya.

Ƙananan sanannun, amma ba ƙananan ƙira masu ban sha'awa ba man fetur-hydraulic hybrids. A cikin 1978, ɗalibai a Cibiyar Fasaha da Fasaha ta Hennepin ta Minnesota a Minneapolis sun canza Volkswagen Beetle zuwa petrol-hydraulic hybrid tare da ƙare sassa. A cikin 90s, injiniyoyi na Amurka daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na EPA sun haɓaka watsawar "petro-hydraulic" don nau'in sedan na Amurka.

Motar gwajin ta kai gudun kusan kilomita 130 cikin sa’o’i a cikin gaurayen zagayen tuki na birane da manyan tituna. Hanzarta daga 0 zuwa 100 km / h ya kasance 8 seconds ta amfani da injin dizal mai lita 1,9. EPA ta kiyasta cewa abubuwan da aka samar da ruwa da yawa sun kara dala $700 kawai ga farashin motar. Gwajin EPA ya gwada ƙirar nau'in nau'in petrol-hydraulic hybrid na Ford Expedition, wanda ya cinye lita 7,4 na mai a cikin kilomita 100 a cikin zirga-zirgar birni. Kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Amurka UPS a halin yanzu yana sarrafa manyan motoci biyu ta amfani da wannan fasaha (8).

8. Hydraulic matasan a cikin sabis na UPS

Sojojin Amurka sun yi gwaji Humvee hybrid SUVs tun 1985. Ƙididdigan da aka lura ba kawai mafi girma ba ne da kuma mafi girman tattalin arzikin man fetur ba, amma har ma, alal misali, ƙaramin sa hannu na thermal da aiki mai natsuwa na waɗannan inji, wanda, kamar yadda kuke tsammani, na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a aikace-aikacen soja.

Siffar farko hybrid propulsion tsarin don maritime sufuri akwai jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa a kan matsi da Motocin tururi kasa bene. An riga an ambaci wani misali jirgin ruwa na diesel-lantarki. Sabbin abubuwa, ko da yake sun sake zama tsohon zamani, tsarin motsa jiki don jiragen ruwa sun haɗa da, da sauransu, manyan kaya daga kamfanoni irin su SkySails. Juyawa kites za su iya tashi sama da tsayi sau da yawa sama da mafi girman tulin jirgin, suna hana iska mai ƙarfi da tsayayye.

Haɓaka ra'ayi a ƙarshe sun sami hanyarsu ta shiga jirgin sama. Misali, samfurin samfurin (9) an sanye shi da tsarin membrane mai musanyawa (PEM) har zuwa samar da wutar lantarkiwanda aka haɗa da propeller na al'ada. Tantanin man fetur yana ba da duk ikon tafiyar tafiya. Lokacin tashi da hawan, bangaren jirgin da ya fi bukatar iko, tsarin yana amfani da batura lithium-ion masu nauyi. Jirgin nunin shi ne kuma Dimona motor glider, wanda kamfanin Ostiriya na Diamond Aircraft Industries ya gina, wanda ya aiwatar da gyare-gyare ga ƙirar jirgin. Tare da tsawon fikafikan mita 16,3, jirgin zai iya tashi a cikin gudun kusan kilomita 100 / h, ta hanyar amfani da makamashin da aka samu daga man fetur.

Jirgin Nuna Mai Nuna Man Fetur 9 Boeing

Ba komai ruwan hoda bane

Ba za a iya musantawa ba cewa, saboda sarkakiyar kera na'urorin hada-hada fiye da na ababen hawa na yau da kullum, raguwar hayakin abin hawa fiye da diyya ga wadannan hayaki. Motoci masu haɗaka za su iya yanke hayaki da ke haifar da gurɓataccen hayaki da kashi 90 cikin ɗari. kuma a yanke fitar da iskar carbon da rabi.

Kodayake Motar matasan cinye ƙasa da man fetur fiye da motoci na al'ada, har yanzu akwai damuwa game da tasirin muhalli na batirin motar mota. Yawancin batura masu haɗaka a yau sun faɗi cikin ɗayan nau'ikan biyu: nickel-metal hydride ko lithium-ion. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar su duka biyun sun fi dacewa da muhalli fiye da batura masu guba, waɗanda a halin yanzu sune galibin batura masu farawa a cikin motocin mai.

Ya kamata a lura a nan cewa bayanan ba su da tabbas. Gabaɗaya guba da matakan fallasa muhalli nickel hydride baturi an yi la'akari da ya zama ƙasa da yawa fiye da na lamarin gubar acid batura ko amfani da cadmium. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce batirin nickel-metal hydride baturan sun fi batir-acid guba, kuma sake yin amfani da su da kuma zubar da su sun fi nauyi. Abubuwan nickel iri-iri masu narkewa da marasa narkewa, irin su nickel chloride da nickel oxide, an nuna su suna da sanannun tasirin cutar sankara da aka tabbatar a cikin gwaje-gwajen dabbobi.

Batura litowo-jonowe Yanzu ana la'akari da su azaman madadin kyawawa saboda suna da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfin kowane baturi kuma suna iya samar da fiye da sau uku ƙarfin lantarki na ƙwayoyin baturi na NiMH yayin da suke riƙe babban girma. Wutar lantarki. Hakanan waɗannan batura suna samar da ƙarin ƙarfi kuma suna da inganci, suna guje wa ɓarnatar da wutar lantarki da yawa kuma suna ba da ɗorewa mafi inganci, yayin da rayuwar batir ta kusanci ta mota. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da batir lithium-ion yana rage yawan nauyin motar, kuma yana ba ku damar samun kashi 30 cikin dari. ingantacciyar tattalin arzikin mai fiye da motocin da ake amfani da mai, tare da raguwar hayakin CO na gaba₂.

Abin baƙin ciki shine, fasahar da aka yi la'akari da su an ƙaddara su dogara ne akan kayan da ake da wuya a samu kuma mafi tsada. Kasa ƙirar mota da sauran sassa na matasan motocin suna buƙatar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙasa. misali dysprosium, wani nau'in ƙasa da ba kasafai ake buƙata don samar da nau'ikan injunan lantarki na ci-gaba da tsarin batir a cikin tsarin motsa jiki na matasan. Ko neodymium, wani ƙarfen ƙasa da ba kasafai ba wanda shine maɓalli na babban ƙarfin maganadisu da ake amfani da su a cikin injinan lantarki na dindindin.

Kusan dukkanin duniyoyin da ba kasafai ba a duniya sun fito ne daga kasar Sin. Mabuɗan da ba na China ba da dama kamar Lake Hoidas a arewacin Kanada ko Dutsen Vold a Ostiraliya a halin yanzu yana ci gaba. Idan ba mu sami wasu hanyoyin magance su ba, ko a cikin sabon ajiya ko kayan da za su maye gurbin karafa da ba kasafai ba, to tabbas za a sami karuwar farashin kayan. Kuma hakan na iya kawo cikas ga shirin rage hayakin da ake fitarwa ta hanyar rage fitar da mai a kasuwa sannu a hankali.

Akwai kuma matsaloli, baya ga hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, na yanayin da'a. A cikin 2017, rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cin zarafi yara a cikin ma'adinan cobalt, ɗanyen kayan masarufi mai mahimmanci don fasahar mu kore, gami da sabbin injinan injinan lantarki a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DCR). Duniya ta koyi game da yaran da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a cikin datti, mai haɗari kuma galibi masu guba na ma'adinan cobalt tun suna da shekaru huɗu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa kimanin yara tamanin ne ke mutuwa a wadannan ma'adanai a duk shekara. An tilasta wa yara ƙanana 40 yin aiki kowace rana. Wani lokaci wannan shine ƙazantaccen farashin matasan mu masu tsafta.

Sabbin bututun da aka cire suna ƙarfafawa

Duk da haka, akwai labari mai kyau ga matasan hanyoyin da sha'awar gabaɗaya don tsabtace motoci. Masu bincike kwanan nan sun haɓaka abin alƙawarin da ban mamaki sauki gyara na dizal injunawanda za a iya haɗe shi da wutar lantarki a cikin tsarin matasan. Dizal tuƙi wannan zai iya sa su ƙarami, mai rahusa, da sauƙin kulawa. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, za su kasance mafi tsabta.

Charles Muller da uku daga cikin abokan aikinsa a cibiyar bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sandia na kasa suna aiki kan wani gyara da aka fi sani da Channel Fuel Injection (DFI-). Ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar mai sauƙi na Bunsen burner. Masana kimiyya sun ce DFI na iya rage fitar da hayaki da kuma halin DPF na toshe soot. A cewar Muller, abin da ya kirkira zai iya tsawaita tazarar canjin mai ta hanyar rage yawan sot a cikin akwati.

To yaya yake aiki? Nozzles a cikin dizal na al'ada suna ƙirƙirar gaurayawan wadataccen abinci a cikin wuraren konewa. Duk da haka, a cewar masana kimiyya, waɗannan wuraren sun ƙunshi man fetur daga biyu zuwa goma fiye da yadda ake bukata don konewa gaba daya. Tare da irin wannan wuce haddi na man fetur a babban zafin jiki, ya kamata a sami hali don samar da adadi mai yawa na soot. Shigar da ducts na DFI yana ba da damar ingantaccen konewar man dizal tare da ɗanɗano ko rashin samuwar soot. "Haɗin ɗinmu yana ɗauke da ƙarancin mai," in ji Müller a cikin wani ɗaba'ar game da sabuwar fasahar.

Tashoshin da Mista Muller ke magana a kai su ne bututun da aka sanya tazara kadan daga inda suke fita daga ramukan nozzles. An ɗora su a ƙasan kan silinda kusa da injector. Müller ya yi imanin cewa a ƙarshe za a yi su daga wani gabobin da ke jure yanayin zafi don jure zafin zafin konewa. Duk da haka, a cewarsa, ƙarin farashin da ke tattare da aiwatar da ƙirƙira da ƙungiyarsa ta haɓaka zai kasance kaɗan.

Lokacin da tsarin konewa ya haifar da ƙarancin soot, ana iya amfani da shi sosai. shaye gas recirculation tsarin (EGR) don rage nitrogen oxides, NOx. A cewar masu samar da maganin, wannan zai iya rage adadin soot da NOx da ke fitowa daga injin zuwa kashi goma na matakin yanzu. Sun kuma lura cewa ra'ayinsu zai taimaka rage fitar da CO.₂ da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi.

Abin da ke sama ba kawai sigina ba ne cewa, watakila, ba za mu yi ban kwana da injunan diesel da sauri ba, wanda da yawa sun rigaya sun daina. Sabbin sabbin fasahohin tukin konewa ci gaba ne na tunanin da ke bayan karuwar shaharar matasan. Dabaru ne na ƙananan matakai, sannu a hankali rage nauyin da ke kan muhalli daga motoci. Yana da kyau a san cewa sababbin abubuwa a cikin wannan shugabanci suna bayyana ba kawai a cikin ɓangaren lantarki na matasan ba, har ma a cikin man fetur.