Shin muna da hankali don fahimtar sararin samaniya?

Duniyar da ake iya gani a wasu lokuta ana iya ba da ita a kan faranti, kamar yadda mawaƙin Pablo Carlos Budassi ya yi kwanan nan lokacin da ya haɗa taswirorin logarithmic na Jami'ar Princeton da NASA a cikin diski mai launi ɗaya. Wannan sigar geocentric ce - Duniya tana tsakiyar farantin, kuma Big Bang plasma yana a gefuna.

Zane-zane yana da kyau kamar kowane, har ma fiye da sauran, saboda yana kusa da ra'ayin ɗan adam. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da tsari, motsin rai da makomar sararin samaniya, kuma yanayin sararin samaniya da aka yarda da shi shekaru da yawa yana da alama yana rushewa a baya-bayan nan. Misali, ana ƙara jin muryoyin ƙaryata ka'idar Big Bang.

sararin samaniya wani lambu ne na ban mamaki, wanda aka yi shi tsawon shekaru a cikin "mainstream" na ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sararin samaniya, cike da abubuwan ban mamaki kamar su. giant quasars ya tashi daga gare mu da saurin karyewar wuya. al'amarin duhuwanda babu wanda ya gano kuma wanda baya nuna alamun accelerators, amma "wajibi ne" don bayyana saurin jujjuyawar galaxy, kuma, a ƙarshe, Babban karawanda ke halaka duk ilimin kimiyyar lissafi zuwa gwagwarmaya tare da wanda ba a iya kwatanta shi ba, aƙalla na ɗan lokaci, musamman.

babu wasan wuta

Asalin Babban Bang yana bi ne kai tsaye kuma babu makawa daga lissafin ka'idar gamayya. Duk da haka, wasu masana kimiyya suna ganin wannan a matsayin matsala mai matsala, saboda ilimin lissafi zai iya bayyana abin da ya faru nan da nan bayan ... - amma bai san abin da ya faru a wannan lokacin na musamman ba, kafin manyan wasan wuta (2).

Yawancin masana kimiyya sun guje wa wannan fasalin. Idan kawai saboda, kamar yadda kwanan nan ya sanya shi Ali Ahmed Farah daga Jami'ar Ben da ke Masar, "dokokin kimiyyar lissafi sun daina aiki a can." Farag tare da abokin aiki Saurya Dasem daga Jami'ar Lethbridge da ke Kanada, wanda aka gabatar a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a cikin 2015 a cikin Haruffa na Physics B, samfurin da duniya ba ta da farko kuma ba ta da iyaka, don haka ba ta da ma'ana.

Duk masanan kimiyyar lissafi sun sami wahayi daga aikinsu. David Bohm tun daga 50s. Ya yi la'akari da yiwuwar maye gurbin layukan geodesic da aka sani daga ka'idar gabaɗaya na alaƙa (mafi ƙanƙanta layin da ke haɗa maki biyu) tare da yanayin ƙima. A cikin takardar su, Farag da Das sun yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin Bohm zuwa wani ma'auni wanda masanin kimiyyar lissafi ya haɓaka a cikin 1950. Amala Kumara Raychaudhuryego daga Jami'ar Calcutta. Raychaudhuri shima malamin Das ne a lokacin yana dan shekara 90. Ta amfani da ma'aunin Raychaudhuri, Ali da Das sun sami gyaran kwatancen. Friedman equationwanda, bi da bi, ya bayyana juyin halitta na Universe (ciki har da Big Bang) a cikin mahallin gama gari. Ko da yake wannan ƙirar ba ƙa'idar ƙididdiga ba ce ta gaskiya, ya haɗa da abubuwa biyu na ka'idar jimla da alaƙa ta gaba ɗaya. Farag da Das kuma suna tsammanin sakamakonsu zai kasance gaskiya koda lokacin da aka samar da cikakkiyar ka'idar jimla nauyi.

Ka'idar Farag-Das ba ta annabta Big Bang ko babban rushewa komawa zuwa kadaitaka. Dabarun ƙididdiga waɗanda Farag da Das ke amfani da su ba su taɓa haɗuwa ba don haka ba su taɓa samar da wuri guda ɗaya ba. Daga ra'ayi na sararin samaniya, masana kimiyya sun bayyana, ana iya kallon gyare-gyaren ƙididdiga a matsayin ma'auni na sararin samaniya, kuma babu buƙatar shigar da makamashi mai duhu. Tsawon sararin samaniya yana kaiwa ga gaskiyar cewa maganin equation na Einstein na iya zama duniya mai girman iyaka da shekaru marasa iyaka.

Wannan ba shine kawai ka'idar ba a cikin 'yan lokutan da ke lalata manufar Babban Bang. Misali, akwai hasashe cewa lokacin da lokaci da sarari suka bayyana, ya samo asali kuma duniya ta biyuwanda lokaci ke tafiya a baya. Ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta duniya ce ta gabatar da wannan hangen nesa, wanda ya ƙunshi: Tim Kozlowski daga Jami'ar New Brunswick, Kasuwannin Flavio Perimeter na Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Julian Barbour. Halittar halittu guda biyu da aka kafa a lokacin Babban Bang, a cikin wannan ka'idar, yakamata su zama madubin hotunan kansu (3), don haka suna da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi daban-daban da ma'anar tafiyar lokaci daban. Watakila sun shiga juna. Ko lokaci yana gudana gaba ko baya yana ƙayyade bambanci tsakanin babba da ƙananan entropy.

Bi da bi, marubucin wani sabon shawara a kan model na kome da kome. Wun Ji Shu daga Jami'ar Taiwan ta kasa, ya bayyana lokaci da sarari ba a matsayin abubuwa daban ba, amma a matsayin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda za su iya juya juna. Gudun haske ko ma'aunin nauyi ba ya bambanta a cikin wannan ƙirar, amma abubuwa ne da ke canza lokaci da girma zuwa girma da sarari yayin da sararin samaniya ke fadadawa. Ka'idar Shu, kamar sauran ra'ayoyi da yawa a duniyar ilimi, tabbas za a iya kallon su azaman abin ban mamaki, amma samfurin sararin sararin samaniya tare da 68% makamashi mai duhu wanda ke haifar da fadada shi ma yana da matsala. Wasu sun lura cewa tare da taimakon wannan ka'idar, masana kimiyya sun "maye gurbinsu a ƙarƙashin kafet" ka'idar jiki na kiyaye makamashi. Ka'idar Taiwan ba ta keta ka'idojin kiyaye makamashi ba, amma kuma tana da matsala game da hasken wutar lantarki na microwave, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin ragowar Big Bang. Wani abu don wani abu.

Ba za ku iya ganin duhu da duka ba

Wadanda aka zaba al'amarin duhu Lutu. Raunanniyar mu'amala da manyan barbashi, masu mu'amala mai karfi da karfi, neutrinos bakararre, neutrinos, axions - wadannan wasu ne kawai daga cikin mafita ga sirrin al'amarin "marasa-ganuwa" a cikin sararin samaniya wanda masana masana suka gabatar da shi ya zuwa yanzu.

Shekaru da yawa, ƴan takarar da suka fi shahara sun kasance masu hasashe, nauyi (sau goma fiye da proton) suna hulɗa da rauni. barbashi da ake kira WIMPs. An dauka cewa suna aiki ne a farkon farkon samuwar Sararin Samaniya, amma yayin da ta huce kuma gabobin sun watse, huldarsu ta dushe. Lissafi sun nuna cewa jimlar WIMPs yakamata ya ninka na al'ada sau biyar, wanda yayi daidai da kiyasin duhu.

Koyaya, ba a sami alamun WIMPs ba. Don haka yanzu ya fi shahara a yi magana game da bincike bakararre neutrinos, ɓangarorin al'amuran duhu na hasashe tare da cajin wutar lantarki sifili da ɗan ƙaramin taro. Wani lokaci neutrinos bakararre ana ɗaukarsa azaman ƙarni na huɗu na neutrinos (tare da electron, muon da tau neutrinos). Siffar fasalinsa ita ce tana hulɗa da kwayoyin halitta kawai a ƙarƙashin aikin nauyi. Alamar ν_s.

Neutrino oscillations zai iya sa muon neutrinos bakararre, wanda zai rage adadin su a cikin ganowa. Wannan yana yiwuwa musamman bayan katakon neutrino ya wuce ta wani yanki mai girma mai yawa kamar ainihin duniya. Sabili da haka, an yi amfani da na'urar gano IceCube a Pole ta Kudu don lura da neutrinos da ke fitowa daga Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin makamashi daga 320 GeV zuwa 20 TeV, inda ake sa ran sigina mai karfi a gaban neutrinos maras kyau. Abin takaici, nazarin bayanan bayanan abubuwan da aka lura ya sa ya yiwu a cire wanzuwar neutrinos bakararre a cikin yankin da ake iya samun damar sararin samaniya, abin da ake kira. 99% matakin aminci.

A cikin Yuli 2016, bayan watanni ashirin na gwaji tare da Large Underground Xenon (LUX), masana kimiyya ba su da wani abu da za su ce sai dai ... ba su sami kome ba. Hakazalika, masana kimiyya daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa da masana kimiyya daga CERN, wadanda suka kidaya akan samar da kwayoyin duhu a kashi na biyu na Large Hadron Collider, ba su ce komai ba game da kwayoyin duhu.

Don haka muna bukatar mu kara dubawa. Masana kimiyya sun ce watakila duhu abu ne da ya sha bamban da WIMPs da neutrinos ko ma dai menene, kuma suna gina LUX-ZEPLIN, sabon na'ura mai ganowa wanda ya kamata ya zama mai hankali sau saba'in fiye da na yanzu.

Kimiyya na shakkar ko akwai wani abu kamar duhun al'amari, amma duk da haka a kwanan nan masana ilmin taurari sun lura da wani galaxy wanda, duk da cewa yana da taro mai kama da Milky Way, shine kashi 99,99% duhu. An bayar da bayanai game da binciken ta hanyar mai lura da V.M. Keka. Wannan game da galaxy Dragonfly 44 (Dragonfly 44). An tabbatar da wanzuwar sa a bara lokacin da Dragonfly Telephoto Array ya lura da facin sararin sama a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin Berenices Spit. Ya juya cewa galaxy ya ƙunshi fiye da yadda ake gani da farko. Tun da akwai 'yan taurari a cikinsa, da sauri zai tarwatse idan wani abu mai ban mamaki bai taimaka wajen haɗa abubuwan da suka haɗa ba. Dark al'amari?

Yin samfuri?

Hasashe Universe a matsayin hologramduk da cewa mutanen da ke da manyan digiri na kimiyya sun tsunduma cikinsa, har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yanki mai hazo a kan iyakar kimiyya. Wataƙila saboda masana kimiyya suma mutane ne, kuma yana da wahala a gare su su fahimci illar tunanin da bincike zai haifar a wannan fanni. Juan Maldasenafarawa da ka'idar kirtani, ya shimfida hangen nesa na sararin samaniya wanda igiyoyi masu girgiza a sararin samaniya tara suka haifar da gaskiyar mu, wanda shine kawai hologram - tsinkaya na duniyar lebur ba tare da nauyi ba..

Sakamakon wani bincike da masana kimiyyar Ostiriya suka buga a shekara ta 2015, ya nuna cewa sararin samaniya yana buƙatar ƙarancin girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Duniyar XNUMXD na iya zama tsarin bayanai na XNUMXD kawai akan sararin samaniya. Masana kimiyya sun kwatanta shi da holograms da aka samu akan katunan kuɗi - a zahiri suna da girma biyu, kodayake muna ganin su a matsayin mai girma uku. Bisa lafazin Daniela Grumillera daga Vienna University of Technology, mu sararin samaniya ne quite lebur kuma yana da tabbatacce curvature. Grumiller yayi bayani a cikin Haruffa na Bita na Jiki cewa idan ana iya siffanta kididdigar nauyi a sararin samaniya ta hanyar daidaitaccen ka'idar kididdigar kididdigar, to dole ne kuma a sami adadi na zahiri da za a iya lissafta a cikin duka ka'idoji, kuma sakamakon dole ne ya dace. Musamman ma, maɓalli ɗaya mai mahimmanci na injiniyoyin ƙididdigewa, ƙididdige ƙididdiga, yakamata ya bayyana a cikin ka'idar nauyi.

Wasu sun ci gaba, suna magana ba akan tsinkayar holographic ba, amma har ma na samfurin kwamfuta. Shekaru biyu da suka wuce, shahararren masanin ilmin taurari, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel. George Smoot, ya gabatar da hujjojin cewa ɗan adam yana rayuwa a cikin irin wannan simintin kwamfuta. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa hakan yana yiwuwa, alal misali, godiya ga haɓakar wasannin kwamfuta, waɗanda a ka'ida suka zama ainihin ainihin gaskiyar. Shin mutane za su taɓa ƙirƙirar kwaikwaiyo na zahiri? Amsar ita ce eh,” in ji shi a wata hira. “Tabbas, an samu gagarumin ci gaba kan wannan batu. Kawai kalli "Pong" na farko da wasannin da aka yi a yau. A kusa da 2045, za mu iya canza tunaninmu cikin kwamfutoci nan ba da jimawa ba."

Duniya a matsayin Hasashen Holographic

La'akari da cewa za mu iya taswirar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar amfani da hoton maganadisu, yin amfani da wannan fasaha don wasu dalilai bai kamata ya zama matsala ba. Sa'an nan kuma gaskiyar gaskiya na iya aiki, wanda ke ba da damar hulɗa tare da dubban mutane kuma yana ba da nau'i na ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan na iya faruwa a baya, in ji Smoot, kuma duniyarmu ci gaba ce ta hanyar sadarwa ta siminti. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya faruwa sau da yawa mara iyaka! Don haka za mu iya rayuwa a cikin simulation wanda yake a cikin wani simulation, wanda ke kunshe a cikin wani simulation wanda shine ... da sauransu akan ad infinitum.

Duniya, da ma fiye da haka Universe, da rashin alheri, ba a ba mu a kan faranti. Maimakon haka, mu kanmu wani ɓangare ne, ƙanƙanta, na jita-jita waɗanda, kamar yadda wasu hasashe suka nuna, mai yiwuwa ba a shirya mana ba.

Wannan ƙaramin ɓangaren sararin samaniya wanda mu - aƙalla a ma'anar abin duniya - zai taɓa sanin tsarin duka? Shin muna da kaifin basira don fahimta da fahimtar sirrin sararin samaniya? Wataƙila a'a. Duk da haka, idan muka yanke shawarar cewa a ƙarshe za mu gaza, zai yi wuya kada mu lura cewa wannan ma zai zama, a wata ma'ana, wani nau'in fahimta na ƙarshe game da yanayin kowane abu ...