Yaro da Uba na juyin juya halin masana'antu - Henry Bessemer

Shahararriyar tsarin Bessemer na samar da arha mai arha kuma mai inganci ya kai ga gina titin dogo da ke ratsa nahiyoyi, gadoji masu nauyi da jiragen ruwa, da manyan gine-ginen sama. Ƙirƙirar ta samu arziƙi ga injiniyan Ingilishi wanda ya koyar da kansa, wanda baya ga fasahohin kera karafa, ya yi rajistar wasu takardun haƙƙin mallaka na wasu ra'ayoyinsa ɗari.

Henry Bessemer shi dan wani injiniya ne mai hazaka, Anthony Bessemer, memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa. Saboda juyin juya halin Faransa, mahaifin Henry dole ne ya bar Paris ya koma ƙasarsa ta Ingila, inda ya kafa nasa kamfani a Charlton. bugu nau'in tushe. A Charlton ne a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1813 aka haifi Henry Bessemer. A cikin kamfanin mahaifinsa, Henry ya sami ilimin ilimin ka'idar da kwarewa. Mutumin da ya kawo sauyi a masana'antar karafaKo makaranta bai yi ba, ya karantar da kansa. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 17, ya riga ya fara ƙirƙira na farko.

Har yanzu yana aiki a kamfanin mahaifinsa lokacin da ya sami ra'ayin. ingantaccen injin simintin rubutu. Duk da haka, mafi mahimmancin ƙirƙirar ƙuruciyarsa ita ce tambarin kwanan wata mai motsi. Ƙirƙirar ta ceci kamfanoni da ofisoshin kuɗi masu yawa, amma Henry bai sami lada daga kowane kamfani ba. A 1832, mahaifin Bessemer ya sayar da gininsa a gwanjo. Henry ya ɗan ƙara yin aiki don nasa kadarorin.

kasuwanci na zinariya

Ya sami kudinsa mai mahimmanci na farko ta hanyar tsarawa don samar da foda mai kyau na tagulla da aka yi amfani da shi wajen samar da abin da ake kira zinariya fenti. Henry ya karya ikon mallakar wani kamfani na Jamus daga Nuremberg, wanda shi kaɗai ne ya samar da samfuran don yin kayan ado na gwal da kayan ado na zamani a lokacin. Fasahar Bessemer an ba da izinin rage lokacin samar da fenti, maye gurbin zinariya tare da foda mai rahusa mai rahusa kuma, a sakamakon haka, rage farashin samfurin kusan sau arba'in. Tsarin samar da rini na ɗaya daga cikin sirrin masu ƙirƙira da aka kiyaye sosai. Sai dai ya bayyana sirrin ga wasu amintattun ma’aikata. Dukkansu 'yan gidan Bessemer ne. Henry ya ji tsoron fasahar haƙƙin mallaka, ciki har da. saboda haɗarin sababbin, gyare-gyare ko ingantattun hanyoyin samarwa da ake gabatar da su cikin sauri fenti zinariya mara tsada.

Kasuwancin ya ci gaba cikin sauri, ya mamaye kasuwannin Turai da Amurka. Muhimman waɗanda suka karɓi fentin zinare, da dai sauransu, masu yin agogon Faransa waɗanda suka yi amfani da fentin wajen yin gwangwaninsu. Bessemer ya riga ya sami kuɗi. Ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙira. Ya bar kula da shuka ga danginsa.

A 1849 ya sadu da wani lambu daga Jamaica. Ya yi mamakin jin labarinsa game da tsoffin hanyoyin hako ruwan sukari a cikin turawan Ingila. Matsalar ta yi matukar tayar da hankali har Yarima Albert, mijin Sarauniya Victoria, ya ba da sanarwar gasar kuma ya yi alkawarin ba da lambar zinare ga duk wanda ya ci gaba. ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafa rake.

Henry Bessemer Bayan 'yan watanni ya shirya daftarin aiki. Ya fara ne da yanke ragon zuwa gajarta da yawa, tsayin su ya kai kimanin mita 6. Ya yi imanin cewa za a iya matse ƙarin ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga cikin tsayi mai tsayi. Ya kuma ci gaba injin tururi hydraulic presswanda ya inganta aikin samarwa. Bidi'a ya juya ya zama cancantar kyautar sarauta. Yarima Albert da kansa ya bai wa Bessemer lambar zinare a gaban kungiyar Arts Society.

Bayan wannan nasarar, mai ƙirƙira ya zama mai sha'awar samarwa gilashin lebur. Ya gina na farko reverberatory tanderu, wanda aka samar da gilashin a cikin tanderun budewa. Danyen mai rabin-ruwa ya shiga cikin wanka, inda aka kafa ribbon na gilashin takardar a tsakanin silinda biyu. A cikin 1948, Bessemer ya ba da izinin wata hanya har ma da shirya gina masana'antar gilashi A London. Duk da haka, dabarar ta zama mai tsada sosai kuma ba ta kawo ribar da ake tsammani ba. Koyaya, ƙwarewar da aka samu a cikin ƙirar tanderu ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mai amfani.

2. Cibiyar nazarin taurari da aka gina a cikin Estate Bessemer

Pear karfe

Ya fara kera tanderun karfe. A cikin shekaru biyu, 1852 da 1853, ya sami dozin haƙƙin mallaka, a matsakaici kowane watanni biyu yana da ra'ayi ɗaya da ya cancanci kariyar haƙƙin mallaka. Yawancin waɗannan ƙananan sababbin abubuwa ne.

kawai Farkon Yaƙin Crimean a 1854 ya kawo sabbin matsalolin da ke tattare da kera makamai. Bessemer ya san yadda zai rike su. ƙirƙira wani sabon nau'in cylindrical artillery projectile, furuci. Bindiga mai saukar ungulu ya ba da mashin ɗin, ya daidaita jirginsa, kuma ya ba da ingantacciyar daidaito fiye da majigi masu siffar harsashi. Koyaya, an sami ɗan haushi. Sabbin makamai masu linzami na buƙatar ganga masu ƙarfi da haɓaka hanyar samar da taro don ƙarfe mai dacewa. Ƙirƙirar sha'awar Napoleon III Bonaparte. Bayan ganawa da Sarkin Faransa a birnin Paris Henry Bessemer ya fara aiki kuma a cikin 1855 ya ba da izinin yin amfani da hanyar narkar da ƙarfe a cikin wankan simintin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun buɗe ido.

Sai kawai bayan shekara guda, Bature ya sami wani, wannan lokacin ra'ayin juyin juya hali. A cikin watan Agustan 1856 a Cheltenham, Bessemer ya gabatar da sabon tsarin jujjuya gabaɗaya don tacewa (oxidizing) simintin ƙarfe a cikin yanayin ruwa. Hanyar sa ta haƙƙin mallaka wata hanya ce mai ban sha'awa ga tsarin pudding mai cin lokaci, wanda ƙarfe mai ƙarfi ya kasance mai zafi da iskar gas kuma ana buƙatar ores don aiwatar da iskar oxygen.

Jaridar The Times ta buga wata lacca da aka bayar a Cheltenham mai taken "Samar da ƙarfe ba tare da man fetur ba". Hanyar Bessemer ta dogara ne akan busa ƙarfe na ruwa tare da iska mai ƙarfi a cikin na'urar transducer na musamman, abin da ake kira Bessemer pear. Ba a sanyaya baƙin ƙarfe da aka hura da iska ba, amma yana zafi, wanda ya ba da damar yin simintin. Tsarin narkewa yayi sauri sosai, Ya ɗauki mintuna 25 kacal kafin ya narke tan 25 na baƙin ƙarfe zuwa karfe.

Nan da nan masana'antar duniya ta zama mai sha'awar ƙirƙira. Kamar dai cikin sauri, kamfanoni sun sami lasisi kuma sun shigar da kararraki. Ya juya cewa Bessemer yayi amfani da shi takin da ba shi da phosphorus. A halin yanzu, yawancin 'yan kasuwa sun sayi ma'adinan mai arziki a cikin wannan sinadari da sulfur, wanda ba shi da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin pudding, tun lokacin da aka cire phosphorus a cikin ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma a cikin tsarin canzawa ya sa karfe ya lalace. An tilasta Bessemer ya sayi lasisin. Ya kafa kamfaninsa ya sayar da karafa da ya gama.

3. Zane na farko mai canzawa ta Henry Bessemer

Yawancin umarni an sanya su don karfe kafin fadada hanyar layin dogo da samar da jiragen kasa. Ya lashe kusan kashi 80 cikin dari. Rail karfe kasuwar rabo a 1880-1895 Har yanzu yana ci gaba da inganta ingantaccen ƙirƙira. A cikin 1868 ya ba da izini ga Ultimate model Converter ga aikace-aikace fasaha sannan kusan shekaru dari.

Nasarar ba ta yi nasara ba kuma ta haifar da yakin neman izini tare da dan kasuwa na Burtaniya. Robert Mushetwanda ya ba da izinin kona duk carbon sannan ya ƙara manganese don samar da daidai adadin carbon a cikin karfe. Ko da yake Bessemer ya lashe karar, bayan tattaunawa da 'yar Mushet, ya amince ya biya wannan mai kirkiro fam 300 a shekara har tsawon shekaru 25.

Ba koyaushe yana cin nasara ba. A cikin 1869, alal misali, ya ba da izini ga wani gida mai tsarin da ya kawar da tasirin girgiza jirgin. Lokacin zayyana kukfit, gyroscope ya yi masa wahayi. Don gwada ra'ayinsa, ya gina a 1875. mai tururi tare da wani gida, don daidaitawa wanda ya yi amfani da gyroscope wanda ke motsa turbine. Abin takaici, ƙirar ta juya ta zama marar ƙarfi kuma mai wuyar sarrafawa. Sakamakon haka, jirginsa na farko ya yi karo da mashigar Calais Pier.

Bessemer a 1879 ya sami lambar yabo don gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyyar duniya. Ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1898 a London.

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