Emanuel Lasker - zakaran chess na duniya na biyu

Emanuel Lasker dan wasan dara ne dan kasar Jamus dan asalin Bayahude, masanin falsafa da lissafi, amma duniya ta fi tunawa da shi a matsayin babban dan wasan dara. Ya lashe kambun dara na duniya yana da shekaru 25 ta hanyar doke Wilhelm Steinitz kuma ya rike shi na tsawon shekaru 27 masu zuwa, mafi tsawo a tarihi. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan makarantar ma'ana ta Steinitz, wanda, duk da haka, ya wadatar da falsafarsa da abubuwan tunani. Ya kasance ƙwararren mai tsaron gida da kai hari, ya kware sosai a wasan dara.

1. Emanuel Lasker, tushen:

Emanuel Lasker An haife shi a kan Kirsimeti Hauwa'u 1868 a Berlinchen (yanzu Barlinek a cikin West Pomeranian Voivodeship) a cikin iyali na cantor na gida majami'a. Babban ɗan'uwansa Berthold ya cusa sha'awar dara a cikin babban malamin nan gaba. Tun yana karami, Emanuel ya yi mamakin hazakarsa, kwarewar ilimin lissafi da cikakkiyar gwanintar dara. Ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare a Gorzow kuma a 1888 ya fara nazarin ilmin lissafi da falsafa a Berlin. Duk da haka, sha'awar darasi ya fi muhimmanci, kuma abin da ya mayar da hankali a kai ke nan lokacin da ya daina (1).

1894 Wasan Chess na Duniya

Wasa da mai kare kambun mai shekaru 58 Wilhelm Steinitz dan Amurka Emanuel Lasker mai shekaru 25 ya taka leda a birane uku (New York, Philadelphia da Montreal) daga Maris 15 zuwa 26 ga Mayu, 1894. Dokokin wasan sun dauki wasa har wasanni 10 da aka yi nasara, kuma ba a yi la’akari da canjaras ba a sakamakon. Emanuel Lasker ya ci 10:5(2).

2. Emanuel Lasker (dama) da Wilhelm Steinitz a wasan neman kambun duniya a 1894, tushen:

Nasara da daukaka ba su juya kan Emanuel ba. A 1899 ya sauke karatu a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Heidelberg, kuma bayan shekaru uku a Erlangen ya sami Ph.D.

A 1900-1912 ya zauna a Ingila da Amurka. A wancan lokacin, ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin kimiyya a fagen ilmin lissafi da falsafa, kuma a cikin ayyukan dara ya kasance, musamman, yana gyara Jaridar Chess na Lasker a 1904-1907 (3, 4). A 1911 ya auri marubuci Martha Kohn a Berlin.

3. Emanuel Lasker, tushen:

4. Mujallar Chess Lasker, murfin, Nuwamba 1906, tushen:

Babban nasarorin da Lasker ya samu a fagen wasa sun haɗa da nasara a manyan gasa a London (1899), St. Petersburg (1896 da 1914), da New York (1924).

A shekara ta 1912 a faɗuwar shekara ta 1914, amma an soke wannan wasan lokacin da yakin duniya na farko ya barke.

A cikin 1921, ya rasa kambun duniya da Capablanca. Shekara guda da ta wuce, Lasker ya amince da abokin hamayyarsa a matsayin dan wasan chess mafi kyau a duniya, amma Capablanca ya so ya doke Lasker a wasan hukuma.

1921 Wasan Chess na Duniya

Maris 15 - Afrilu 28, 1921 a Havana Lasker ya gudanar da wasa don take Zakaran duniya tare da dan wasan dara na Cuba Jose Raul Capablanca. Wannan shine wasa na farko bayan shafe shekaru 11 da yakin duniya na farko (5) ya haddasa. An shirya wasan ne da a kalla wasanni 24. Wanda ya yi nasara shi ne ya zama dan wasan da ya fara samun nasara sau 6, kuma idan babu wanda ya yi nasara, dan wasan da ya fi yawan maki. Da farko wasan ya tafi lami lafiya, amma yayin da aka fara lokacin bazara na Cuban, lafiyar Lasker ta tabarbare. Da maki 5:9 (0:4 ba tare da canjaras ba), Lasker ya ki ci gaba da wasan ya koma Turai.

5. Jose Raul Capablanca (hagu) - Emanuel Lasker a wasan don taken duniya a 1921, tushen: 

6. Emanuel Lasker, tushen: National Library of Israel, Shwadron tarin.

An san Lasker don hanyoyin wasansa na tunani (6). Ya maida hankali sosai ba wai kawai ba na gaba motsi dabarumenene fahimtar tunanin maƙiyi da zaɓin dabarun da ba su da daɗi a gare shi, yana ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da kuskure. Wani lokaci ya zaɓi motsi mafi rauni a ka'idar, wanda, duk da haka, ya kamata ya burge abokin hamayya. A cikin shahararren wasan da aka yi da Capablanca (St. Petersburg, 1914), Lasker ya yi matukar sha'awar yin nasara, amma domin ya ja hankalin abokin hamayyarsa, ya zabi bambancin budewa, wanda aka yi la'akari da zane. Sakamakon haka, Capablanca ya taka leda a hankali kuma ya yi rashin nasara.

Tun 1927 Lasker yana abokantaka da Albert Einsteinwanda ke zaune kusa da gundumar Schöneberg ta Berlin. A cikin 1928, Einstein, yana taya Lasker murnar cika shekaru 60 da haihuwa, ya kira shi "mutumin Renaissance." Ana iya samun tunani daga tattaunawa tsakanin ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwanƙwasa a duniya a cikin muƙalar tarihin rayuwar Emanuel Lasker, inda Albert Einstein ya yi jayayya da ra'ayin abokinsa kan saurin haske da ke ƙarƙashin ka'idar alaƙa. Ina godiya ga wannan mutum mai gajiyawa, mai zaman kansa kuma mai tawali’u saboda irin tattaunawar da ya yi min,” ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya rubuta a farkon tarihin rayuwar Lasker.

Wani zane mai ban dariya (7) "Albert Einstein ya gana da Emanuel Lasker" na Oliver Schopf an gabatar da shi a wani babban nunin da aka sadaukar don rayuwa da aikin dara na Emanuel Lasker a Berlin-Kreuzberg a watan Oktoba 2005. An kuma buga shi a cikin mujallar Ches ta Jamus Schach.

7. Zane na satirical na Oliver Schopf "Albert Einstein ya gana da Emanuel Lasker"

A 1933 Lasker da matarsa Martha ConDukansu Yahudawan da aka tilasta musu barin Jamus. Sun koma Ingila. A 1935, Lasker ya samu gayyata daga Moscow zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, ya ba shi memba a Moscow Academy of Sciences. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, Lasker ya yi watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus kuma ya sami ɗan ƙasan Soviet. Dangane da ta'addancin da ke tare da mulkin Stalin, Lasker ya bar Tarayyar Soviet kuma a 1937, tare da matarsa, suka tafi New York ta hanyar Netherlands. Duk da haka, ya rayu a sabuwar ƙasarsa na ’yan shekaru kawai. Ya mutu sakamakon ciwon koda a New York a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1941 yana da shekaru 72 a Asibitin Mount Sinai. An binne Lassen a makabartar Beth Olom mai tarihi a Queens, New York.

Yawancin bambance-bambancen dara na buɗe suna sunansa, kamar bambancin Lasker a cikin Gambit na Sarauniya (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 N4 ) da Evans Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 G: b4 5.c3 Ga5 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Bb6). Lasker mutum ne mai ilimi, likita na falsafa tare da ilimin lissafi, marubucin littattafan kimiyya da littattafai, ƙwararren masani kan wasan GO, ƙwararren ɗan wasan gada kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo.

8. Alamar tunawa a Barlinka akan titi. Khmelna 7 don tunawa da Emanuel Lasker,

source:

Barlinek (8, 9), garin mahaifar "Sarkin Chess", ya karbi bakuncin bikin Chess na kasa da kasa don tunawa da D. Emanuel Lasker. Hakanan akwai kulob din dara na gida "Lasker" Barlinek.

9. Parking su. Emanuel Lasker in Barlinek

source:

Harafin Chess

farkon tsuntsu

Bude tsuntsun yana da inganci, ko da yake ba kasafai ba, bude dara da ke farawa da 1.f4 (tsari na 12). Farin yana ɗaukar iko da e5-square, yana samun damar kai hari akan farashin ɗan rauni na sarki.

Luis Ramirez de Lucena ya ambaci wannan buɗewa a cikin littafinsa Repetición de amoresy arte de ajedrez, con 150 juegos de partido (Maganin soyayya da wasan chess tare da misalai ɗari da hamsin na wasanni), wanda aka buga a Salamanca (Spain). shekara ta 1497 (13). Kwafi takwas da aka sani na ainihin bugu sun wanzu har yau.

Jagoran wasan dara na Ingilishi na karni na sha tara, Henry Edward Bird (14), yayi nazari tare da yin amfani da wannan budewar a wasanninsa daga 1855 har tsawon shekaru 40. A cikin 1885, The Hereford Times (jarida ta mako-mako da ake bugawa kowace Alhamis a Hereford, Ingila) ta kira Byrd's bude motsi 1.f4, kuma wannan sunan ya kasance na kowa. Babban malamin kasar Denmark, Bent Larsen, babban dan wasan dara na duniya na shekarun 60s da 70, shi ma ya kasance mai goyon bayan budewar Byrd.

13. Shafi daga littafin chess mafi dadewa, wanda kwafinsa ya wanzu har yau - Luis Lucena "Repetición de amores y arte de ajedrez, con 150 juegos de partido"

14. Henry Edward Byrd, :rodło: 

Babban kuma mafi yawan amfani da martani a cikin wannan tsarin shine 1..d5 (tsari na 15), watau. wasan yana tasowa kamar yadda yake a cikin Tsaron Yaren mutanen Holland (1.d4 f5), kawai tare da launuka masu juyawa, amma a cikin wannan bambancin buɗewar Byrd yana da ƙarin lokaci fiye da . Mafi kyawun motsin farin yana yanzu shine 2.Nf3. Makin yana sarrafa e5 da d4 kuma yana hana Black gwada sarki da Qh4. Sannan mutum zai iya wasa, misali, 2… c5 3.e3 Nf6 tare da matsayi daidai.

15. Babban bambanci a cikin buɗewar Byrd: 1.f4 d5

Zakaran duniya Timothy Taylor, a cikin littafinsa na buɗewar Byrd, ya yi imanin cewa babban layin tsaro shine 1.f4 d5 2.Nf3 g6 3.e3 Bg7 4.Ge2 Nf6 5.0-0 0-0 6.d3 c5 (16).

16. Timothy Taylor (2005). Buɗe Tsuntsaye: Cikakkun labaran na White's underrated and dynamic choices

Idan Baƙi ya zaɓi 2.g3, to, shawarar da Black ta bayar shine 2… h5! da ƙari, misali, 3.Nf3 h4 4.S: h4 W: h4 5.g: h4 e5 tare da hari mai haɗari na Black.

Gambit Froma

17. Martin Severin Frome, źródło:

Gambit Daga babban budi ne mai matukar tayar da hankali wanda aka gabatar da shi cikin aikin gasa godiya ga nazari na masanin darasi na Danish Martin Daga (17), mahaliccin gambit na arewa.

An ƙirƙiri Frome's Gambit bayan motsi 1.f4 e5 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ci gaba na Buɗe Tsuntsu (hoto 18). Saboda haka, da yawa 'yan wasa nan da nan suna wasa 2.e4, suna ƙaura zuwa Gambit na Sarki, ko kuma bayan sun karɓi gambit 2.f: e5 d6, sun bar guntu ta hanyar kunna 3.Nf3 d: e5 4.e4.

A cikin Daga Gambit, dole ne mutum ya tuna don guje wa faɗawa tarko, misali, 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 (hoto 19) 4.Cc3? Ya kuma yi hasara da sauri, kamar 4.e4? Hh4+5.g3 Gg3+6.h:g3 H:g3+7.Ke2 Gg4+8.Nf3 H:f3+9.Ke1 Hg3 # Mafi 4.Nf3. 4… Hh4 + 5.g3 G:g3 + 6.h:g3 H:g3 #

19. Daga gambit, matsayi bayan 3... H: d6

A cikin babban bambancin Frome's Gambit 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 4.Nf3, zakaran duniya na gaba Emanuel Lasker ya buga 4…g5 a wasan Bird-Lasker da aka buga a Newcastle akan Pona. Tyne a 1892. Wannan bambance-bambancen, wanda kuma aka fi amfani da shi a yau, ana kiransa bambance-bambancen Lasker. Yanzu White na iya zaɓar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, tsare-tsaren wasan da aka fi amfani da su akai-akai: 5.g3 g4 6.Sh4 ko 5.d4 g4 6.Ne5 (idan 6.Ng5, sannan 6…f5 tare da barazanar h6 da cin nasara. jarumi).

Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889

Daya daga cikin shahararriyar wasannin chess a tarihi an buga su a tsakaninsu. Emanuel Lasker i Johann Bauer a Amsterdam a cikin 1889. A cikin wannan wasa, Lasker ya sadaukar da bishops biyu don halakar da 'yan wasan da ke kare sarkin abokin hamayya.

20. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, matsayi bayan 13 Ha2

1.f4 d5 2.e3 Nf6 3.b3 e6 4.Bb2 Ge7 5.Bd3 b6 6.Sc3 Bb7 7.Nf3 Nbd7 8.0-0 0-0 9.Se2 c5 10.Ng3 Qc7 11.Ne5 S: e5 12. G: e5 Qc6 13.Qe2 (tsari na 20) 13… a6? Ba daidai ba yanke shawara kyale Lasker sadaukar da manzanni. Mafi kyau shine 13… g6 a daidai matsayi. 14.Sh5 Sxh5 15.Hxh7 + Farin hadaya na farko bishop. 15…K:h7 16.H:h5 + Kg8 17.G:g7 (e.21) 17…K:g7 ƙin yin hadaya na bishop na biyu ya kai ga abokin aure. Bayan 17… f5 ya zo na 18th Re5 Rf6 19.Ff3 sannan 20.Reg3, sannan bayan 17… f6 na 18th ko 6th Re18 yayi nasara. 3.Qg18 + Kh4 7.Rf19 Baki dole ne ya bar sarauniyarsa don guje wa abokin zama. 3… e19 5.Wh20 + Qh3 6.W: h21 + W: h6 6.Qd22 (hoto 7) Wannan motsi, yana kai hari ga bishop baki biyu, yana kaiwa ga kayan Lasker da fa'idar matsayi. 22… Bf22 6.H: b23 Kg7 7.Wf24 Wab1 8.Hd25 Wfd7 8.Hg26 + Kf4 8.fe27 Gg5 7.e28 Wb6 7.Hg29 f6 6.W: f30 + G: f6 6 +H: f31 6.Hh8 + Ke32 8.Hg7 + K: e33 7.H: b6 Wd34 7.H: a6 d35 6.e: d4 c: d36 4.h4 d37 4.H: d3 (hoto 38) 3-23.

21. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, matsayi bayan 17.G: g7

22. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, matsayi bayan 22Qd7.

23. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, matsayin da Bauer ya mika wuya.