Injin. Bambance-bambance tsakanin hawan Otto da Atkinson
Na ɗan lokaci yanzu, kalmar "Injin zagayowar tattalin arzikin Atkinson" ya ƙara zama gama gari. Menene wannan sake zagayowar kuma me yasa yake rage yawan man fetur?
Mafi yawan injunan gas na bugun jini guda hudu a yau suna aiki akan abin da ake kira zagayowar Otto, wanda mai kirkiro na Jamus Nikolaus Otto ya haɓaka a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, wanda ya tsara ɗayan injunan konewa na farko da ya sami nasara. Asalin wannan zagayowar ya ƙunshi bugun jini guda huɗu da aka yi a cikin juyi biyu na crankshaft: bugun jini, bugun bugun jini, bugun aiki da bugun shaye-shaye.
A farkon bugun jini, bawul ɗin ci yana buɗewa, ta inda aka zana cakuda man iskar iska daga nau'in shan ta hanyar ja da fistan. Kafin fara bugun bugun jini, bawul ɗin ci yana rufe kuma piston da ke dawowa kan kai yana matsar da cakuda. Lokacin da fistan ya kai matsayinsa na kololuwa, ana kunna cakuda ta wutan lantarki. Sakamakon zafi mai zafi gas yana fadadawa da tura piston, yana canja wurin makamashi zuwa gare shi, kuma lokacin da piston ya yi nisa daga kai, bawul ɗin shayarwa yana buɗewa. Shaye shaye yana farawa tare da dawo da fistan yana tura iskar gas daga cikin silinda zuwa cikin tarin shaye-shaye.
Abin takaici, ba dukkanin makamashin da ke cikin iskar gas ɗin da ake amfani da su ba ne a lokacin bugun wutar lantarki don tura piston (kuma, ta hanyar haɗin haɗin, don juya crankshaft). Har yanzu suna cikin matsanancin matsin lamba lokacin da bawul ɗin numfashi ya buɗe a farkon bugun numfashin. Za mu iya koyo game da wannan lokacin da muka ji ƙarar da wata mota ta yi mai karyewar lafa - tana faruwa ne ta hanyar sakin kuzari a cikin iska. Wannan ne ya sa injinan mai na gargajiya ke da inganci kusan kashi 35 cikin ɗari. Idan zai yiwu a ƙara bugun piston a cikin bugun aiki kuma amfani da wannan makamashi ...
Wannan ra'ayin ya zo ga mai kirkiro na Ingila James Atkinson. A shekara ta 1882, ya kera injin, wanda a cikinsa, godiya ga tsarin rikitaccen tsarin turawa da ke haɗa pistons zuwa crankshaft, bugun wutar lantarki ya fi tsayin bugun bugun jini. Sakamakon haka, a farkon buguwar shaye-shaye, matsewar iskar iskar gas ta kusan daidai da na yanayi, kuma an yi amfani da karfinsu sosai.
Editocin sun ba da shawarar:
Faranti. Direbobi suna jiran juyin juya hali?
Hanyoyi na gida na tuki na hunturu
Amintaccen jariri don kuɗi kaɗan
Don haka me yasa ba a yi amfani da ra'ayin Atkinson sosai ba, kuma me yasa injunan ƙonewa na ciki ke amfani da mafi ƙarancin tsarin zagayowar Otto fiye da ɗari? Akwai dalilai guda biyu: ɗaya shine rikitarwar injin Atkinson, ɗayan kuma - kuma mafi mahimmanci - ƙarancin ƙarfin da yake samu daga rukunin ƙaura.
Duk da haka, yayin da ake ƙara mai da hankali ga amfani da man fetur da kuma tasirin motsa jiki ga muhalli, an tuna da ingancin injin Atkinson, musamman a matsakaicin gudu. Tunaninsa ya zama mafita mai kyau, musamman a cikin motoci masu haɗaka, wanda motar lantarki ta rama rashin wutar lantarki, musamman ma da ake buƙata lokacin farawa da hanzari.
Shi ya sa aka yi amfani da injin keken Atkinson da aka gyara a cikin motar farko da aka kera da jama’a, wato Toyota Prius, sannan a cikin dukkan sauran matasan Toyota da Lexus.
Menene sake zagayowar Atkinson? Wannan bayani mai wayo ya sanya injin Toyota ya riƙe na al'ada, mai sauƙi na injunan bugun jini huɗu na al'ada, kuma piston yana tafiya nesa ɗaya akan kowane bugun jini, ingantaccen bugun jini ya fi tsayin bugun bugun jini.
A gaskiya ma, ya kamata a ce daban-daban: tasiri mai tasiri ya fi guntu fiye da tsarin aiki. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar jinkirta rufe bawul ɗin sha, wanda ke rufe jim kaɗan bayan fara bugun bugun jini. Don haka, ana mayar da wani ɓangare na cakuda man iskar man zuwa wurin da ake sha. Wannan yana da sakamako guda biyu: yawan iskar gas ɗin da aka samar lokacin da aka ƙone shi ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma yana da ikon fadadawa sosai kafin farawar bugun jini, canja wurin dukkan makamashi zuwa fistan, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarancin makamashi don matsawa ƙasa da cakuda, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwa. yana rage asarar injin ciki. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan da sauran hanyoyin, injin Toyota Prius powertrain na ƙarni na huɗu ya sami damar samun ƙarfin zafi da ya kai kashi 41 cikin ɗari, wanda a baya ana samun shi daga injin dizal.
Kyawawan maganin shine jinkirin rufe bawul ɗin sha ba ya buƙatar manyan canje-canjen tsarin - ya isa ya yi amfani da tsarin sarrafa lantarki don canza lokacin bawul ɗin.
Kuma idan haka ne, me yasa ba akasin haka ba? To, ba shakka; ta halitta! An samar da injunan zagayawa masu canzawa na ɗan lokaci. Lokacin da bukatar wutar lantarki ta yi ƙasa, kamar lokacin tuƙi a kan hanyoyi masu daɗi, injin yana gudana akan zagayowar Atkinson don ƙarancin amfani da mai. Kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar mafi kyawun aiki - daga fitilolin mota ko wuce gona da iri - yana jujjuya zuwa zagayowar Otto, ta amfani da duk abubuwan da ke akwai. Ana amfani da wannan injin turbocharged kai tsaye mai nauyin lita 1,2 a cikin Toyota Auris da sabuwar Toyota C-HR city SUV, misali. Ana amfani da injin lita biyu iri ɗaya akan Lexus IS 200t, GS 200t, NX 200t, RX 200t da RC 200t.
