EURO - Ka'idojin fitarwa na Turai
Ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Turai wani tsari ne na ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke ƙayyade iyaka kan nau'in iskar gas ɗin da ake samarwa a cikin ƙasashe membobin EU. Ana kiran waɗannan umarnin ƙa'idodin fitar da Yuro (Yuro 1 zuwa Yuro 6).
Kowane gabatarwar sabon ma'aunin fitar da Euro mataki ne a hankali.
Canje -canje da farko zai shafi samfuran kwanan nan da aka gabatar da su ga kasuwar Turai (alal misali, an saita daidaiton Euro 5 na yanzu don 1 ga Satumba, 9). Motocin da ake sayarwa ba dole ne su bi ƙa'idar Yuro 2009. Daga shekara ta 5, Yuro 2011 dole ne ya bi duk sabbin motocin da aka ƙera, gami da tsofaffin samfura tare da samarwa. Masu mallakar tsoffin motocin da aka riga aka saya za su iya zama su kaɗai, ba sa ƙarƙashin sabbin dokokin.
Kowane sabon ma'aunin EURO ya ƙunshi sabbin dokoki da ƙuntatawa. Misali na yanzu na EURO 5, alal misali, yana da babban tasiri akan injunan dizal kuma yana da niyyar kusantar da su kusa da gurɓataccen mai dangane da fitar da hayaƙi. EURO 5 yana rage iyakar fitar da PM (Particulate Particulate Soot) da kashi biyar na halin da ake ciki a yanzu, wanda a zahiri za a iya samun sa ta hanyar shigar da matattara ta musamman, waɗanda ba su da arha. Hakanan ya zama dole a yi amfani da sabbin fasahohi don isa ga iyakokin NO.2... Sabanin haka, injunan mai da yawa da aka riga aka ƙera su a yau suna bin sabon umarnin EURO 5. A cikin yanayin su, rage 25% ne kawai a cikin iyakokin HC da NO.2, Iskar CO ba ta canzawa. Kowane gabatarwar mizanin ƙazanta yana saduwa da ƙin yarda daga masana'antun mota saboda ƙarin farashin samarwa. Misali, gabatar da matsayin EURO 5 da farko an shirya shi ne don 2008, amma saboda matsin lamba daga masana'antar kera motoci, an jinkirta gabatar da wannan ma'aunin har zuwa 1 ga Satumba, 9.
Ta yaya waɗannan umarnin iskar suka ɓullo?
Yuro 1... Umurni na farko shine umarnin EURO 1, wanda ke aiki tun 1993 kuma yana da kyau. Don injunan mai da dizal, yana saita iyaka ga carbon monoxide a kusa da 3 g / km da NO watsi.x kuma an ƙara HC. Iyakar ɓarkewar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta shafi injunan diesel kawai. Dole injiniyoyin man fetur su yi amfani da man da ba a sarrafa shi.
Yuro 2. Ma'aunin EURO 2 ya riga ya raba nau'ikan injunan guda biyu - injunan diesel suna da fa'ida a cikin NO watsi.2 da HC, a gefe guda, lokacin da ake amfani da hula akan jimlar su, injunan mai na iya samun isasshen hayaƙin CO. Wannan umarnin kuma ya nuna raguwar gubar dalma a cikin iskar gas.
Yuro 3... Tare da gabatar da ma'aunin EURO 3, wanda ke aiki tun 2000, Hukumar Turai ta fara tsaurara matakan. Don injunan dizal, ya rage PM da kashi 50% kuma ya saita ƙayyadaddun iyaka don NO watsi.2 da 0,5 g / km. A lokaci guda, ya ba da umarnin rage 36% na hayaƙin CO. Wannan ƙa'idar tana buƙatar injunan mai don cika ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun watsi.2 da HC.
Yuro 4... Matsayin EURO 4, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1.10 ga Oktoba, 2006, ya kara tsaurara matakan fitar da iskar. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙa'idar Euro 3 da ta gabata, ta raba abubuwa masu rarrafe guda biyu da iskar nitrogen a cikin iskar gas ɗin abin hawa. Game da injunan dizal, wannan ya tilasta masana'antun rage CO, NO watsi.2, hydrocarbons da ba a ƙone su ba.
Yuro 5... Tun daga 1.9. Ma'anar fitar da iska ta 2009 an yi niyya don rage adadin sassan kumfa na PM zuwa kashi biyar na ainihin adadin (0,005 a kan 0,025 g / km). Ƙimar NOx don mai (0,08 zuwa 0,06 g / km) da injin dizal (0,25 zuwa 0,18 g / km) suma sun ragu kaɗan. Dangane da injunan dizal, an kuma lura da raguwar HC + NO abun ciki.X z 0,30 n.d. 0,23 g / km.
EURO 6... Wannan ma'aunin iskar ya fara aiki ne a watan Satumba na 2014. Ya shafi injunan diesel, wato rage ƙimar NOx daga 0,18 zuwa 0,08 g / km da HC + NO.X 0,23 na 0,17 g / km
Abubuwan sarrafa abubuwa masu sarrafawa
Carbon monoxide (CO) marar launi ne, mara wari, iskar gas mara ɗanɗano wanda ya fi iska wuta. Mai ban haushi da rashin fashewa. Yana ɗaure da haemoglobin, i.e. wani pigment a cikin jini kuma ta haka ne ya hana canja wurin iska daga huhu zuwa kyallen takarda - saboda haka yana da guba. A al'ada taro a cikin iska, CO oxidizes in mun gwada da sauri zuwa carbon dioxide.2.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) iskar gas mara launi, mara dandano da wari. Da kanta, ba mai guba ba ne.
Hydrocarbons marasa konewa (HC) - a cikin sauran abubuwan da aka gyara, sun ƙunshi galibi carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes mai guba da alkanes marasa guba da alkenes.
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) - wasu suna da illa ga lafiya, suna cutar da huhu da mucosa. An kafa su a cikin injin a yanayin zafi da matsa lamba yayin konewa, tare da wuce haddi na iskar oxygen.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) iskar gas ce, mai guba, mara launi. Hadarinsa shine yana samar da sulfuric acid a cikin sassan numfashi.
Lead (Pb) ƙarfe ne mai nauyi mai guba. A halin yanzu, ana samun mai a tashoshi marasa gubar. Ana maye gurbin kaddarorin sa mai mai da ƙari.
Baƙar fata Carbon (PM) - ƙwayoyin baƙar fata na carbon suna haifar da haushin inji kuma suna aiki azaman masu ɗaukar carcinogens da mutagens.
Akwai sauran abubuwan da ke cikin ƙona man
Nitrogen (N2) iskar gas mara wuta, mara launi, mara wari. Ba guba ba ne. Shi ne babban bangaren iskar da muke shaka (78% N2, 21% O2, 1% sauran gas). Yawancin nitrogen ana mayar da su cikin yanayi a cikin iskar gas a ƙarshen aikin konewa. Wani karamin sashi yana amsawa tare da oxygen don samar da nitrogen oxides NOx.
Oxygen (O2) iskar gas mara launi mara guba. Ba tare da dandano da kamshi ba. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin konewa.
Ruwa (H2O) - ana shayar da shi tare da iska ta hanyar tururin ruwa.
