Egzoplanetya

Nathalie Bataglia na Cibiyar Bincike ta Ames ta NASA, daya daga cikin manyan mafarauta a duniya, ta fada kwanan nan a cikin wata hira da cewa binciken da aka yi a cikin sararin samaniya ya canza yadda muke ganin sararin samaniya. "Muna kallon sama kuma mu ga ba taurari kawai ba, har ma da tsarin hasken rana, saboda yanzu mun san cewa aƙalla duniya ɗaya ke kewaye da kowane tauraro," in ji ta.

daga 'yan shekarun nan, ana iya cewa suna kwatanta yanayin ɗan adam daidai, wanda sha'awar gamsarwa ke ba da farin ciki da gamsuwa kawai na ɗan lokaci. Domin nan ba da jimawa ba akwai sabbin tambayoyi da matsalolin da ya kamata a shawo kansu domin samun sabbin amsoshi. 3,5 dubu taurari da kuma imani da cewa irin wannan jikin ne na kowa a sarari? To, idan mun san wannan, idan ba mu san abin da aka yi waɗannan abubuwa masu nisa ba? Shin suna da yanayi, kuma idan haka ne, za ku iya shaƙa shi? Shin suna zaune ne, kuma idan haka ne, akwai rayuwa a cikinsu?

Taurari bakwai masu yuwuwar ruwa mai ruwa

Ɗaya daga cikin labaran da aka fi sani a wannan shekara shi ne binciken da NASA da Cibiyar Kula da Kudancin Turai (ESO) suka yi na tsarin tauraro TRAPPIST-1, wanda aka ƙidaya kusan taurari bakwai na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, akan sikelin sararin samaniya, tsarin yana kusa da kusa, kawai shekaru 40 haske.

Tarihin gano taurari a kusa da tauraro MAFARKI-1 ya koma karshen 2015. Sa'an nan, godiya ga lura da Belgian TRAPPIST Robotic Telescope An gano taurari uku a dakin binciken La Silla da ke kasar Chile. An sanar da wannan a watan Mayu 2016 kuma an ci gaba da bincike. An ba da ƙwarin gwiwa don ƙarin bincike ta hanyar lura da hanyoyin tafiya sau uku na taurari (watau hanyarsu ta zuwa bayan Rana) a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2015, da aka yi ta amfani da su. Farashin VLT a Paranal Observatory. An yi nasarar nemo sauran duniyoyin - a kwanan baya an sanar da cewa akwai taurari bakwai a cikin tsarin da girmansu ya yi kama da duniya, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kunshe da tekuna na ruwa (1).

1. Rikodin lura da tsarin TRAPPIST-1 ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa na Spitzer

Tauraron TRAPPIST-1 ya fi Rana mu girma - kawai 8% na yawan sa da 11% na diamita. Duk . Lokaci na Orbital, bi da bi: 1,51 kwanaki / 2,42 / 4,05 / 6,10 / 9,20 / 12,35 da kuma kamar 14-25 kwanaki (2).

2. Bakwai exoplanets na tsarin TRAPPIST-1

Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don ƙirar yanayi da aka zayyana sun nuna cewa mafi kyawun yanayi don wanzuwa ana samun su a kan taurari. TARBIYYA-1 e, f Oraz g. Taurari mafi kusa sun bayyana suna da zafi sosai, kuma mafi girman taurarin sun yi sanyi sosai. Duk da haka, ba za a iya yanke hukunci ba cewa a cikin yanayin taurari b, c, d, ruwa yana faruwa a kan ƙananan gutsuttsura na saman, kamar yadda zai iya kasancewa a duniyar h - idan akwai ƙarin tsarin dumama.

Wataƙila taurarin TRAPPIST-1 za su zama batun bincike mai zurfi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, lokacin da aka fara aiki, kamar su. James Webb Space Telescope (magaji Hubble Space Telescope) ko kuma ESO ta gina shi E-ELT kusan mita 40 a diamita. Masana kimiyya za su so su gwada ko waɗannan duniyoyin suna da yanayi a kusa da su kuma su nemi alamun ruwa a kansu.

Ko da yake kusan taurari uku suna cikin abin da ake kira yanayi a kusa da tauraron TRAPPIST-1, amma damar da za su kasance wuraren baƙi ba su da yawa. Wannan wuri mai cunkoso. Duniya mafi nisa a cikin tsarin shine sau shida kusa da tauraro fiye da Mercury da yake zuwa Rana. dangane da girma fiye da quartet (Mercury, Venus, Duniya da Mars). Duk da haka, ya fi ban sha'awa game da yawa.

Planet f - tsakiyar ecosphere - yana da yawa kawai 60% na duniya, yayin da duniyar c ta kai 16% mai yawa fiye da Duniya. Dukkansu, mafi mahimmanci, taurarin dutse. A lokaci guda, waɗannan bayanan bai kamata a yi tasiri sosai a cikin yanayin abokantaka na rayuwa ba. Idan aka dubi waɗannan ka'idoji, mutum zai iya tunanin, alal misali, Venus ya kamata ya zama dan takara mafi kyau ga rayuwa da mulkin mallaka fiye da Mars. A halin yanzu, Mars ya fi dacewa don dalilai da yawa.

Don haka ta yaya duk abin da muka sani ke shafar damar rayuwa akan TRAPPIST-1? To, masu naysayers sun ƙididdige su a matsayin guragu.

Taurari ƙanana fiye da Rana suna da tsawon rai, wanda ke ba da isasshen lokaci don rayuwa ta haɓaka. Abin baƙin ciki shine, suma sun fi ɗaukar hankali - iskar hasken rana ta fi ƙarfi a cikin irin waɗannan tsarin, kuma masu yuwuwar walƙiya na iya zama da yawa kuma suna da ƙarfi.

Bugu da ƙari, taurari ne masu sanyi, don haka wuraren zama suna kusa da su sosai. Don haka, yuwuwar cewa duniyar da ke cikin irin wannan wuri za ta zama ta ƙare a kai a kai ta rayuwa yana da yawa sosai. Hakanan zai yi masa wahala ya kula da yanayin. Ƙasa tana kiyaye harsashinta mai laushi godiya ga filin maganadisu. wani maganadisu saboda motsin juyawa (ko da yake wasu suna da ra'ayi daban-daban, duba ƙasa). Abin baƙin ciki shine, tsarin da ke kewaye da TRAPPIST-1 yana da "cushe" ta yadda zai yiwu cewa dukkanin taurari a koyaushe suna fuskantar gefe ɗaya na tauraro, kamar yadda koyaushe muke ganin gefen wata. Gaskiya ne, wasu daga cikin taurarin sun samo asali ne daga wani wuri mai nisa daga tauraronsu, bayan da suka samar da yanayinsu a gaba sannan kuma suka kusanci tauraro. Ko da a lokacin, mai yiyuwa ne ba su da yanayi cikin kankanin lokaci.

Amma menene game da waɗannan jajayen dwarfs?

Kafin mu kasance mahaukaci game da "'yan'uwa mata bakwai" na TRAPPIST-1, mun kasance mahaukaci game da duniya mai kama da duniya a kusa da tsarin hasken rana. Daidaitaccen ma'aunin saurin radial ya ba da damar gano a cikin 2016 wata duniya mai kama da duniya da ake kira Proxima Centauri b (3), tana kewaya Proxima Centauri a cikin ecosphere.

3. Fantasy a saman duniyar nan Proxima Centauri b

Abubuwan lura da yin amfani da ƙarin na'urorin auna daidai, kamar na'urar hangen nesa ta James Webb da aka tsara, na iya siffanta duniyar. Duk da haka, tun da Proxima Centauri jajayen dwarf ne kuma tauraro mai zafi, yiwuwar rayuwa a duniyar da ke kewaye da ita ya kasance abin muhawara (ba tare da la'akari da kusancinsa da duniya ba, har ma an gabatar da shi a matsayin abin da ake nufi don jirgin sama). Damuwa game da walƙiya ta halitta yana haifar da tambayar ko duniyar tana da filin maganadisu, kamar Duniya, wanda ke kare ta. Shekaru da yawa, masana kimiyya da yawa sun gaskata cewa ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan filayen maganadisu ba zai yiwu ba a kan taurari kamar Proxima b, tunda jujjuyawar aiki tare zai hana hakan. An yi imanin cewa filin maganadisu an halicce shi ne ta hanyar wutar lantarki a cikin duniyar duniyar, kuma motsin abubuwan da aka caje da ake bukata don ƙirƙirar wannan motsi ya faru ne saboda jujjuyawar duniya. Duniya mai jujjuyawa a hankali ba zata iya ɗaukar ɓangarorin da aka caje da sauri ba don ƙirƙirar filin maganadisu wanda zai iya karkatar da walƙiya kuma ya sa su sami damar kiyaye yanayi.

duk da haka Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa filayen maganadisu na taurari a haƙiƙa ana haɗa su ta hanyar juzu'i, wani tsari ne wanda kayan zafi da ke cikin ainihin ke tashi, su yi sanyi, sannan su koma ƙasa.

Fatan yanayi akan taurari kamar Proxima Centauri b suna da alaƙa da sabon bincike game da duniyar. Gliese 1132yana zagaye jajayen dwarf. Babu shakka babu rayuwa a wurin. Wannan shi ne jahannama, soya a zafin jiki wanda bai wuce 260 ° C ba. Duk da haka, yana da jahannama tare da yanayi! Da suke nazarin yadda duniyar duniyar ke tafiya a tsawon haske daban-daban guda bakwai, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa tana da girma dabam. Wannan yana nufin baya ga siffar abin da kansa, hasken tauraro yana rufewa da yanayin, wanda ke barin wasu tsayinsa kawai. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, yana nufin cewa Gliese 1132 b yana da yanayi, ko da yake yana da alama ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Wannan labari ne mai kyau saboda jajayen dwarfs suna da sama da kashi 90% na yawan taurari (tauraron rawaya kawai kusan 4%). Yanzu muna da tushe mai ƙarfi wanda za mu ƙidaya aƙalla wasu daga cikinsu don jin daɗin yanayin. Ko da yake ba mu san tsarin da zai ba da damar kiyaye shi ba, gano shi da kansa shine kyakkyawan tsinkaya ga tsarin TRAPPIST-1 da makwabcin mu Proxima Centauri b.

Binciken farko

Rahotanni na kimiyya na gano taurarin sararin samaniya sun bayyana a farkon karni na XNUMX. Daya daga cikin na farko shi ne William Yakubu daga Madras Observatory a 1855, wanda ya gano cewa tsarin taurari na 70 Ophiuchus a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Ophiuchus yana da abubuwan da ke nuna yiwuwar kasancewar "jiki na duniya" a can. Rahoton ya sami goyan bayan abubuwan lura Thomas J. J. Duba daga Jami'ar Chicago, wanda a kusa da 1890 ya yanke shawarar cewa abubuwan da ba su da kyau sun tabbatar da wanzuwar jiki mai duhu yana kewaye da ɗaya daga cikin taurari, tare da tsawon shekaru 36. Duk da haka, daga baya an lura cewa tsarin jiki uku tare da irin waɗannan sigogi zai zama maras tabbas.

Bi da bi, a cikin 50-60s. A cikin karni na XNUMX, wani masanin falaki na Amurka Peter van de Kamp ilmin taurari ya tabbatar da cewa taurari suna tafe da tauraron Barnard mafi kusa (kusan shekarun haske 5,94 daga gare mu).

Duk waɗannan rahotannin farko yanzu ana ɗaukarsu ba daidai ba.

Nasarar farko ta gano wani duniyar da ke da karin hasken rana an yi shi ne a cikin 1988. An gano duniyar Gamma Cephei b ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin Doppler. (watau ja / shuɗin motsi) - kuma masana taurarin Kanada B. Campbell, G. Walker da S. Young ne suka yi hakan. Koyaya, a ƙarshe an tabbatar da gano su a cikin 2002 kawai. Duniya tana da lokacin kewayawa na kimanin kwanaki 903,3 na Duniya, ko kuma kimanin shekaru 2,5 na duniya, kuma an kiyasta girmanta a kusan jupiter 1,8. Yana kewaya giant gamma-ray Cepheus, wanda kuma aka sani da Errai (wanda ake iya gani a ido tsirara a cikin taurarin Cepheus), a nisan kusan kilomita miliyan 310.

Ba da daɗewa ba, an gano irin waɗannan gawarwakin a wani wuri da ba a saba gani ba. Sun zagaya da wani pulsar (tauraron neutron da aka samu bayan fashewar supernova). Afrilu 21, 1992, Masanin ilimin taurari na Poland - Alexander Volshan, da Amurka Dale Fryl, buga labarin da ke ba da rahoton gano taurari uku na extrasolar a cikin tsarin duniyar pulsar PSR 1257+12.

Duniya ta farko ta extrasolar da ke zagayawa da tauraro mai tsari na yau da kullun an gano shi a cikin 1995. Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Geneva ne suka yi hakan - Magajin garin Michelle i Didier Keloz, godiya ga lura da bakan na star 51 Pegasi, wanda ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Pegasus. Tsarin waje ya bambanta sosai da. Duniyar 51 Pegasi b (4) ta zama wani abu mai iskar gas mai nauyin jupiter 0,47, wanda ke kewayawa kusa da tauraronsa, 0,05 AU kawai. daga gare ta (kimanin kilomita miliyan 3).

Kepler na'urar hangen nesa yana shiga cikin kewayawa

A halin yanzu akwai fiye da 3,5 da aka sani exoplanets na kowane girma, daga girma fiye da Jupiter zuwa karami fiye da Duniya. A (5) ya kawo nasara. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin orbit a cikin Maris 2009. Yana da madubi mai diamita na kusan 0,95 m kuma mafi girman firikwensin CCD wanda aka harba zuwa sararin samaniya - 95 megapixels. Babban manufar manufa ita ce ƙayyadaddun adadin abubuwan da suka faru na tsarin duniya a sararin samaniya da kuma bambancin tsarin su. Na'urar hangen nesa tana lura da adadi mai yawa na taurari kuma yana gano taurari ta hanyar wucewa. An yi nufin ƙungiyar taurarin Cygnus.

5. Na'urar hangen nesa ta Kepler tana kallon wani exoplanet a gaban faifan tauraronsa.

Lokacin da na'urar hangen nesa ta rufe saboda rashin aiki a shekarar 2013, masana kimiyya da babbar murya sun bayyana gamsuwarsu da nasarorin da aka samu. Ya zamana, duk da haka, cewa a lokacin ya zama kamar a gare mu kawai cewa bala'in farautar duniya ya ƙare. Ba wai kawai saboda Kepler yana sake watsa shirye-shiryen bayan hutu ba, har ma saboda sabbin hanyoyin gano abubuwan ban sha'awa.

Motar amsa ta farko ta na'urar hangen nesa ta daina aiki a watan Yulin 2012. Duk da haka, wasu uku sun rage - sun ba da izinin binciken ya kewaya a sararin samaniya. Kepler ya zama kamar zai iya ci gaba da lura da shi. Abin baƙin ciki, a watan Mayu 2013, dabaran na biyu ya ƙi yin biyayya. An yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ɗakin kallo don matsayi gyaran motociduk da haka, da sauri man fetur ya ƙare. A tsakiyar Oktoba 2013, NASA ta sanar cewa Kepler ba zai sake neman taurari ba.

Kuma duk da haka, tun daga watan Mayun 2014, sabon manufa na mutum mai daraja yana gudana. mafarauta exoplanet, wanda NASA ke kira da K2. An yi hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da wasu dabarun gargajiya da ba su da yawa. Tun da na'urar hangen nesa ba zai iya aiki da ingantattun ƙafafun amsawa guda biyu (akalla uku), masana kimiyya na NASA sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da matsa lamba. hasken rana a matsayin "hanyar amsawa ta zahiri". Wannan hanyar ta sami nasara wajen sarrafa na'urar hangen nesa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin K2, an riga an lura da dubun dubatar taurari.

Kepler ya kasance yana hidima fiye da yadda aka tsara (har zuwa 2016), amma an tsara sabbin ayyuka masu kama da juna tsawon shekaru.

Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA) tana aiki akan tauraron dan adam wanda aikinsa zai kasance daidai da tantancewa da kuma nazarin tsarin da aka sani da exoplanets (CHEOPS). An sanar da ƙaddamar da aikin a cikin 2017. Ita kuma NASA tana son aikewa da tauraron dan adam na TESS zuwa sararin samaniya a wannan shekara, wanda zai fi mayar da hankali ne kan neman taurarin duniya., kimanin taurari 500 mafi kusa da mu. Shirin shine gano taurari a kalla dari uku "duniya ta biyu".

Duk waɗannan ayyukan biyu sun dogara ne akan hanyar wucewa. Wannan ba duka ba. A cikin Fabrairun 2014, Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai ta amince Manufar PLATEAU. A bisa tsarin na yanzu, ya kamata a tashi a cikin 2024 kuma ta yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa mai suna iri ɗaya don nemo taurari masu duwatsu masu ruwa. Hakanan waɗannan abubuwan lura na iya ba da damar bincika abubuwan exmoons, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da bayanan Kepler don yin hakan. Hankalin PLATO zai kasance daidai da Kepler na'urar hangen nesa.

A NASA, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna aiki don ƙarin bincike a wannan yanki. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan sanannun kuma har yanzu a farkon ayyukan shine inuwar tauraro. Tambaya ce ta rufe hasken tauraro da wani abu kamar laima, domin a iya ganin taurarin da ke bayansa. Yin amfani da bincike na tsawon zango, za a ƙayyade sassan yanayin su. NASA za ta tantance aikin a wannan shekara ko mai zuwa kuma ta yanke shawarar ko yana da daraja a bi. Idan an ƙaddamar da aikin Starshade, to a cikin 2022 zai yi

Hakanan ana amfani da ƙananan hanyoyin gargajiya don nemo taurarin da ba su da hasken rana. A cikin 2017, 'yan wasan EVE Online za su iya nemo ainihin exoplanets a cikin duniyar kama-da-wane. - a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da masu haɓaka wasan za su aiwatar, dandalin Massively Multiplayer Online Science (MMOS), Jami'ar Reykjavik da Jami'ar Geneva.

Mahalarta aikin dole ne su farautar taurarin sararin samaniya ta hanyar ƙaramin wasan da ake kira Bude aikin. A lokacin tashin sararin samaniya, wanda zai iya wucewa har zuwa mintuna da yawa, ya danganta da tazarar da ke tsakanin kowane tashoshi na sararin samaniya, za su tantance ainihin bayanan falaki. Idan isassun ƴan wasa sun yarda akan rarrabuwar bayanai da suka dace, za a mayar da su Jami'ar Geneva don taimakawa inganta binciken. Magajin garin Michelle, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Wolf Prize na 2017 a Physics da kuma wanda aka ambata co-discoverer na exoplanet a 1995, zai gabatar da aikin a wannan shekara EVE Fanfest a Reykjavik, Iceland.

Ƙara Ƙarin

Masana falaki sun kiyasta cewa akwai aƙalla taurari masu girman duniya biliyan 17 a cikin taurarinmu. Masana kimiyya a Harvard Astrophysical Center ne suka sanar da lambar a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, bisa ga abubuwan da aka yi da na'urar hangen nesa na Kepler.

François Fressen na Cibiyar ya jaddada cewa, ba shakka, bai kamata a fahimci waɗannan bayanai ba ta ma'anar cewa kowane ɗayan biliyoyin duniyoyin suna da yanayi mai kyau na rayuwa. Shi kaɗai size ba duka ba. Yana da mahimmanci kuma nisa daga taurarowanda duniya ke kewayawa. Ka tuna cewa yayin da mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwa masu kama da duniya ke motsawa a cikin ƙunƙantaccen kewayawa kamar na Mercury, suna kewaye da wasu.

taurari, wasu daga cikinsu sun fi Rana ƙanana a fili. Masana kimiyya kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa don rayuwa, aƙalla kamar yadda muka sani, ya zama dole ruwa mai ruwa.

Hanyar wucewa ta faɗi kaɗan game da duniyar da kanta. Kuna iya amfani da shi don sanin girmansa da nisa daga tauraro. Fasaha ma'aunin saurin radial zai iya taimakawa wajen tantance yawan sa. Haɗuwa da hanyoyin guda biyu yana ba da damar ƙididdige ƙididdigewa. Shin zai yiwu a yi nazari sosai kan exoplanet?

Sai dai itace. NASA ta riga ta san mafi kyawun kallon taurari kamar Kepler-7 pwanda aka kera shi da na'urar hangen nesa na Kepler da Spitzer taswirar girgije a cikin yanayi. Ya juya cewa wannan duniyar tana da zafi sosai don nau'ikan rayuwa da aka sani da mu - yana da zafi daga 816 zuwa 982 ° C. Duk da haka, gaskiyar irin wannan cikakken bayanin shi babban ci gaba ne, ganin cewa muna magana ne game da duniyar da ke da nisa da mu shekaru ɗari haske. Bi da bi, kasancewar wani babban murfin gajimare a kusa da exoplanets GJ 436b da GJ 1214b An cire shi daga nazarin spectroscopic na haske daga taurarin iyaye.

Duk duniyoyin biyu suna cikin abin da ake kira super-Earth. GJ 436b (6) yana da nisa tsawon haske na 36 a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin Leo. GJ 1214b yana cikin ƙungiyar taurari Ophiuchus, 40 haske shekaru daga Duniya. Na farko yayi kama da girman Neptune, amma ya fi kusa da tauraruwarsa fiye da "samfurin" da aka sani daga tsarin hasken rana. Na biyu ya fi Neptune karami, amma ya fi Duniya girma.

6. Cloud Layer a kusa da GJ 436b - gani

Yana kuma zuwa da na'urorin daidaitawa, ana amfani da shi a ilimin taurari don kawar da damuwa da girgizar yanayi ke haifarwa. Amfani da shi shine sarrafa na'urar hangen nesa tare da kwamfuta don guje wa karkatar da madubi na gida (a kan tsari na ƴan micrometers), don haka gyara kurakurai a cikin hoton da ya haifar. Wannan shine yadda Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) ke aiki a Chile. An fara fara aiki da na'urar ne a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013.

Amfani da GPI yana da ƙarfi sosai wanda zai iya gano bakan haske na abubuwa masu duhu da nesa kamar exoplanets. Godiya ga wannan, zai yiwu don ƙarin koyo game da abun da ke ciki. An zaɓi duniyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan lura na farko. Beta Painter b. A wannan yanayin, GPI yana aiki kamar na'urar daukar hoto na hasken rana, wato, yana rufe faifan tauraro mai nisa don nuna haske na duniyar da ke kusa. 

Makullin lura da “alamun rayuwa” shine hasken tauraro dake kewaya duniya. Hasken da ke wucewa ta sararin samaniya yana barin takamaiman sawu wanda za'a iya auna shi daga Duniya. ta amfani da hanyoyin duban gani, watau. nazarin radiyon da wani abu na zahiri ke fitarwa, tsotsewa ko watsawa. Ana iya amfani da irin wannan hanya don nazarin saman exoplanets. Duk da haka, akwai sharadi ɗaya. Dole ne saman duniya ya sha ko watsar da haske sosai. Ƙauran taurari, ma'ana taurari waɗanda saman su ke shawagi a cikin babban gajimare mai ƙura, 'yan takara ne nagari. 

Tare da kayan aikin da muke da su, ba tare da ginawa ko aika sabbin na'urori zuwa sararin samaniya ba, za mu iya gano ruwa a cikin duniyar 'yan shekaru goma sha biyu masu haske. Masana kimiyya wanda, tare da taimakon Babban Na'urar hangen nesa a Chile - sun ga alamun ruwa a cikin yanayin duniyar duniyar 51 Pegasi b, ba su buƙatar jigilar duniyar tsakanin tauraron da duniya. Ya isa ganin canje-canje na dabara a cikin hulɗar da ke tsakanin exoplanet da tauraro. A cewar masana kimiyya, ma'auni na canje-canje a cikin haske mai haske ya nuna cewa a cikin yanayi na duniya mai nisa akwai ruwa 1/10, da kuma alamu. carbon dioxide i methane. Har yanzu ba a iya tabbatar da wadannan abubuwan lura a wurin ba... 

Wata hanyar lura da kai tsaye da kuma nazarin exoplanets ba daga sararin samaniya ba, amma daga duniya masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Princeton sun gabatar da su. Sun haɓaka tsarin CHARIS, wani nau'in sosai sanyaya spectrographwanda ke iya gano hasken da ke haskakawa ta manya, ya fi Jupiter girma, exoplanets. Godiya ga wannan, zaku iya gano nauyin su da zafin jiki, kuma, saboda haka, shekarun su. An shigar da na'urar a Subaru Observatory a Hawaii.

A watan Satumba na 2016, an sanya giant aiki. Telescope na rediyon kasar Sin FAST (), wanda aikinsa zai kasance nemo alamun rayuwa a wasu duniyoyi. Masana kimiyya a duk faɗin duniya suna da bege mai yawa a kai. Wannan wata dama ce ta lura da sauri da nisa fiye da kowane lokaci a cikin tarihin binciken sararin samaniya. Filin kallonsa zai ninka na Arecibo telescope a Puerto Rico, wanda ke kan gaba a cikin shekaru 53 da suka gabata.

FAST alfarwa yana da diamita na 500 m. Ya ƙunshi 4450 triangular aluminum panels. Ya mamaye yanki mai kama da filayen ƙwallon ƙafa talatin. Don aiki, Ina buƙatar ... cikakken shiru a cikin radius na 5 km, sabili da haka kusan 10 dubu. mutanen da ke zaune a wurin sun yi gudun hijira. Gidan rediyon yana cikin wani tafki na halitta a cikin kyawawan wuraren koren karst a kudancin lardin Guizhou.

Kwanan nan, an kuma yi yuwuwa a ɗauki hoton exoplanet kai tsaye a nesa na shekarun haske 1200. An yi hakan tare da hadin gwiwar masana ilmin taurari daga cibiyar sa ido kan kasashen Turai ta Kudu (ESO) da Chile. Gano duniyar da aka yiwa alama CVSO 30c (7) har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi a hukumance ba.

7. Star CVSO 30c - hoto daga VLT

Shin da gaske akwai rayuwa ta waje?

A baya can, kusan ba za a yarda da shi a kimiyya ba don yin hasashe game da rayuwa mai hankali da wayewar baƙo. An gwada ra'ayoyi masu ƙarfi ta abin da ake kira. Wannan babban masanin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, shi ne ya fara lura da hakan akwai sabani a fili tsakanin kididdigar kididdigar da aka yi na yiwuwar samuwar wayewar da ba ta cikin kasa ba da kuma rashin wani abin da ake iya gani na samuwarsu. "Ina suke?" sai da masanin kimiyyar ya yi tambaya, sai kuma wasu da yawa masu shakka, suna nuni da shekarun sararin samaniya da yawan taurari.. Yanzu zai iya ƙara wa abin da ke tattare da shi duka "duniya masu kama da duniya" da na'urar hangen nesa ta Kepler ta gano. A haƙiƙa, ɗimbin su yana ƙara ɗanɗano yanayin tunanin Fermi ne kawai, amma yanayin sha'awar da ya mamaye yana tura waɗannan shakku cikin inuwa.

Binciken Exoplanet wani muhimmin ƙari ne ga wani tsarin ƙa'idar da ke ƙoƙarin tsara ƙoƙarinmu a cikin neman wayewar ƙasa - Drake Equations. Mahaliccin shirin SETI, Frank DrakeNa koyi hakan adadin wayewar da dan Adam zai iya sadarwa da su, wato bisa zato na wayewar fasaha, ana iya samun su ta hanyar ninka tsawon wanzuwar wadannan wayewar da adadinsu. Ana iya sanin na ƙarshe ko ƙididdigewa bisa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yawan adadin taurari da taurari, matsakaicin adadin taurari, da kuma adadin taurari a yankin da ake rayuwa.. Wannan shine bayanan da muka karɓa, kuma za mu iya aƙalla cika ma'auni (8) tare da lambobi.

Paradox na Fermi yana haifar da tambaya mai wuyar gaske wacce za mu iya amsawa kawai idan muka sami tuntuɓar wasu wayewar zamani. Don Drake, bi da bi, duk abin daidai ne, kawai kuna buƙatar yin jerin zato akan abin da za ku yi sabon zato. A halin yanzu Amir Axel, Prof. Ƙididdiga na Kwalejin Bentley a cikin littafinsu "Probability = 1" sun ƙididdige yiwuwar rayuwa ta waje. kusan 100%.

Yaya ya yi? Ya ba da shawarar cewa yawan taurari tare da duniya shine 50% (bayan sakamakon na'urar hangen nesa na Kepler, da alama ƙari). Sai ya ɗauka cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin taurari tara yana da yanayi masu dacewa don fitowar rayuwa, kuma yuwuwar kwayar halittar DNA ita ce 1 a cikin 1015. Ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin taurari a sararin samaniya shine 3 × 1022 (sakamakon sakamakon. ninka yawan taurari da matsakaicin adadin taurari a cikin galaxy daya). Prof. Akzel ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa wani wuri a cikin sararin samaniya dole ne rayuwa ta tashi. Duk da haka, yana iya yin nisa da mu har ba mu san juna ba.

Koyaya, waɗannan zato na lambobi game da asalin rayuwa da ci gaban wayewar fasaha ba sa la'akari da wasu la'akari. Misali, wayewar baqi ta zato. ba za ta so shi ba haɗi da mu. Suna kuma iya zama wayewa. ba zai yiwu a tuntube mu ba, don fasaha ko wasu dalilai waɗanda ba za mu iya ma tunanin su ba. Wataƙila shi ba mu gane ba kuma ba ma gani sigina da nau'ikan sadarwar da muke samu daga "baƙi".

"Babu wanzuwa" taurari

Akwai tarkuna da yawa a cikin farautar taurari ba tare da kariya ba, kamar yadda daidaituwar ta tabbata Gliese 581 da. Majiyoyin Intanet sun rubuta game da wannan abu: "Duniya ba ta wanzu a zahiri, bayanan da ke cikin wannan sashe suna bayyana halayen ka'idar duniyar nan kawai idan ta kasance a zahiri."

Tarihi yana da ban sha'awa a matsayin gargaɗi ga waɗanda suka rasa faɗakarwar kimiyya a cikin sha'awar duniya. Tun da "ganowar" a cikin 2007, duniyar mafarki ta kasance madaidaicin kowane nau'i na "mafi kusancin sararin samaniya zuwa duniya" a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Ya isa shigar da kalmar "Gliese 581 d" a cikin injin bincike na Intanet mai hoto don nemo mafi kyawun gani na duniyar da ta bambanta da Duniya kawai a cikin siffar nahiyoyi ...

An katse wasan kwaikwayon na tunanin ta hanyar sabon bincike na tsarin tauraron Gliese 581. Sun nuna cewa an dauki shaidar wanzuwar tauraro a gaban faifan taurari maimakon aibobi da ke bayyana a saman taurari, kamar yadda mu ma. sani daga ranan mu. Sabbin bayanai sun kunna fitilar gargaɗi ga masana ilmin taurari a duniyar kimiyya.

Gliese 581 d ba shine kadai zai yiwu ba a cikin almara na exoplanet. Hasashen babban duniyar iskar gas Fomalhaut b (9), wanda ya kamata ya kasance a cikin gajimare da aka fi sani da "Idon Sauron", mai yiwuwa tarin iskar gas ne, kuma bai yi nisa da mu ba. Alpha Centauri BB zai iya zama kuskure ne kawai a cikin bayanan lura.

9. Hasashen exoplanet Fomalhaut b

Duk da kurakurai, rashin fahimtar juna da shakku, babban binciken da aka yi na taurarin sararin samaniya ya riga ya zama gaskiya. Wannan hujja ta yi matuƙar gurgunta ƙasidar da aka taɓa sani game da keɓancewar tsarin hasken rana da taurari kamar yadda muka san su, gami da Duniya. - komai yana nuna gaskiyar cewa muna juyawa a cikin yanki ɗaya na rayuwa kamar miliyoyin sauran taurari (10). Hakanan yana da alama cewa da'awar game da keɓancewar rayuwa da halittu kamar mutane na iya zama mara tushe daidai. Amma—kamar yadda al’amarin ya kasance da exoplanets, wanda muka taɓa gaskata “ya kamata su kasance a wurin”—tabbacin kimiyya cewa har yanzu ana buƙatar rai “akwai”.

10. Yankin rayuwa a cikin tsarin duniya dangane da yanayin zafin tauraro